http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
- 中文 을 입력하시려면 zhongwen을 입력하시고 space를누르시면됩니다.
- 北京 을 입력하시려면 beijing을 입력하시고 space를 누르시면 됩니다.
RISS 인기검색어
- 검색키워드
- 저자 : 이평래 (검색결과 92 건)
- 무료
- 기관 내 무료
- 유료
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
이평래 동북아역사재단 2012 東北亞歷史論叢 Vol.- No.37
This study considers the territorial dispute over the Dariganga area between Mongolia and China that began after Mongolia declared its independence in 1911. Upon the declaration of independence, the regional domains of the Bogd government was limited to four, while all the other Mongolian settlements, including the frontiers of Khovd and Inner Mongolia, were still under the rule of the Qing Dynasty. Thus, as the Qing Dynasty collapsed in February 1912, with the exception of four Khalkha Aimags, the status of the Mongolian settlements that had been ruled by the Qing Dynasty remained ambiguous. Therefore, after the declaration of independence, the most important challenge that lay ahead for the Bogd government was to integrate the whole territory of the Mongolian settlements and then to make the Qing Dynasty (later the Republic of China) and the international community recognize the independence of Mongolia. To this end, the Bogd government had integrated the whole area of Western Mongolia by the end of August, 1911, and sent a letter recommending Inner Mongolia to revert voluntarily. While trying to invalidate the independence of Mongolia in an effort to succeed to the territory of the Qing Dynasty,the Beijing government also tried to include Mongolian settlements,especially Inner Mongolia, in its territory through appeasement, preference, and force. The intervention of Russia and Japan in Inner Mongolia made the issue more complicated. Russia and Japan signed agreements in 1907and 1910, respectively, stating that Outer Mongolia and northern Manchuria belonged to the Russian sphere of influence, and the Korean Peninsula and southern Manchuria to the Japanese sphere of influence. On July 8, 1912, the two countries signed the third Russo-Japanese agreement to expand their interests in Inner Mongolia and to mediate the issue. Both agreed to divide Inner Mongolia based upon the longitude at which Beijing was situated, establishing the area east of Inner Mongolia as the Japanese sphere of influence and the area west of Inner Mongolia as the Russian sphere of influence. Thus, the Mongolian territorial dispute appeared in a complicated manner by Russia and Japan in addition to the Bogd government and the Beijing government. In this situation, Mongolian nobles from many areas including Inner Mongolia were in awkward positions, and some sought to find a breakthrough, leaning on the power of foreign countries. To join in the Bogd government would be right in upholding a cause, but it would be difficult to turn their back on the Beijing government due to the close geographical location and practical interests. In fact, the responses of the Mongolian nobles to the request of reverting to the Bogd government varied. There were various types of responses: people who actively participated in the national integration initiated by the Bogd government from the beginning;people who sent someone to check on the course of events in the Bogd government; people who rejected the Bogd government’s request to revert; people who drifted between the Bogd government and the Beijing government; and people who sought a way out by relying on the foreign powers. One typical case is the Dariganga area located on the border of Mongolia. There had been an imperial pasture under the rule of the Qing Dynasty. Dariganga sum of Sukhbaatar Aimag, the southeastern part of today’s Mongolia, is relevant to this place. From ancient times,this place has been considered as a commercial and military hub due to the abundance of water and grass, and the narrowest width of desert among the Gobi areas between Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia. The imperial pasture, highly valued by the Qing Dynasty, had been managed by Chakhar tu-t’tung living in Zhangjiakou. While it was geographically located in Khalkha, the pasture of Dariganga was administratively under Chakhar tu-t’tung’s contol. Because of this, the status and affiliation of Dariganga had become ambiguous sin...
-
-
이평래 국립민속박물관 2014 민속학연구 Vol.0 No.34
본 연구는 몽골계 민족의 잠수신화(Earth-diver myth)의 유형과 구조, 특징 그리고 이러한 유형과 구조와 특징이 나타나는 이유를 고찰한 논문이다. 먼 옛날 몽골계 민족은 이 세상이 만들어진 과정을 다양하게 이야기해왔는데, 그중 가장 흔한 이야기는 태초에 세상이 온통 물로 덮여 있었다는 설명이다. 이 태초의 물바다에서 어떻게 지금 같은 대지가 생겨나게 되었는가에 대한 몽골인들의 설명도 매우 다양하다. 호르마스트 텡그리(Khormast tengeri)가 보낸 가릉빈가(kalaviṅka)라는 신조(神鳥)가 물 위에 지은 둥지에서 대지가 생겨났다는 설명과 석가나 석가여래가 뿌린 흙에서 생겨났다는 설명, 대홍수 후 마이다르(Maidar) 여신이 탄 신마(神馬)가 수면을 태워 대지가 이루어졌다는 설명과 석가모니가 거북 위에 흙을 뿌려 세상을 만들었다는 설명 그리고 중불(衆佛)이 염불하거나 바다를 저어 대지를 만들었다는 설명 등 갖가지 이야기가 전해진다. 이처럼 다양한 유형의 이야기가 전해지고 있음에도 불구하고 잠수신화에 대한 연구는 매우 저조한 편이다. 이에 필자는 몽골 창세신화의 구조를 밝기기 위한 한 작업으로서 몽골계 민족의 잠수신화 자료의 유형과 구조 및 그 특징을 차례로 고찰하였다. 본고에서 논의된 사항은 아래와 같다. 첫째 몽골계 민족 거주지에서 수집된 자료를 통하여 잠수신화 자료가 매우 다양함을 확인하였다. 세계 신화학계에서 논의되는 동유럽과 시베리아 그리고 북미대륙 잠수신화에 보이는 유형 중 창조신이 직접 잠수하는 사례와 복수의 잠수자가 등장하는 극히 일부 사례만 빼고 대부분 몽골 신화에서 확인될 정도로 유형이 다양하다. 둘째 몽골 잠수신화는 유형의 다양성만큼 주인공도 다양하다. 다른 지역에서 보기 힘든 복수의 창조자가 등장하고 협력자의 경우도 우호적 협력자와 대립적 협력자 뿐 아니라 분업적 협력자까지 나온다. 적대자도 창조된 세상을 망치거나 차지하려고 하는 통상적인 적대자 외에, 창조과정에 전혀 참여하지 않은 제3의 적대자 그리고 대지의 원천인 흙의 채취를 방해하는 또 다른 유형의 적대자가 출현한다. 서사구조 역시 복잡하고 다층적이다. 예컨대 한 이야기에서 거북은 원초적 흙의 보유자이자 창조의 적대자이자 대지를 지탱하는 지주(支柱)이면서 세상을 구성하는 5원소의 기원으로 등장한다. 또한 몽골 잠수신화에는 고유 신화에서 무불(巫佛) 및 무불도(巫佛道) 통합을 거쳐 완전히 불교식으로 재편되는 창세신화의 변화과정이 복합적으로 나타난다. 셋째 몽골 잠수신화에는 이원대립 또한 창조자와 협력자(=잠수자)의 대립, 창조자와 제3의 적대자의 대립, 창조 후 인세를 차지하기 위한 창조신들의 대립, 잠수자와 또 다른 적대자(=금 거북, 가위-물고기) 등 다른 지역에서 볼 수 없는 다양하고 특이한 양상이 확인된다. 끝으로 몽골 잠수신화가 이처럼 유형이 다양하고, 서사구조가 복잡하고, 특이한 이원대립 구조를 갖고 있는 이유는 시베리아 삼림지대(=부랴트Buryat))에서 초원지대(=몽골국Mongolia과 내몽골Inner Mongolia)와 농목복합지대(=내몽골 동부)에 걸쳐 있는 몽골인 거주지의 지역적 분포와 관련이 있다. 또한 문화의 이동통로서 몽골리아의 지리적 위치 그리고 13-14세기 몽골의 세계지배도 여기에 한몫을 하였다. 즉 몽골의 지리적 위치와 역사과정이 원근의 여러 사상과 종교 및 문화가 전해질 수 있는 기반을 마련해주었는데, 그 ... This research examines the types, composition and features of Earth-diver myth of Mongolian peoples and observes why the myth holds the certain types, composition and features. A long time ago, Mongolians told multiple versions of how the world was created. The most common story is that the world was covered with primal waters. Mongolian explanation of how the earth was created from the primordial seas also varies. They say the earth was created in various ways; from a nest made by a sacred bird, Kalavinka which was sent by Khormast Tenger; from the particles of the earth sprinkled by Buddha Or Shakyamuni; by a sacred horse, on which the goddess Maidar rode, burnt the surface of the waters; by Sakyamuni who scattered the particles of the earth on a turtle; by a group of Buddhist monks who prayed to Buddha or stirred the sea. Like this, different stories are told. Although there are so many kinds of stories told the research conducted on the mythology is very little. Hence, the author of this paper investigated the patterns, composition and features of the Earth-diver myths in Mongolia to reveal the structure of Mongolian creation myth. Followings are discussed in this thesis. First, through the collected materials from the places where Mongolian peoples lived, it was identified that there are many different kinds of the Earth-diver myth. The types of Mongolian mythology is so diverse that some stories of the Earth-diver myth throughout Eastern Europe, Siberia and North America, which are discussed in the world’s mythological academia, can also be identified in Mongolia, except rare cases which the creator or multiple divers personally dive into the sea. Second, Mongolian protagonists are diverse as much as its Earth-diver myth types. Multiple creators, which are hardly seen in other regional myth, appear and in case of assistant, they are friendly, conflictual and even workload sharing. Besides conventional antagonists who attempt to spoil or take the control over the created world, there appears a third party antagonist who does not play a role in creating the world and an antagonist who obstructs collection of soil, a source of the earth. The narrative structure is also complex and multi-layered. For example, in a single story, a turtle plays diverse roles such as a primitive possessor of soil, an antagonist of creation, a supporter of the earth, and the origin of the fifth element to construct the world. Third, in binary opposition in Mongolian Earth-diver myth, there are conflicts between the creator and the assistant (the diver), between the creator and the third party antagonist, between the creators to take over the world, and between the diver and another antagonist (gold turtle, scissors-fish), which take on various and unique aspects unlike other regions. Lastly, the reasons why the Earth-diver myth types vary, the narrative structure is complex, and they have unique binary oppositions are related to Mongolian habitat. Geographically, Mongolia spreads from a forest land (Buryat) in Siberia through a steppe zone in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia to an agricultural and stock farming zone (Eastern Inner Mongolia). Moreover, its geographical location, where cultures exchange and its world domination during 13–14th century also contributed to such complexity.
-
연관 검색어 추천
이 검색어로 많이 본 자료
활용도 높은 자료
