안정한 행성경계층에서의 산악 중력파 항력의 영향

이혁제(Hyuk-Je Lee),전혜영(Hye-Yeong Chun) 한국기상학회 2003 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.39 No.2

한국 고유 담수어종 참갈겨니(Zacco koreanus) 개체군의 계통지리학 및 집단유전학 연구

김유림,장지은,최희규,이혁제,Kim, Yu Rim,Jang, Ji Eun,Choi, Hee-kyu,Lee, Hyuk Je 한국환경생물학회 2020 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.38 No.4

본 연구는 동해유입하천(강릉 연곡천, 양양 남대천), 한강수계(섬강, 속사천), 낙동강수계(길안천)에 서식하는 참갈겨니(Zacco koreanus) 개체군을 대상으로 채집된 110개체로부터 미토콘드리아 DNA COI 유전자(mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I)를 분자마커로 이용하여 계통지리학적 분석을 수행하고, 추가적으로 강릉 연곡천 상·중·하류 개체군을 대상으로 집단유전학적 분석을 수행하였다. 계통지리학 분석 결과, 동해유입하천과 한강수계의 참갈겨니 개체군은 동일한 단일계통을 나타내었고, 낙동강수계의 개체군은 상이한 계통으로 분기됨을 나타내었으며, 다른 수계 계통과의 유전적 거리 수치 범위가 평균 4.0%(3.7~4.2%)로서 동일종 이상 수준을 보여 잠재종 가능성을 시사하였다. 참갈겨니가 서식하는 수계에 따른 형태학적 차이는 연구된 바 있으나 DNA 염기서열의 변이를 이용한 분자유전학적 연구는 부족한 실정이므로 본 연구 결과는 향후 낙동강수계 참갈겨니 개체군의 계통분류학적 연구에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 추후 집단유전체학 및 생태학적 분석을 통하여 관찰된 낙동강수계 계통이 다른 종, 잠재종 혹은 단순히 큰 수준의 종내 변이를 나타내는지에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다. 강릉 연곡천 상·중·하류에 서식하는 개체군의 집단유전학 분석을 통해 중류의 개체군이 상대적으로 높은 다양성을 나타냈으며 상·중·하류 개체군 간의 유전적 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 이는 상·중·하류 개체군 간 유전자 확산이 원활하게 이루어지고 있음을 의미하며 하천의 개체군 간 연결성을 판단할 수 있는 지표로 활용될 수 있다. 하지만 생태학적 시간 스케일의 연구에 더 적합한 분자마커를 이용한 추후 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. We conducted a phylogeographic analysis of Korean endemic Zacco koreanus populations inhabiting the East-flowing river (Gangneung Yeongokcheon; GY, Yangyang Namdaecheon; YN), the Han River (Seomgang; SG, Soksacheon; SS), and the Nakdong River(Gilancheon; GA) using the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene (619 bp). Population genetic analysis was further performed to assess the population connectivity for the GY river where there is a large number of human-made artificial weirs with several fishways. The phylogeographic analysis revealed that while the populations of the East-flowing river and those of the Han River formed a monophyletic lineage, the Nakdong River individuals represented a distinct lineage with 3.7-4.2% (mean=4.0%) genetic distance from the other lineages. The population genetic analysis of the GY showed that a mid-stream population harbored relatively higher mitochondrial diversity relative to up- and down-stream populations, and there was no genetic differentiation between these three populations. The latter findings might suggest high genetic connectivity between the populations via genetic flow along the fishways. However, an analysis using faster-evolving genetic markers, such as microsatellites, is needed to confirm the findings of high population connectivity. Our study suggests the possibility of the presence of cryptic species in Z. koreanus in the Nakdong River basin. However, further study with more individual samples as well as additional markers or even more advanced genomic tools is required to test our hypothesis. Ecological or phenotypic analyses should be conducted to test whether the observed Nakdong River lineage represents a different or cryptic species, or simply hidden, but excessive, intraspecific diversity.

악성 흑색종

이승구,강용구,박원종,정양국,이혁제,Rhee, Seung-Koo,Kang, Yong-Koo,Park, Won-Jong,Chung, Yang-Guk,Lee, Hyuk-Je 대한근골격종양학회 2001 대한골관절종양학회지 Vol.7 No.1

목적 : 악성 흑색종은 다른 어떤 종양보다 빠르게 발생빈도가 증가되고 있고, 20%의 환자는 이미 림프절이 침범한 상태로 초진되어 5년 이내 사망한다. 저자들은 1985년 이래 체험한 16예의 피부 악성 흑색종의 추시결과를 보고하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 악성 흑색종 환자 총 16명의 평균 연령은 58.5세로 40세 미만은 2명이었고, 남자 5명 그리고 여자 11명이었다. 부위는 족지 4예, 배부 3예, 족부 2예, 수지와 대퇴부가 각각 2예씩이었고, 그리고 견관절 및 하복부와 드물게 입술에서 각각 1예씩 발생하였다. 이환기간은 1년에서 3년 사이가 9예, 10년에서 35년 사이가 4예, 그리고 1년 미만이 3예였다. 저자들은 조직학적으로 Clark's stage를 이용하여 분류하였다. 치료는 병소주위 2cm 이상 광범위 절제가 4명, 병소주위 2cm 이상 광범위 절제와 림프절 절제을 병행한 경우가 4예, 병소부 절단이 3예, 그리고 병소부 절단 및 림프절 절제를 병행한 경우가 5예였다. 수술적 가료후 Clark's stage IV와 V의 각각 2예에서는 항암제 치료를 병행하였다. 결과 : 조직학적으로 Clark's stage I은 3예, II는 4예, III는 2예, IV는 3예, 그리고 V는 4예였다. 림프절 침범은 16예 중 9예에서 발견되었고, 1예에서 간으로의 전이가 발견되었다. 평균 4년 이상 추적관찰 결과 사망 4예, 재발 1예, 그리고 치유 11예였다. 결론 : 구미에 비해 우리나라는 악성 흑색종의 빈도는 낮으나, 초기 림프절의 이환이 많아 조기진단과 적절한 절제 범위 등이 근치에 결정적인 것으로 판단된다. Background : The incidence of malignant melanoma is currently increasing at a rate greater than any other cancer occuring in human. At this time, early diagnosis and surgical excision were the mainstay of treatment for patients with malignant melanoma. We reviewed the results of average 4 years of follow-up after surgical excision of total 16 cases of malignant melanoma since 1985. Materials and Methods : There were 16 patients (mean age 58.5 years, 5 men, 11 women). The site of the primary lesion was foot and toe (6), back (3), hand (2), thigh (2), shoulder (1), lower abdomen (1) and lip (1). The lymph node was involved at 9 patients. The histologic diagnosis was made with H-E, S-100 stain, and HMB-45 stain as a special stain. Results : Histologically, there were Clark's stage I for 3 patients, II in 4, III in 2, IV in 3, and stage V in 4 patients. The wide excision only greater than 2cm margin was performed for 4 patients. The wide excision and lymph node dissection were performed for 4 patients. The amputation was only performed for 3 patients, and the amputation and lymph node dissection were performed for 5 patients. After surgical excision, chemotherapy was done with Taxol for each 2 patients of stage IV and V. After long term follow-up for mean 4 years, 4 patients died related with melanoma, 1 patient was recurred, and 11 patients were cured. Conclusion : The incidence of malignant melanoma was rare in Korea, but early involvement of lymph node at initial diagnosis was found in many cases (9/16, 56%). And then, early detection and appropriated excision as well as careful dissection of adjacent lymph nodes will offer the patient the best chance for cure.

한국 멸종위기 담수어종 열목어(Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis) 개체군의 이주에 따른 새로운 서식처 환경 반응 생태적 분화

장지은 ( Ji Eun Jang ),이혁제 ( Hyuk Je Lee ) 한국환경생태학회 2016 한국환경생태학회 학술대회지 Vol.2016 No.2

During recent years, indigenous freshwater fishes have profoundly decreased in population size, and a number of species are now under threat of extinction globally. To mitigate this breakdown of endemic fish populations, the use of translocation of animals to natural habitats to which they are not native as a conservation tool is a central issue under debate in conservation biologists, but may be the ‘unavoidable’ only choice where management augmentation of the target population is not possible naturally in practice. The Manchurian trout or lenok, Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis (family Salmonidae), is a cold freshwater fish endemic to Northeast Asia. South Korea lenok populations that comprise the southern range edge of this species have recently decreased strikingly in size primarily due to anthropogenic pressure such as habitat destruction, agricultural run-off, water pollution and possibly climate change, and are now becoming critically endangered. To recover the number of individuals of B. lenok tsinlingensis, stocking or translocation programs have routinely been conducted by local governments since 1980s in South Korea. A local government research institute, for instance, introduced lenok individuals to the valleys at Mt. Chiaksan National Park in 1999, where they have never occurred naturally, but their source population was not recorded so remains unknown. Moreover, several local sites have been repopulated using stocking via the release of hatchery-reared or -bred fish or translocation from non-native habitats. However, whether and how these translocated populations have successfully been established in novel environmental conditions and have ecologically and/or genetically diverged from native populations remain untested. Our previous study found that South Korea lenok populations including natural and translocated populations were unarguably genetically divergent each other and also that the source population for the introduced Mt. Chiaksan National Park population might originate from Hongcheon. In the present study, we examine whether ecological divergence among two natural (Bangtae, Hongcheon) and three restored populations (translocated: Pyeongchang, Bonghwa; introduced: Mt. Chiaksan National Park) has resulted in during the past 20-35 years by comparing aspects of body shape using geometric morphometric analysis. By focusing on the source population of Hongcheon and the introduced population of Mt. Chiaksan National Park, we further investigate phenotypic characteristics of those populations, such as body shape, trophic niche, body length-weight relationship, condition factor and age frequency distribution to test whether recently introduced (recipient) lenok population has ecologically diverged in response to changing habitat environments from the native (source) population. We found that five South Korea lenok populations analyzed are morphologically significantly differentiated one another based on our geometric morphometric analysis (canonical variate analysis; CVA, P < 0.0001). However, there was no correlation detected between morphological similarity and different river basins (Cluster 1: Hongcheon and Mt. Chiaksan National Park; Cluster 2: Bangtae and Pyeonchang; Cluster 3: Bonghwa). Our CVA results showed some degrees of an overlap among individuals from different populations. CVA 1, which explains 47.3 % of the total morphological variance, clearly separated Cluster 1 and the residual groups (Clusters 2 and 3) by a change in the position of body shape related to shapes of mouth and caudal fin. On the other hand, CVA 2, which explains 27.7 % of the total variance, separated by body depth. Interestingly, for cross validation analysis among populations, Cluster 3 had generally more chubby body shape relative to Clusters 1 and 2. We also found there is divergence in trophic niche between the source (Hongcheon) and recipient (Mt. Chiaksan National Park) populations based on different levels of carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures. The isotopic ranges of Hongcheon population (δ13C = -19.67 ‰, δ15N = 5.63 ‰) were significantly higher than Mt. Chiaksan National Park (δ13C = -21.67 ‰, δ15N = 4.25 ‰), suggesting that food sources differ substantially in these populations, and also that the trophic level of the introduced population might have shifted in novel feeding environments. Collectively, these findings imply that different environmental conditions facilitate a change in body shape and trophic niche during only few decades. Nevertheless, there were significant differences in neither body length-weight relationship nor condition factor between the source and recipient populations for multiple samples collected before and after breeding season. In both populations, age frequencies of the sampled individuals according to their body sizes was distributed mainly from one to three years old. We show that natural (source) and introduced (recipient) populations display ecological divergence with respect to body shape and trophic level, which is perhaps due to changing environmental conditions (e.g., water velocity, food source) between the two habitats. In the future, management of conservation for this lenok species through human- mediated translocation should consider not only the genetic characteristics, but also ecological features, which should help inform on the effective conservation and restoration plans for this highly cherished species in South Korea.

계곡산개구리 번식울음의 생물음향학적 특성에 관한 첫 보고

기경석 ( Kyong Seok Ki ),김지연 ( Ji Youn Gim ),강지현 ( Ji Hyoun Kang ),이혁제 ( Hyuk Je Lee ),이재윤 ( Jae Yoon Lee ) 한국환경생태학회 2015 한국환경생태학회 학술대회지 Vol.2015 No.2

계곡산개구리는 2000년 형태적, 유전형질 분석결과를 토대로 Rana속 유사종과 비교한 결과 별종으로 확인되어 계곡산개구리로 명명되었다. 계곡산개구리는 주로 산간 계곡하천의 돌 밑에서 월동하며, 번식기가 되면 웅덩이로 이동하거나 계곡 물속에 잠겨 있는 바위나 계곡 가장자리에 다수의 끈적끈적한 알덩어리를 붙여 산란한다. 국내 산개구리류는 북방산개구리, 한국산개구리, 계곡산개구리 3종이 있으나 계곡산개구리의 번식울음에 대한 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 계곡산개구리 번식울음의 일주기및 시간주기 특성을 밝히는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구대상지는 치악산국립공원 구룡계곡 본류의 암반위물울덩이로 하였다. 계곡산개구리 종 동정은 수컷 성체의 외형적 특징, 알의 특징, 올챙이 DNA 유전적 분석 3단계에 걸쳐 확인하였다. 성체의 외형 및 알 특징은 기존 문헌을 참고하여 현장에서 동정하였으며, 올챙이 DNA 유전적 분석은 물웅덩이 내 올챙이를 채집하여 DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (Qiagen)를 이용하여 genomic DNA를 추출한후, 미토콘드리아 cytochrome oxidate subunit I (COI) 유전자 (641bp)를 증폭하여 nucleotide 데이터베이스(NCBI Genbank)에서 기존에 알려진 Rana속의 COI 염기서열과 함께 DNA 분자계통수 분석 (Neighbor joining method)을 시행하였다. 또한, 번식울음 녹음은 Idam PRO U11 Digital voice recorder를 이용하여 번식울음이 시작하기 전부터 종료시까지 24시간 녹음하였다. 연구기간은 2015년 2월부터3월까지이었다. 계곡산개구리 울음의 음향학적 특성은 울음의 우점주파수를 분석하여 북방산개구리와 차이가 있는지 비교하였다. 계곡산개구리 울음의 일주기 및 시간주기 특성은 Adobe Audition CC (version 6.0)을 이용하여 1시간을 10분 단위로 구분한 후 울음 유무에 따라 점수화한 뒤 기상요인(기상청국가기후자료센터, sts.kma.go.kr)과 상관관계분석을 실시하였다. 이를 위한 통계분석은 IBM SPSS Statistics(Version 23) 프로그램을 이용하였다. 계곡산개구리 종 동정 결과, 생체는 발가락 끝이 둥글지 않으며, 물갈퀴가 매우 발달되어 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 턱 밑에 울음주머니가 없었고 앞다리 첫 번째 발가락에 포접돌기가 있어 북방산개구리와는 구별되었다. 알은 바위나 계곡 가장자리에 있는 돌 등에 서로 엉겨 붙어 있고, 작고 단단한 것을 특징으로 동정하였다. 올챙이 DNA 유전적 분석 결과 각각의 북방산개구리, 계곡산개구리, 한국산개구리의 명확한 계통 분기(clade)를 확인하였으며, 기존 데이터베이스에서 동정된 종과 DNA 염기서열이 일치함을 확인함으로써 분자유전학적인 방법을 통해 계곡산개구리 종임을 판별하였다. 계곡산개구리와 북방산개구리의 우점주파수 비교분석결과, 계곡산개구리 제1우점주파수는 최소 474Hz에서 최대775Hz였고, 평균 637Hz이었다. 북방산개구리 제 1우점주 파수는 최소 609Hz에서 최대 844Hz였고, 평균 713Hz이었다. 계곡산개구리 제 2우점주파수는 최소 1119Hz에서 최대1543Hz였고, 평균 1273Hz이었다. 북방산개구리 제 2우점주파수는 최소 1219Hz에서 1688Hz였고, 평균 1430Hz이었다. 이러한 결과를 비교해 보면 제1우점주파수, 제2우점주파수 모두 계곡산개구리가 북방산개구리보다 낮게 나타났음을 확인할 수 있었다. 계곡산개구리 번식울음 기간은 3월 20일 오전 10시에 시작해서 4월 5일 오전 7시에 종료되어 총 기간은 17일이었다. 울음기간 중 3월 24일, 3월 26일은 울지 않았고, 3월23일, 3월 25일은 거의 울지 않았다. 가장 활발히 운 기간은 3월 21일, 4월 1일, 4월 3일, 4월 4일이었다. 국내 산개구리류의 기존 연구에 의하면 북방산개구리는 13시에서 14시, 18시에서 23시까지 두 번의 울음 피크를 이룬다고 하였으나, 본 연구결과에 의하면 계곡산개구리 울음은 09시를 기점으로 급격히 상승하였으며 13시부터 16시까지 피크를 이루다가 22시까지 점진적으로 감소하였다. 또한 23시부터 09시까지는 급격히 감소하는 추세를 보였다. 일 울음 누적점수와 기상요인간 상관관계 분석결과, 평균기온, 최고기온과 일최저기온이 번식울음과 고도 양의 상관관계를 나타내었고, 일강수량, 평균습도 및 일조량과는 상관관계를 나타내지 않았다. 계곡산개구리의 시간대별 누적울음과 기상 요인간 상관관계 분석결과, 기온과 습도와는 양의 상관관계, 일조량과는 음의 상관관계를 나타냈으며 강수량과는 상관관계가 나타내지 않았다. 이상의 내용을 종합해 보면 계곡산개구리는 겨울이 끝나는 이른 봄철에 가장 먼저 번식울음을 시작하는 양서류이면서 17일 정도의 짧은 기간에 폭발적으로 번식하는 Explosive breeder의 유형에 속하였다. 단 짧은 번식기간임에도 불구하고 이른 봄철이기 때문에 영하로 내려가는 시기에는 울음을 멈추어 기온이 번식울음에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

Low-Contact Stress 인공 슬관절에서 다량의 삼출액에 의한 가동성 Meniscal Bearing의 탈구

장주해(Juhae Jahng),김형관(Hyung-Kwan Kim),손종민(Jong-Min Sohn),백대현(Dae-Hyun Baek),하난경(Nan-Kyoung Ha),이혁제(Hyuk-Je Lee) 대한정형외과학회 2000 대한정형외과학회지 Vol.35 No.4

한국 멸종위기 담수어종 열목어(Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis)의 유전적 다양성과 집단구조: 미래 복원을 위한 보존 의미

장지은 ( Ji Eun Jang ),김재환 ( Jae Hwan Kim ),강지현 ( Ji Hyoun Kang ),백송이 ( Song Yi Baek ),이황구 ( Hwang Goo Lee ),최준길 ( Jun Kil Choi ),최재석 ( Jae Seok Choi ),이혁제 ( Hyuk Je Lee ) 한국환경생태학회 2016 한국환경생태학회 학술대회지 Vol.2016 No.1

Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis (family Salmonidae), cold freshwater fish, is endemic to Asia. This species is currently distributed throughout Russia, Mongolia, China and the Korean Peninsula. B. lenok tsinlingensis in South Korea was severely affected by anthropogenic activities such as habitat destruction, agricultural run-off and water pollution, and hence this fish has recently been dramatically decreased in its population sizes and become now critically endangered. To recover the number of individuals of B. lenok tsinlingensis, stocking or translocation programs have been conducted continuously by local governments since 1970s. However, these programs made little effort to clarify populations that may have originated from stocked, translocated or introduced fish. An understanding of genetic characteristics of endangered populations is critical to develop effective conservation and restoration plans especially because genetic diversity ensues their future fate. Therefore, we assessed the “conservation status” of this species by estimating the level of genetic diversity and genetic structure among ten geographic populations including restored populations via reinforcement and supplementation. Also, we aimed to trace the genetic origins of the newly translocated population (Chiak) through a restoration practice program. Moreover, we inferred the phylogenetic relationships among Korean lenok populations as well as across the Northeast Asia. Two hundred eighteen individuals of B. lenok tsinlingensis were sampled from ten localities (Yanggu, Injae, Seorak, Bangtae and Hongcheon: North Han River basin; Pyeongchang, Chiak and Jeongseon: South Han River basin; Taebaek and Bonghwa: Nakdong River basin in South Korea). Based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and eight nuclear microsatellite loci, we found extremely low levels of within-population genetic diversity, which suggests small effective population sizes (Ne) within populations. For mtDNA control region, each population housed one, or at most, two haplotypes that are restricted to the respective localities, meaning that these ‘genetically unique’ lineages will be lost permanently if the local populations undergo extinction. The overall values of haplotype diversity (h) and nucleotide diversity (π) for the entire Korean population were 0.703 ± 0.024 and 0.021 ± 0.010, respectively. In the case of microsatellites, average number of alleles across the eight loci for the entire population was 9.1 and allelic richness (AR) per population ranged from 2.375 to 4.144 (mean = 3.104). The values of observed heterozygosity (HO) and expected heterozygosity (HE) were similar to each other [HO: 0.400 ~ 0.590 (mean = 0.518); HE: 0.407 ~ 0.608 (mean = 0.504)]. The inbreeding coefficient (FIS) values were generally low, ranging from 0.048 to 0.279. Consequently, the majority of the populations (except Yanggu and Pyeongchang) were not significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), suggesting random mating at these loci tested. In addition, we found that Korean lenok populations were significantly genetically isolated from each other, with private mtDNA haplotypes and microsatellite alleles, indicating limited gene flow among populations, strong effects of genetic drift due to small Ne, or a combination of both. The Mantel test of microsatellites revealed a significant correlation (r = 0.414, P = 0.04) between genetic and geographic distances for pairwise comparisons among the ten populations, while that of mtDNA showed a lack of correlation. Given the shared identical mtDNA haplotype and similar microsatellite allelic distributions between Chiak and Hongcheon populations, we suggest that the restored (introduced) Chiak population would be inferred to be genetically originated from Hongcheon population. Phylogenetic relationships among Northeast Asian populations showed that South Korean lineages have more recently diverged from China (Yellow River), than between North Korea and Russia. Although the phylogenetic relationship would be expected to be associated with geography, South-North Korea and China populations with a similar latitude was more phylogenetically closely related. These findings may suggest a possible scenario for the historical movements of B. lenok tsinlingensis in Northeast Asia during Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). It would be supported by the line of evidence that most lenok populations migrated to southward from Northern Asia such as Russia and Mongolia during LGM because the Korean Peninsula was landlocked as inland epoch and functioned as a southern shelter with Yellow River. For this reason, the Korean Peninsula is suggested to be an important geographical region for better understanding phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary histories of B. lenok tsinlingensis across the Northeast Asia. Despite large efforts made to develop several restoration programs in South Korea for B. lenok tsinlingensis, it is still unknown whether these past restoration efforts were successful or fruitless, mainly because of little attention paid to post-restoration monitoring research. Hence, there was a lack of their published official records. In the future, conservation and restoration projects of the Korean lenok populations should consider the genetic data for a better understanding of their ecological and evolutionary trajectories. And finally, we hope that our findings here can help inform on the future effective conservation and restoration plans for B. lenok tsinlingensis populatio ns in South Korea.

한국 제주도 및 남해연안에 서식하는 잘피 거머리말의 집단유전학 구조

김재환 ( Jae Hwan Kim ),강지현 ( Ji Hyoun Kang ),최선경 ( Sun Kyeong Choi ),김상일 ( Sang Il Kim ),장지은 ( Ji Eun Jang ),박상률 ( Sang Rul Park ),이혁제 ( Hyuk Je Lee ) 한국환경생태학회 2016 한국환경생태학회 학술대회지 Vol.2016 No.1

Seagrasses, sea flowering plants, comprise approximately 60 species globally and are often called ‘ecosystem engineers’ because they create their own habitats by modifying the surrounding environments, which provide coastal zones with a number of crucial ecosystem services. Zostera marina (the common name ‘eelgrass’) is one of the seagrass beds-forming species distributed widely in northern hemisphere including the Korean coast, which plays a pivotal role in ecosystem as a primary producer and a nursery habitat or refuge for other marine organisms. However, due to global climate change and anthropogenic activities such as reclamation and dredging, there has recently been a drastic decline in population sizes of Z. marina in Korea. In order to develop effective conservation and restoration management programs of Z. marina populations, it would be helpful to consider all biological aspects of this species such as genetic characteristics as well as ecological and physiological features. This study first provides information on genetic diversity and genetic structure of Jeju Island and Namhae populations of Z. marina, which will contribute to the establishment of appropriate conservation and restoration management plans for future persistence of this species. Using six microsatellite markers, we investigated the level of genetic diversity and genetic structure among 10 geographic populations of Z. marina inhabiting Jeju Island (Hamdeok, Tokki-seom, Sungsan, Woljeong, Ojo) and Namhae (Gamak bay, Jindong bay, Nampo, Anggang bay, Geoje) on the southern coast of Korea. The level of genetic diversity within Jeju populations (mean allelic richness [AR]: 1.57 ~ 3.09) was found to be significantly lower than Namhae populations (AR: 3.09 ~ 4.29) (Mann-Whitney U-test, P < 0.05). These findings suggest that effective population sizes (Ne) of Jeju populations are generally smaller than those of Namehae populations. Within Jeju Island, Hamdeok population had the smallest population size (coverage: 138 m2) and the lowest genetic diversity (AR: 1.57), while Ojo population had the largest population size (coverage: 275,736 m2) and the greatest level of genetic diversity (AR: 3.09). Hamdeok population showed evidence of genetic bottleneck. These results again suggest that Ne of Jeju populations is generally low (except Ojo population). Among Jeju populations, all pair-wise comparisons of FST values (i.e., degree of genetic differentiation) were highly significant (FST = 0.0612 ~ 0.7168, P < 0.001) despite Jeju populations that were geographically closely located, indicating that these local populations are genetically divergent, probably due to a lack of gene flow among the populations. The observed strong population structure was substantiated by evidence that five genetic clusters are most likely, based on population assignment test (STRUCTURE). The Mantel test showed a positive relationship between genetic distance (FST) and geographic distance (km) across all the populations sampled (R2 = 0.4118, P < 0.05), suggesting that our data follow Isolation By Distance (IBD) model. Woljeong population revealed the highest level of FST values compared to other populations within Jeju Island in IBD. STRUCTURE and factorial correspondence analysis (FCA) further showed that some Woljeong individuals included genotypes of Namhae populations. Population size of Woljeong (coverage: 310m2) was approximately 50 % smaller than that of Sungsan (coverage: 841m2); however, extent of its genetic diversity (AR: 2.39) was even higher than that of Sungsan population (AR: 1.77). We speculated that Woljeong population underwent a transplantation from Namhae populations with relatively higher level of genetic diversity. FST values within Namhae populations were relatively lower (compared to within Jeju Island) despite the populations that were geographically more distant. It means that level of gene flow is higher among Namhae populations than among Jeju populations. Z. marina is known to have different life histories by water depth. In subtidal zone (deep water depth) populations predominantly undertake sexual reproduction through seeds such as annual life history, whereas those of intertidal zone (shallow water depth) undertake both sexual and asexual reproductions through horizontal rhizomes i.e., perennial life history. STRUCTURE analysis showed no clear differences between shallow and deep populations at Namhae, but some FST values were statistically significantly different despite their low values. For Geoje population sampled in 2005, intertidal and subtidal populations were not significantly different (FST = 0.0045, P = 0.033), but these populations sampled in 2015 showed a significant difference (FST = 0.0328, P < 0.001). It means that genetic structure of Geoje has been changed over the 10 year period between shallow and deep populations. Overall, the Jeju and Namehae populations analyzed in the current study have relatively low levels of genetic diversity and distinct genetic compositions, which warns the message that this ecologically important species should be conserved separately in the local populations and with high priority. We propose that future conservation and restoration plans for seagrasses should consider genetic characteristics particularly because a close relationship between genetic diversity and ecological performance in marine species has been well documented.

한국 담수어류 두 근연종 한둑중개(Cottus hangiongensis)와 둑중개(Cottus koreanus)의 초기생활사 차이에 따른 개체군 유전적 구조 특성

백송이 ( Song Yi Baek ),강지현 ( Ji Hyoun Kang ),조서희 ( Seo Hee Cho ),장지은 ( Ji Eun Jang ),왕주현 ( Ju-hyoun Wang ),이황구 ( Hwang-goo Lee ),최준길 ( Jun-kil Choi ),이혁제 ( Hyuk Je Lee ) 한국환경생태학회 2016 한국환경생태학회 학술대회지 Vol.2016 No.2

Levels of genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure among freshwater fish populations are influenced by life history traits of the species including life history styles (e.g., fluvial, amphidromous). However, whether and how divergent life history styles contribute to shaping population genetic structure of freshwater fish species remain rarely tested comparatively for closely related species. A species pair of freshwater sculpins, Cottus hangiongensis- C. koreanus, which both occur in the Korean Peninsula, shows considerable variation in distribution, life history style and conservation status. Cottus hangiongensis is widely distributed across the eastern Korean Peninsula, northern Japan and Russia, whereas C. koreanus is restricted to the Korean Peninsula. The former species has been protected by the Korean government as a ‘legally protected species II’ since 2012, but the latter was recently released from the red list of endangered species. Although these two species are a sister taxon with morphologically virtually indistinguishable, they differ in life history styles, type of larvae and habitat selection: C. hangiongensis shows “amphidromous” life history with pelagic larvae and occurs from mid-to-downstream of the river, whereas C. koreanus displays “fluvial” life history with benthic larvae and inhabits upstream of the river. In the present study, we examined and compared population genetic structure between two congeneric sister sculpin species from South Korea that show a notable divergence in life history styles using a combination of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and microsatellite markers. Individuals of C. hangiongensis (N = 200) and C. koreanus (N = 274) were collected using skimming nets from 18 different locations in South Korea (C. hangiongensis: 5 locations - Samcheok, Yangyang, Okgye, Gangneung, Uljin; C. koreanus: 13 locations - Pyeongchang Heongjung-valley, Mitan Myeon, Jeongseon, Wonju Oakvalley, Gangnim Myeon, Mt. Chiaksan National Park from the South Han River; Goseong, Yanggu, Inje, Gapyong, Pocheon from the North Han River; Samcheok, Yangyang from the East flowing rivers). Based on mtDNA control region (465, 467 bp) and seven nuclear microsatellite loci, we found that the overall levels of within-population genetic diversity were substantially greater for C. hangiongensis (mean mtDNA haplotype richness: 2.128 ± 1.470; mean allelic richness: 14.029 ± 1.065) than for C. koreanus (mean mtDNA haplotype richness: 1.084 ± 1.794; mean allelic richness: 5.095 ± 2.861). These results indicate that an amphidromous species C. hangiongensis, which produces many small eggs from which pelagic larvae hatch then spend 1-2 months in the sea before migrating to river mouths, has greater within-population genetic diversity than a fluvial species C. koreanus, which lays a small number of large eggs from which benthic larvae develop directly. The inbreeding coefficient (FIS) values were generally low, ranging from -0.001 to 0.052 for C. hangiongensis and from -0.294 to 0.059 for C. koreanus, suggesting that rather random mating has been taking place in both species. The degree of genetic differentiation between populations at both mtDNA and microsatellite markers was much greater for the ‘fluvial’ species, C. koreanus with direct-developing benthic larvae than for the ‘amphidromous’ species, C. hangiongensis with pelagic larvae. These findings suggest that all the populations of C. koreanus investigated are genetically strongly isolated and thus divergent one another, most likely due to lack of gene flow among populations because of their limited migratory range by physical isolation and/or behavioral constraint. By comparison, C. hangiongensis showed lack of spatial genetic structure, which is probably due to high on-going gene flow during the free-swimming larval stage of this fish. The Mantel tests of both C. hangiongensis and C. koreanus showed significant correlation between genetic (FST) and geographic distances (km) across all the populations, based on neither mtDNA nor microsatellites. STRUCTURE and factorial correspondence analysis (FCA) of seven microsatellite genotypes detected a single genetic make-up with in C. hangiongensis, but almost each of the local populations comprising its own unique genetic integrity within C. koreanus. These results corroborate the hypothesis that life history divergence strongly affects the spatial population genetic structure of these two species. The greater spatial genetic structure observed for C. koreanus than for C. hangiongensis may have resulted from much lower levels of gene flow, most likely due to its poorer dispersal capacity (and physical isolation among populations) because it lacks the free-swimming larval phase that the latter species has. Overall, we conclude that alternative life histories (fluvial vs. amphidromous) have resulted in strikingly different patterns of population genetic structure between these sister species of freshwater sculpins in South Korea. The observed patterns highlight how divergent life history evolution may influence broader trends of population connectivity in freshwater fish, with significant implications for management and conservation particularly for these endangered fishes. This study sheds intriguing insights into the effects of divergent life history styles on the genetic diversity and genetic structure of South Korean populations of a sister species pair C. hangiongensis-C. koreanus, which will contribute to a better understanding of how these two species have diverged ecologically and speciated in general.

양측 슬개골에 발생한 골 내 결절종 - 1예 보고 -

우영균,이화성,이혁제 대한슬관절학회 2000 대한슬관절학회지 Vol.12 No.1

An intraosseous ganglion cyst, of which pathogenesis is unclear, is grossly and histologically identical to soft tissue ganglion. It predominates in the subchondral regions of tubular bones and is an osteolytic lesion that is well demarcated, radiographically. Pathologically, it is composed of a multilocular, thick, fibrous walled cyst-like structure filled with a slimy, mucin rich fluid. Curettage or curettage with bone graft is usually curative. Authors experienced a case diagnosed as intraosseous ganglia of both patellae. A 37-year-old man complained of both knee joint pains for about 4 month. About 1 year ago prior to this visit, he was treated one time because of the anterior knee pain. In the following X-rays, a well-defined osteolytic lesion involving the subchondral area of both patellae was showed. After CT and bone scanning, excision biopsy with curettage was performed. The thick, jelly-like mucinous fluid oozed out. Histological findings were consistent with an intraosseous ganglion cyst. At 8 months follow-up, pain was completely resolved and other abnormal findings were not observed clinically.