동아시아 國家典禮書에 규정된 民間儀禮에 관한 고찰—品官과 庶人의 四禮 관련 儀注를 중심으로—

장동우 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2024 民族文化硏究 Vol.102 No.-

본 논문은 동아시아 국가전례서에 규정된 민간의례에 해당하는 품관과 서인의 관혼상제 관련 의주의 구성 및 내용 그리고 진전 과정에 나타난 특징을 규명하고자 한 것이다. 이를 위해 당대 『개원례』, 송대 『정화오례신의』, 명대 『명집례』에 수록된 관련 규정을 분석하는 작업을 진행하였다. 분석의 결과, 『개원례』의 경우 제례는 품관만을 대상으로 하고, 관, 혼, 상례는 품관을 세 등급으로 구분하여 의주를 구성하였다. 관례와 혼례는 일부 서인에 대한 규정을 본문에 세주로 부가하고 있다. 내용 가운데 『의례』, 『예기』의 본문과 정현의 주를 인용하는 사례가 발견되는 등 연관성을 보이지만 의절의 구성에서 분명한 유사성을 발견할 수는 없었다. 『정화오례신의』는 관품에 따른 구분을 없애 품관의 의주를 단일화하고, 祭禮를 제외한 관례, 혼례, 상례에는 국가전례서로는 처음으로 庶人의 의주를 명문화하였다는 점에서 특징적이다. 다만 관례와 상례에는 관품에 따른 차이를 규정하는 세주가 부가되어 있다. 대체로 『개원례 의 규정을 원용하거나 조정하되 변화된 송대의 시속을 반영하여 성문화한 것이다. 『명집례』의 경우 제례는 품관만을 대상으로 하고, 나머지 관⋅혼⋅상례는 품관과 서인으로 구분하여 의주를 제시하고 있다는 점에서 형식적으로는 『정화오례신의』의 전통을 계승하고 있지만 내용적으로는 『개원례』와 『정화오례신의』는 물론 『가례』까지를 집대성하여 구성하는 양상을 보였다. This paper aims to investigate the composition, content, and evolution of civil ritual regulations in East Asian state liturgies. To this end, the relevant regulations in the Tang Dynasty’s Kaiyuanli, the Song Dynasty’s Zhenhewulixinyi, and the Ming Dynasty’s Mingjili were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the Kaiyuanli targets only bureaucrats in the case of memorial service, and divides bureaucrats into three classes in the case of coming of age ceremonies, weddings, and funerals. Some rules for commoners are also recorded in the form of annotations, which are appended to the text. In some instances, the code cites texts from the Yili and Yegi and notes from the ZhengXuan, but otherwise there is no obvious similarity. The Zhenhewulixinyi is unique in that it eliminates the distinction between the ranks of bureaucrats and unifies them into a single category, and for the first time in a state liturgical book, it specifies the rituals of the commoners, except for memorial service. In general, the rules of the Kaiyuanli were used or adjusted, but codified to reflect the changing pace of the Song Dynasty. The Mingjili formally inherited the tradition of the Zhenhewulixinyi in that it presents the protocols of bureaucrats and commoners coming of age ceremonies, weddings, and funerals, except for memorial service, but in terms of content, it utilized the Kaiyuanli and Zhenhewulixinyi as well as the Family Ritual to synthesize them. Since Kukchooryeui is centered on Family Ritual, there are some parts that are identical to Mingjili, but there is no obvious similarity to Mingjili in the rest of the book. This shows that the civil rituals in the Kukchooryeui were codified in a different way from the Mingjili.

토끼에서 젤폼을 이용한 신동맥 색전술의 혈관조영술 평가

장동우,엄기동 한국임상수의학회 2001 한국임상수의학회지 Vol.18 No.3

The embolic effect of Gelfoam was investigated for transarterial embolization of renal artery (TAE-RA) in four normal rabbits. The catheter was selectively introduced into the unilateral renal artery under fluoroscopy and the Gelfoam-iohexol mixture was infused through a catheter into the renal arteries of 4 rabbits. The immediate and delayed (8 weeks) embolic effects on the renal arteries was investigated with selective angiography. The Gelfoam-iohexol was visualized under fluorosxopy in four rabbits. Renal arteries were ablated immediately after TAE-RA in four rabbits, however, opacification of renal parenchyma was visualized by injected contrast agent in 3 rabbits at 8 weeks. The Gelfoam-iohexol can be used as a short-term embolic materials for TAE-RA, however it is not adequate for permanent embolization of renal artery.

Real time observation of mouse fetal skeleton using a high resolution X-ray synchrotron

장동우,김보라,신재훈,윤영민,제정호,Yeu kuang Hwu,윤정희,성제경 대한수의학회 2011 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.12 No.2

The X-ray synchrotron is quite different from conventional radiation sources. This technique may expand the capabilities of conventional radiology and be applied in novel manners for special cases. To evaluate the usefulness of X-ray synchrotron radiation systems for real time observations, mouse fetal skeleton development was monitored with a high resolution X-ray synchrotron. A non-monochromatized X-ray synchrotron (white beam, 5C1 beamline) was employed to observe the skeleton of mice under anesthesia at embryonic day (E)12, E14, E15, and E18. At the same time, conventional radiography and mammography were used to compare with X-ray synchrotron. After synchrotron radiation, each mouse was sacrificed and stained with Alizarin red S and Alcian blue to observe bony structures. Synchrotron radiation enabled us to view the mouse fetal skeleton beginning at gestation. Synchrotron radiation systems facilitate real time observations of the fetal skeleton with greater accuracy and magnification compared to mammography and conventional radiography. Our results show that X-ray synchrotron systems can be used to observe the fine structures of internal organs at high magnification.

茶山의 人性論 : 《孟子》’四端’章 解釋과 관련한 李載毅와의 論爭을 中心으로

張東宇 翰林大學校 泰東古典硏究所 1998 泰東古典硏究 Vol.15 No.-

충북대학교 수의과대학

장동우 한국가금학회 2016 한국가금학회 심포지움 Vol.2016 No.5

개에서 식도질환의 진단영상학적 평가

장동우,이영원,엄기동,최민철,윤정희 한국임상수의학회 2001 한국임상수의학회지 Vol.18 No.3

Fourteen dogs referred to veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Seoul National University were diagnosed as esophageal foreign body (9 cases), megaesophagus (4 cases) and esophageal stricture (1 case). Patients showed a variety of clinical signs including regurgitation, vomiting, anorexia, hypersalivation, and retching. Survey radiographic examination included the entire esophagus, including the caudal pharynx and cranial abdomen. contrast radiographs were done to identify lesions or to characterize abnormal radiographic findings on survey films. In case static contrast studies were not sufficient were not sufficient to differentiate the diseases, dynamic fluoroscopic studies were performed. In thoracic megaesophagus, when gas filled, it provided several hallmark findings such as visualization of paired longus colli muscle and tracheal stripe sign. When gas-distended, the caudal thoracic esophagus was seen as a pair of thin, soft-tissue stripes that converged into a point overlying the diaphragm and cranial abdomen. All cases of megaesophagus could be solely identified by survey radiographs. In esophageal foreign body, 6 cases out of 9 patients had the history of having foreign body and others not. Most of esophageal foreign body could be diagnosed on survey radiographs and one case with radiolucent foreign body was confirmed by esophagram. It appeared as radiopaque material along the path of esophagus and the radiopacity was determined by its nature. Obstruction caused by foreign body eventually led to dilation of the esophageal lumen cranial to the site in 3 cases. In esophageal stricture, there was no remarkable findings on survey radiograph of the thorax. However, esophagography with barium sulfate showed the narrowing of the esophagus near hiatus. On fluoroscopy, swallowed barium was stagnated cranial to the site despite the esophageal peristalsis.

17세기 이전 『家禮』 연구서에서 『禮記』를 활용하는 양상과 그 특색

장동우 경상국립대학교 경남문화연구원 2021 남명학연구 Vol.70 No.-

This study aims to analyze the characteristics of Liji research before the 17th century and the aspects of using Liji in the Jiali research. The Yilijingzhuantongjie has a profound effect on the study of Liji and Jiali in Joseon, but the former is centered on the structure of Yili-Liji, while the latter is a structure of Jiali-Liji. The fact that Liji research serves to prove the literary compatibility of Jiali, the category presented in the Jiali research book is based on the ceremonial of Jiali's or the consciousness of the problem of Joseon and transforming ritual shows that Liji research before the 17th century focuses on ritual performance. 본 연구는 17세기 이전 『예기』 관련 연구에 나타난 특성과 『가례』 관련 연구서에서 『예기』가 활용되는 양상을 분석하고자 하는 것이다. 『의례경전통해』는 조선의 『예기』와 『가례』 연구의 定向에 깊은 영향을 주지만, 전자가 『의례』-「예기」의 구조를 중심으로 한 반면, 후자는 『가례』-『예기』의 구조라는 점에서 차이를 보인다. 『예기』 연구가 『가례』의 문헌적 정합성을 고증하는 작업에 복무하고, 『가례』 고증서에 제시된 범주가 『가례』의 儀式 또는 儀節을 그 기준으로 하며, 조선화와 변례에 대한 문제의식이 나타난다는 사실은 17세기 이전 『예기』 연구가 行禮를 중심으로 하고 있음을 보여준다.

寒岡 『五服沿革圖』의 禮學史的 位相

장동우 경북대학교 퇴계연구소 2016 퇴계학과 유교문화 Vol.58 No.-

Hangang’s 『Diagrams for Historical changes about Five systems of Funeral garments』 is a book that succeeded the issues of Zhuxi’s later works of 『Comprehensive Interpretation of the Text of and Commentaries on the Yili(儀禮經傳通解)』 and developed its content. 『Diagrams for Historical changes about Five systems of Funeral garments』 did not observe the originals of the of diagrams of 『Comprehensive Interpretation of the Text of and Commentaries on the Yili』 but went through a process of revamping and supplement and rewrote it. Stating 35 diagrams related to the simple theme of funeral garments system on the 『Diagrams for Historical changes about Five systems of Funeral garments』 was quite unconventional not only in Chosun but also throughout China in its era. Also, 『Diagrams for Historical changes about Five systems of Funeral garments』 has its status as the first work in Chosun that stated not only the funeral garments system of servants toward the monarch but also the funeral garments system monarch to the servants. 『Diagrams for Historical changes about Five systems of Funeral garments』 has its implication in that it shows detailed evidence that shows it was processed during the 『Yili(儀禮)』 which was the old system of the ritual study in the middle of the 16th century at Chosun and during the flows of traditional interpretations. 16세기 후반부터 본격화되는 私家禮 연구는 朝鮮의 時俗을 반영하여 『家禮』를 現地化하는 동시에, 古禮의 정신에 따라 『가례』를 보완하는 공통된 양상으로 진행된다. 후자의 양상은 『儀禮經傳通解』의 수입과 간행 그리고 확산을 통해 각성된 문제의식에 기반한 것이다. 그 점에서 寒岡의 『五服沿革圖』는 이러한 각성을 직접 확인할 수 있는 조선 최초의 저술이다. 『오복연혁도』에 服制라는 단일한 주제로 35개의 도식을 수록한 것과 군주에 대한 신하의 복제는 물론 신하에 대한 군주의 복제까지를 포함하여 다양하게 도식화한 것은 『의례경전통해』의 문제의식을 계승한 것으로, 중국은 물론 조선에서도 그 유래를 찾아볼 수 없는 일이다. 『오복연혁도』는 『의례경전통해』의 圖式들을 원본 그대로 준수한 것이 아닌 改正과 補完이라는 加工 작업을 거쳐 재수록함으로써 『의례경전통해』를 성찰적으로 계승한다. 이는 ‘『가례』의 존숭’이라는 편향된 시각을 벗어나 『의례경전통해』로 표상되는 ‘古禮의 원형과 정신에 대한 해석의 긴 역사’에 대한 안목을 기반으로 禮制를 정립해야 한다는 寒岡의 문제의식에서 발로한 것이다.

朝鮮時代 『家禮』 硏究의 進展

장동우 한림대학교 태동고전연구소 2013 泰東古典硏究 Vol.31 No.-

朱子學的 패러다임의 반성과 해체과정으로서의 實學 : 自然學과 人間學의 分離를 中心으로

張東宇 翰林大學校 泰東古典硏究所 1995 泰東古典硏究 Vol.12 No.-