혐기성소화조(嫌氣性消和槽)의 고온(高溫)에로의 전환(轉換)

장덕,정태학,Chang, Duk,Chung, Tai Hak 대한토목학회 1986 대한토목학회논문집 Vol.6 No.4

인공(人工)슬러지를 이용하여 혐기성중온소화(嫌氣性中溫消和)의 고온소화(高溫消化)에로의 전환방법(轉換方法)에 대하여 연구하였다. 부하(負荷)를 계속하며 온도증가율(溫度增加率) 2, 1 및 $0.5^{\circ}C/day$로 온도를 상승시킨 결과, 온도증가율(溫度增加率) 이 클수록 메탄발효(醱酵)가 급속하게 악화되었으며, 세경우 모두 고온(高溫)에 도달하였을 때는 메탄발효(醱酵)가 중지되고 산발효(酸醱酵)만이 일어났다. 이러한 산발효상태(酸醱酵狀態)에서 부하(負荷)를 끊고 중화(中和)를 행한 후 6개월간(個月間)의 휴지기간중(休止期間中)에도 메탄발효(醱酵)는 이루어지지 않았다. 이로부터 메탄생성균(生成菌) 온도충격(溫度衝擊)의 크기에 비례하여 급속하게 활성(活性)을 잃는 반면 산생성균(酸生性菌)은 영향을 덜 받아 고온하(高溫下)에서 적응될 수 있다고 판단할 수 있다. 반면에 무부하상태하(無負荷狀態下)에서 온도(溫度)를 상승시켰을 때, 정상적(正常的)인 고온소화(高溫消化)가, 온도증가율(溫度增加率) $1^{\circ}C/day$의 경우 고온(高溫)에 도달한 후 1일(日)의 휴지기간(休止期間)으로도 가능하였고 일시(一時)에 상승시킨 경우도 20일간(日間) 휴지기간(休止期間)으로 가능하였다. 따라서 고온(高溫)에로의 전환(轉換)은 무부하상태하(無負荷狀態下)에서 용이(容易)함을 알 수 있는 동시에, 온도증가율(溫度增加率)이 작은 경우 고온(高溫)도달 후 짧은 휴지기간(休止期間)으로 전환(轉換)이 가능하며, 온도증가율(溫度增加率)이 매우 커서 급격한 온도충격(溫度衝擊)이 발생하는 경우에도 메탄생성균(生成菌)이 산생성균(酸生性菌)과 균형을 이루기에 충분한 휴지기간(休止期間)이 주어지면 고온소화(高溫消化)에로의 전환(轉換)이 가능함을 알 수 있다. 한편 산발효상태(酸醱酵狀態)의 고온소화조(高溫消化槽)에 중온소화(中溫消化)슬러지를 식종(植種)한 결과 신속하게 정상정(正常的)인 고온소화(高溫消化)가 이루어질 수 있었다. 따라서 중온소화(中溫消化)슬러지에 의한 식종(植種)은 고온소화(高溫消化)의 초기운전시(初期運轉時)나 정상정(正常的)인 소화(消化)의 정지시(停止時) 매우 유효(有效)한 전환(轉換) 및 회복방법(回復方法)이 될 수 있을 것이다. 또한 온도상승(溫度上昇) 및 중온(中溫)슬러지식종(植種)에 의한 정상정(正常的)인 고온소화결과(高溫消和結果)로부터 중온하(中溫下)에서도 상당량(相當量)의 고온균(高溫菌)이 존재하고 있음을 알 수 있다. Conversion of anaerobic mesophilic digestion to thermophilic range has been investigated using a synthetic sludge. When temperature was raised at a rate of 2, 1, and $0.5^{\circ}C$ per day with continuous feeding, a lower reaction rate was observed with a high rate of temperature change. Although methane fermentation ceased completely for an digesters at thermophilic temperature, acid fermentation continued. Methane fermentation was never achieved even with neutralization during 6 months of resting. The methane formers were completely inactivated by the temperature shock and accumulation of volatile acids due to continuous feeding, while the acid formers lost biological activity quickly, but gradually acclimated to a high temperature. When temperature was raised without feeding, successful thermophilic digestion was achieved with 1 day of resting at thermophilic temperature at a rate of $1^{\circ}C$ per day, and also achieved with 20 days of resting at a direct increase. Conversion to a thermophilic range is easily achieved with resting. A short period of resting is required at a low rate of temperature increase, while a long period of resting enough to balance methane formers with acid fermers makes a conversion possile when temperature is raised at a high rate. Soured thermophilic digesters were recovered after seeding of mesophilic sludges, and sludge seeding could be a good method of start-up, conversion, or recovery of a thermophilic digester. Significant amount of thermophiles seemed to be present in the mesophilic digesters.

혐기성소화(嫌氣性消化)의 동력학(動力學) : 중온(中溫) 및 고온혐기성소화(高溫嫌氣性消化)의 비교연구(比較?究)

장덕,정태학,Chang, Duk,Chung, Tai Hak 대한토목학회 1987 대한토목학회논문집 Vol.7 No.3

중온소화(中溫消化)와 고온소화(高溫消化)의 차이점을 보다 명확히 규명하기 위하여 소화(消化)의 정지(停止)를 포함하는 폭넓은 실험을 행하였다. 연구결과, 정상소화(正常消化)와 소화조해(消化阻害)를 구분짓는 한계체류시간(限界滯留時間)이 존재하여, 중온(中溫)에서는 10일(日), 고온(高溫)에서는 5일(日)부근이었고 그 이하(以下)의 체류시간(滯留時間)에서는 소화(消化)의 조해(阻害)가 급격하게 발생하였는데 고온(高溫)에 비하여 중온(中溫)에서의 조해(阻害)정도가 매우 컸다. 중온소화(中溫消化)의 한계체류시간이상(限界滯留時間以上)에서는 소화(消化)상태가 거의 유사하였으나, 그이하(以下)의 체류시간(滯留時間)에서는 고온소화(高溫消化)가 월등히 양호(良好)하였으며, 고온(高溫)에서는 중온(中溫)에 비하여 소화(消化)슬러지발생량(發生量)이 감소하는 동시에 소화(消化)슬러지의 침강속도(沈降速度)가 크게 증가하고 여과비저항(濾過比抵抗)은 감소하였다. 한편 반응속도(反應速度)는 소화(消化)에 마치는 온도(溫度)와 체류시간(滯留時間)의 영향을 나타내는 데 유효하였다. 또한 온도(溫度)에 관계없이 반응속도(反應速度)가 증가함에 따라 가스발생속도(發生速度)가 선형적(線形的)으로 증가하였고 그 상관관계(相關關係)는 중온(中溫)과 고온(高溫)에서 거의 일치하였다. Comprehensive laboratory experiments including digestion failures were conducted to identify differences between mesophilic and thermophilic digestion. Critical HRT was found to be near 10days for mesophilic and near 5days for thermophilic digestion. Inhibition occurred rapidly when operated below critical HRT. However, inhibition at mesophilic condition was much greater than that at thermophilic condition. Although digester performances were similar above critical HRT of mesophilic digestion, thermophilic digestion was considerably advantageous below this HRT. Thermophilic digestion produced smaller amount of sludges which had significantly higher settling velocity and lower specific resistance. Reaction rates also clearly demonstrated temperature and HRT effects on digestion. It was also found that gas production rates increased linearly with increasing reaction rates regardless of temperature and their relationships were almost identical at mesophilic and thermophilic temperature.

혐기성소화(嫌氣性消化)의 동역학(動力學) : 고부하시(高負荷時)의 온도영향(溫度影響)

장덕,정태학,Chang, Duk,Chung, Tai Hak 대한토목학회 1988 대한토목학회논문집 Vol.8 No.4

혐기성소화(嫌氣性消化)에 미치는 온도(溫度)의 영향(影響)을 가장 효과적으로 파악할 수 있는 체류시간(滯留時間) 5일(日)에서 인공(人工)슬러지를 대상으로 $35{\sim}55^{\circ}C$의 소화실험(消化實驗)을 행하였다. 소화온도증가(消化溫度增加)에 따라 메탄발효(醱酵)의 저해(沮害)가 감소하여, 중온(中溫) 및 중간영역(中間領域)의 온도(溫度)에서는 잔발효(酸醱酵)가 우세하였으나 $55^{\circ}C$에서는 활발한 메탄발효(醱酵)가 이루어졌다. 온도(溫度)의 변화(變化)는 미생물활성(微生物活性)뿐 아니라 슬러지의 물리(物理), 화학적(化學的) 특성(特性)에도 영향(影響)을 미친다고 추정된다. 또한 유입(流入) 슬러지의 희석(稀釋)에 의하여 소화저해(消化沮害)가 크게 감소하여 모든 온도(溫度)에서 활발한 메탄발효(醱酵)가 가능하였다. 소화효율(消化效率)은 수리학적(水理學的) 부하량외(負荷量外)에 유기물부하량(有機物負荷量)에도 지배받음을 알 수 있었다. 소화효율(消化效率)의 급격한 저해(沮害)가 발생된다고 보고된 $40{\sim}45^{\circ}C$에서도 뚜렷한 저해(沮害)는 없었다. 한편 소화온도증가(消化溫度增加)에 따라 소화(消化)슬러지의 침강특성(沈降特性)도 향상되었다. Anaerobic digestion at the temperature of $35-55^{\circ}C$ was conducted using an artificial sludge of uniform composition. The hydraulic retention time of 5 days was chosen because the temperature effect was effectively shown at a high loading. Inhibition of the methane fermentation decreased as the temperature increased. Acid fermentation was prevalent at the mesophilic and intermediate temperatures, while active methane fermentation took place at $55^{\circ}C$. Temperature not only affects activity of the microorganisms, but also affects physical and chemical properties of the sludge, Digestion inhibition was much reduced when the feed sludge was diluted, and active methane fermentation was possible at all temperatures. The digestion efficiency was governed by the organic loading rate as well as the hydraulic 10ading rate. No reduction of the digestion efficiency at $40-45^{\circ}C$, which had been referred to a critical temperature range, was observed. The digestion efficiency increased monotonically from mesophilic to thermophilic range. Improved settling properties of digested sludge was also recorded at higher temperatures.

교차흐름식 모듈 충전 hybrid 혐기성여상의 기,액,고 분리능 및 슬러지보유능

장덕 ( Duk Chang ),채희왕 ( Hee Wang Chae ),배형석 ( Hyung Suk Bae ),정인 ( In Chung ),한상배 ( Sang Bae Han ),허준무 ( Joon Moo Hur ),홍기호 ( Ki Ho Hong ) 대한상하수도학회 2009 상하수도학회지 Vol.23 No.6

논문 : 농축슬러지의 산발효에 미치는 온도의 영향

장덕(Duk Chang),정태학(Tai Hak Chung) 대한상하수도학회 1989 상하수도학회지 Vol.2 No.2

논문 : 혐기성소화슬러지의 침강 및 탈수특성에 미치는 소화온도의 영향

장덕(Duk Chang) 대한상하수도학회 1993 상하수도학회지 Vol.6 No.1

보고 : CAD 를 활용한 수처리시설의 설계

장덕(Duk Chang),김선집,임병일,성문성 대한상하수도학회 1993 상하수도학회지 Vol.6 No.2

중온 혐기성 연속회분식 공정에 의한 도시하수슬러지의 소화가능성 평가

허준무,장덕,정태학,손부순,박종안,Hur, Joon-Moo,Chang, Duk,Chung, Tai-Hak,Son, Bo-Soon,Park, Jong-An 한국환경보건학회 1998 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.24 No.2

Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the performance of anaerobic sequencing batch reactor(ASBR) for digestion of a municipal sludge. Each cycle of the ASBR comprised feeding, two-or three-day reaction, one-day thickening, and withdrawal. The reactors were operated at an HRT of 10days and 5days with an equivalent organic loading rate of 0.8-1.54 gVS/l/d, 1.81-3.56 gVS/l/d at 35$\circ$C, respectively. Solids accumulation was remarkable in the ASBR during start-up period, and directly affected by settleable solids in the feed sludge. Floatation thickening occured in the ASBRs, and Solids profiles at the end of thickening step dramatically changed at solid-liquid interface. Slight difference in solids concentrations was observed within thickened sludge bed. Efficiencies through floatation thickening were comparable to that of additional thickening of the completely mixed control reactor. Average solids concentrations in the ASBRs were 2.2-2.6 times higher than that in the control throughout the total operation period. The dehydrogenase activity had a strong correlation with the solids concentration. Organics removals based on clarified effluent of the ASBRs were consistently above 86%. Remarkable increase in equivalent gas production of 27-52% was observed at the ASBRs compared with the control though the control and ASBRs showed similiar effluent quality. Thus, digestion of a municipal sludge was possible using the ASBR in spite of high concentration of solids in the sludge.

혐기성 연속회분식 반응조에 의한 분뇨처리

이준걸,장덕,정태학 ( Joon Geol Lee,Duk Chang,Tai Hak Chung ) 한국물환경학회 1997 한국물환경학회지 Vol.13 No.2

This study was conduced to investigate the characteristics of anaerobic sequencing batch reactor system on the treatability of nightsoil. Only simple modification could convert the anaerobic digestion process to the ASBR process and improve gas production. The control run thickened the volume of the digested sludge by 16∼22% after 1 day, and the time required to get a clarified volume of 50% was less than 30 minutes. In case of the ASBR run at HRT 30, the time required to get a clarified volume of 50% was more than 3 hours, but the thickened volume of digested sludge was almost similar to the control run and ranged from 19∼22%. However, in case of the ASBR run at HRT 20, a remarkable solid accumulation occured and the time required to get a clarified volume of 60% was more than 6 hours. Also, the thickened volume of the digested sludge increased about two times compared to the control run. During the thickening period, no significant flotation of the digested sludge in the ASBR system appeared, but scum appeared below 5%. The ASBR system yielded 1.3 times as much gas production as the control system.

혐기성 SBR 공정의 반응 특성 평가

송지현,정태학,장덕 ( Ji Hyeon Song,Tai Hak Chung,Duk Chang ) 한국물환경학회 1996 한국물환경학회지 Vol.12 No.2

Reaction characteristics of an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor(ASBR) process were studied using bench scale reactors maintained at 35℃. The experiments were performed with an equivalent hydraulic retention time of 10 days and the synthetic feed was mainly composed of glucose. The ASBRs were operated with a cycle period of 24 and 0.5, respectively. Volatile suspened solids in all reactors kept increased as the operation continued. However, methane fermentation efficiency was strongly affected by the MF/M ratio. Active methane production was observed for the ASBRs of long MF time, while methane fermentation was significantly inhibited by the excessive production of the volatile acids for the ASBR of short MF time. The ASBR of high specific organic loading rate(SOLR) was not able to absorb the shock and reached an operational failure. However, when COD of the feed was reduced to 10,000㎎/ℓ, little accumulation of volatile acids were observed and active methane fermentation continued in spite of relatively high SLR. It is believed that both SOLR and the organic level of the feed are major design parameters determining safe and stable operation of the ASBR. The solid-liquid separation efficiency was markedly reduced with an increasing gas production rate due to floating of volatile suspended solids.