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네덜란드 서인도회사의 아프리카노예무역 전개과정에 대한 소고
장봉익(Zang Bung-Ik) 한국아프리카학회 2004 한국아프리카학회지 Vol.19 No.-
The slave trade which has been taken place in Africa and the New World from 15th century will be one of the toughest academical subject to handle, not because of the scarcity of materials, but of the scholars' reluctance to reveal the dark history of their own countries. Dutch historians have kept same attitude before the second half of the 20th century. Recently the Dutch scholars like P.C.Emmer have asserted that the researches on their slave trading past should be implemented in order to make the history as complete as possible, even though the Netherlands was not the leading country in the slave trade. They were Portugal and Spain in the beginning, and later on Britain and France. The Dutch slave trade began relatively late comparing with Portugal and Spain, although the Dutch were well aware of lucrativeness of slave trade. Because of their Calvinist faith and the lower dependence on labour force for cultivating colonial plantations made the Dutch somewhat negative against the slave trade. The Dutch Independent War against Spain and establishment of the Dutch West India Compagnie had brought total different interpretations concerning slave trade. Dutch merchants had regarded the men-selling as virtue for the nation's interest and eventual independence. After capitulation of the northern Brasil the Dutch WIC had involved very aggressively in the slave trade in order to supply sufficient labours to the Dutch sugar cane plantations in Brasil and to the colonists of other empires except Britain. Spain as unipolar had begun to loose its dominant position in the 17th century, after consecutive military failure against England, the Netherlands, France and the Osman Turk. The British and Dutch were the nations the most benefits taken from that power vacuum. The Dutch had succeeded to get the control in the Caribbean and the northwest part of south America, namely Surinam. Demand for slaves from Africa had been undoubtedly increased in those days, and the Dutch WIC had built several fortresses and contact points in West Africa. Some of them were taken over from the Portuguese, some of them by their own expenses. It is almost impossible to outline how many slaves had been brought to the New World by the WIC, but we know also that the Netherlands were after Britain the most active country trading slaves, a total of more than 14 million. The question is that the slave trade had virtually contributed economic development of the Netherlands. Is not true that the Dutch had wanted to engage into this kind of immoral and inhuman activities rather in order to relieve their psychological obsession as world maritime power, than to take meaningful benefits for the country's prosperity? And, most of all, is not fair that this kind of inhumane activities should be taken more attention, like as Holocaust and Crusade in the Middle Age?
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김창규,김익현,이창원,이용복,장봉익,민승희 한국국방연구원 2021 국방정책연구 Vol.37 No.1
Since the 120-millimeter self-propelled mortar will be powered by tank battalions to improve the combat power of mechanized units, the information about the munition's effect is needed to know how many munitions are required. Because of the limit of test on ammunition effectiveness in the actual environment, this study is executed by using analysis model named FEAM that can best describe the actual battlefield environment operating the self-propelled mortar. And the number of experimental factors and levels such as shooting method, target type, and topographical condition is very large in combat experiment, and a constant amount of experiments repeated in one scenario is required due to according to probabilistic characteristics of analysis model. Therefore, statistical technique and simulated method are applied on this study to reduce the number of experiments and difficult to execute in the real world. 본 연구는 사격방법, 표적형태, 지형조건 등 실험 요인과 수준의 수가 매우 방대한 120밀리 자주박격포의 탄약효과를 분석하기 위하여 화력운용분석모델을 활용하여 실험계획법을 적용하였다. 실제 전장 및 전술상황을 가장 적합하게 묘사할 수 있는 화력운용분석모델을 이용하여 사격조건 및 표적형태별 전투 환경을 구성하여 실험을 하였다. 또한 실험 횟수를 줄이기 위해 일부실시법이 적용된 실험계획법을 통해 사격조건에 따른 각 인자별･수준별 유사성을 토대로 일부만 모의를 실시하고 모의하지 않은 시나리오는 추정으로 탄약효과를 분석하였다.
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