Effects of steady-state clarithromycin on the pharmacokinetics of zolpidem in healthy subjects

이충민,정의현,Ji‑Yeong Byeon,Se‑Hyung Kim,Choon‑Gon Jang,Yun Jeong Lee,Seok‑Yong Lee 대한약학회 2019 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.42 No.12

Zolpidem is extensively metabolized byCYP3A4, CYP2C9 and CYP1A2. Previous studies demonstratedthat pharmacokinetics of zolpidem was affected byCYP inhibitors, but not by short-term treatment of clarithromycin. The objective of this study was to investigate theeffects of steady-state clarithromycin on the pharmacokineticsof zolpidem in healthy subjects. In the control phase,33 subjects received a single dose of zolpidem (5 mg). One week later, in the clarithromycin phase, the subjectsreceived clarithromycin (500 mg) twice daily for 5 daysto reach steady state concentrations, followed by zolpidem(5 mg) and clarithromycin (500 mg). In each phase,plasma concentrations of zolpidem were evaluated up to 12 hafter drug administration by using liquid chromatographytandemmass spectrometry method. In the clarithromycinphase, mean total area under the curve of zolpidem (AUCinf) was 1.62-fold higher and the time to reach peak plasmaconcentration of zolpidem (tmax) was prolonged by 1.95-fold compared to the control phase. In addition, eliminationhalf-life (t1/2) of zolpidem was 1.40-fold longer duringco-administration with clarithromycin and its apparentoral clearance (CL/F) was 36.2% lower with clarithromycinadministration. The experimental data demonstrate the significant pharmacokinetic interaction between zolpidemand clarithromycin at steady-state.

달 착륙선의 위험 상대거리 기반 착륙지 선정기법 성능 분석

이충민(Choong-Min Lee),박영범(Young-Bum Park),박찬국(Chan-Gook Park) 한국항공우주학회 2016 韓國航空宇宙學會誌 Vol.44 No.1

달착륙선의 라이다 기반 위험회피 착륙시스템은 기본적으로 목표 착륙지역에 대한 지형 파라미터인 경사와 험준도로 위험도를 계산하고 해당 지역에 대하여 위험도가 최소값을 갖는 점을 안전한 착륙 지점으로 선정한다. 이때, 경사와 험준도만을 고려할 경우 라이다 측정오차에 의해 착륙지가 위험요소 근처로 선정될 수 있으며 이는 착륙선에 위협적이다. 이러한 문제를 해결하고 최대한 안전한 착륙지점을 선정하기 위하여 위험상대거리 기반의 위험도를 기존의 지형파리미터 기반의 위험도와 함께 고려하여야 한다. 본 논문에서는 경사와 험준도 각각에 대한 위험상대거리 기반 위험도가 지형 특성에 따라 착륙지 선정결과에 미치는 영향을 분석하였고, 두 가지 위험상대거리를 동시에 고려하였을 때 가장 좋은 위험회피 착륙 성능을 나타냄을 시뮬레이션과 3차원 뎁스 카메라를 이용한 실험을 통해 확인하였다. Lidar-based hazard avoidance landing system for lunar lander calculates hazard cost with respect to the desired local landing area in order to identify hazard and designate safe landing point where the cost is minimum basically using slope and roughness of the landing area. In this case, if the parameters are only considered, chosen landing target can be designated near hazard threatening the lander. In order to solve this problem and select optimal safe landing point, hazard cost based on relative distance to hazard should not be considered as well as cost based on terrain parameters. In this paper, the effect of hazard cost based on relative distance to hazard on safe landing performance was analyzed and it was confirmed that landing site designation with two relative distances to hazard results in the best safe landing performance by an experiment using three-dimensional depth camera.

프루스트의 소설은 여담적인가 ?

이충민 ( Chung Min Lee ) 한국불어불문학회 2015 불어불문학연구 Vol.0 No.104

Tantot considere comme l``indice du manque de construction, tantot admire comme une revolution de l``ecriture romanesque, le caractere essaystique et digressif de la Recherche du temps perdu a fait couler l’encre. L``approche theorique du phenomene n``a pourtant vu le jour que plutot recemment. Une confusion conceptuelle longtemps subsistait : si l``essaystique, en tant que l``alterite du recit, reste essentiellement probleme generique, c``est-a-dire, apparition du nouvel element sur l``axe paradigmatique, en revanche, le digressif, defini comme l``excursion thematique, est tout d``abord une question de deraillement, voire de desorientation sur l``axe syntagmatique. Evidemment, ni l``essai ni la digression n’est inoui dans la pratique romanesque : romans baroques bourres de digressions superflues, tradition francaise de l’≪ analyse ≫ psychologique depuis la Princesse de Cleves, contes philosophiques des Lumieres, romans realistes impatients d’etaler son erudition, etc. Cependant le roman proustien semble renover profondement l’emploi de l’argumentatif et du hors-sujet afin de construire un regime hybride sans precedent. D’abord, chez Proust, l’essaystique, tout en prenant, a son gre, les formes differentes de maxime ou petit passage essaystique ou ≪ roman abstrait ≫, ou reflexion a proprement dite, ne perd jamais le lien avec l’intrigue. Tous ces variantes du discursif puisent leurs exemples dans l’univers diegetique du roman : Brichot mentionnant les noms fictifs de la Recherche pour donner une lecon de l’etymologie ; M. de Guermantes convoque comme admirateur de Balzac et bibliophile en faveur de la reflexion theorique sur la litterature dans le Temps retrouve; le duc de Chatellerault venu donner son appui demonstratif dans le traite sur la ≪ race des tantes ≫. L’essai n’existe jamais independamment du recit. Il ne connait aucune existence automne chez Proust. D’ailleurs, ces passages discursifs, longs ou courts, sont meles d``une facon inextricable avec les elements diegetiques : le passage entre ≪ nous ≫ augmentatif et ≪ je ≫ diegetique est frequent meme dans une phrase ; Un essai introduit pour rendre compte d’un evenement du recit se voit elucide par un autre evenement du meme recit. Il est donc souvent difficile, voire impossible de separer, meme syntaxiquement, l’un de l’autre. La strategie proustienne devient beaucoup plus subtile et meme rusee avec les digressions. Les digressions dans la Recherche, fussent-elles abondantes, n’interrompant guere le cours de l’histoire, ne donne lieu a aucune solution de continuite, puisque les frontieres entre l’histoire principale et une digression sont le plus souvent estompees et meme indetectables. Souvent une digression se trouve divisee en deux ou trois, suivie d’une autre digression sur la premiere digression, et ainsi de suite. Le retour en matiere a la ≪ revenons a nos moutons ≫ n’etant pas frequent, on voit plutot les fausses reprises (celles d’une autre digression, non de l’histoire principale). En outre, Proust prefere multiplier le geste de l’entree dans une digression ou de la sortie de la digression. On ne sait jamais donc ou exactement commence ou finit une digression. Ces denivellations insensibles et demultiplications des sujets que sont aussi les hors-sujets rendent difficile le travail du reperage et de la demarcation sur les elements narratifs ou discursifs. En meme temps, le lecteur s’apercoit toujours trop tard qu’il soit dans une digression. Dans le texte proustien, le glissement regne, on a du mal a demeler distinctement la part narratif, la part descriptif, la part digressif. Tout concourt a l’idee de la continuite tres chere a Proust, les fameuses notions du ≪ trottoir roulant ≫ et du ≪ vernis des Maitres ≫ n’etant rien d’autre que la suture parfaite des fentes creusees dans le texte par cette heterogeneite par excellences qu’est la digression.

프루스트 작품의 판본 정립과 한국어 번역의 상관관계

이충민(LEE, Choong Min) 프랑스학회 2014 프랑스학연구 Vol.67 No.-

a l'occasion du centenaire de Du cote de chez Swann(1913), nous tentons ici d'exposer le dernier etat de la traduction coreenne de l'oeuvre de Marcel Proust avant d'examiner les conditions prealables de la traduction concernant l'etablissement du texte. Depuis 2010, trois nouvelles traductions coreennes sont, soit achevee, soit en cours de publication, arrivees afin de remplacer enfin la premiere et seule traduction complete (1977) de la Recherche du temps perdu par Kim Chang-Suk, traduction remarquable mais non sans necessiter la revision, d'abord a cause de son style archaique et difficilement accessible aux jeunes lecteurs, mais surtout a cause de la reforme du texte en France par ce qu'on appelle la 《 Nouvelle Pleiade 》(1987). Tout riche de notes, de documents et d'esquisses, la nouvelle pleiade presente pourtant, aux yeux des geneticiens, de nombreux problemes non negligeables. Rien n'est moins surprenant, vu l'histoire tumultueuse des editions de la Recherche, pleine de "decouvertes"(des brouillons, mises au net, dactylographies, epreuves, etc.), de debats souvent virulents, d'annulations completes ou partielles des editions precedentes. a l'origine de cette instabilite perpetuelle du texte, se trouve evidemment l'inachevement due a la mort precoce de l'auteur, mais aussi la tentative, de la part des premiers editeurs, de dissimuler cet inachevement, sans parler de la maniere d'ecrire de Proust, jamais lineaire, toujours fragmentaire, sporadique et repetitive. Le Temps retrouve, dernier volume du roman, est au sommet des confusions : Souvent, les editeurs divergent sur la place de tel ou tel passage. Les differences sont surtout visibles d'une edition a l'autre dans la derniere phrase du livre : reconstruction artificielle par les editeurs qui, pour obtenir une coherence syntaxique et semantique, ont ete tous obliges de reintegrer certains elements biffes sur le cahier manuscrit - non sans, pour l'edition originale, une certaine part d'invention textuelle. La division de ce dernier volume avec le precedent, Albertine disparue, est un autre casse-tete pour les editeurs, car, les manuscrits ne fournissant aucun repere de la demarcation, on ne sais pas ou mettre la scene ou le narrateur decouvre la permeabilite entre deux 《 cotes 》 : cet episode 《 capitalissime 》 doit- il etre place a la fin de l'avant-dernier volume ou au debut du dernier volume? Mais nous sommes dans une situation beaucoup plus epineuse avec cet "avant-dernier" volume dont la derniere version, dite 《 dactylogramme Mauriac 》, semble detruire tout le roman. Proust, juste avant la mort, s'est mis a introduire une modification radicale dans ce volume presque acheve: suppression de la moitie du volume, et, partant, projet de trois ou quatre volumes qui seront places entre la 《 version courte 》 d'Albertine disparue et le Temps retrouve ; projet jamais realise qui nous laisse devant un texte completement tronque. Ainsi, le probleme n'est pas seulement 《 comment traduire ?》 mais aussi 《 traduire quel texte ? 》 Avec Proust, le travail du geneticien devra, donc, accompagner ou meme preceder celui du traducteur.

빠른 안정화 속도를 가지는 LDO 설계

이충민(Chung-Min Lee),김재덕(Jea-Duck Kim),김영석(Yeong-Seuk Kim) 대한전자공학회 2015 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.6

This paper proposes a low-dropout voltage legulator(LDO) for mobile applications. The proposed LDO has fast transient response for a load step by using dynamic current-biasing and channel splitting compensatation. For a 1.4~1.8 V input voltage and 1.3 V output voltage, the simulated undershoot and overshoot is only 13mV and 77mV, respectively, for load transient of 10uA to 10mA within edge times of 100 ns. The proposed LDO dissipates 70uA at no-load condition. The circuit was designed by a 0.18㎛ CMOS technology.

독서와 기억 : 서사물의 분량과 독서의 한계

이충민 ( Lee Chungmin ) 한국비교문학회 2019 比較文學 Vol.0 No.78

짧지 않은 분량의 문학 텍스트는 생산과 소비 양측에서 저자와 독자에게 적지않은 기억력을 요구한다. 고대 세계는 이 문제를 익히 알고 있었다. 아리스토텔레스는 <시학>에서 관객의 기억력에 한계가 있으므로 비극의 분량이 너무 길지 않을 것을 조언한다. 한편 로마 수사학은 ‘기억법’을 수사학의 5대 분과 중 하나로 정초하기도 한다. 하지만 근대소설과 더불어 문제는 더욱 복잡해진다. 초기 근대소설은 액자구조를 자주 사용했는데, 속이야기의 화자이든 겉이야기의 화자이든 ‘과거에 겪은 일’이나 ‘귀로 들은 이야기’를 글로 옮기는 단계가 필수적이며 이 과정에서 엄청난 기억력을 사용해야 한다. 반면 19세기 사실주의 소설은 전지적 서술자를 애호함으로써 이 문제를 회피 혹은 무시하는 듯 보인다. 그런데 문제가 진정 까다로워지는 것은 독자 층위에서이다. 독서의 실패를 막으려면 독자는 텍스트의 여러 층위(줄거리, 묘사, 코노테이션) 중 어디까지를 기억해야 하는가? 이에 우리는 추리소설 독서의 사례를 통해 독자의 기억력이 문학 서사물의 이해에서 중요한 역할을 수행하고 있음을 보여주려 한다. The production and reception of a literary text more or less long assumes an unequal part of the memory on the part of the author (or narrator) and the reader. The ancient world was already aware of the problem. If Aristotle advises to respect a reasonable size of a tragedy by relying on the limited memory of the spectator (receiver), the Roman Rhetoric installs Ars memoriae as a true integral part of the rhetorical apparatus in order to ensure the oral communication of an oratory text from the speaker (sender). But it is especially with the modern novel that the problem of memory is complicated. Although early modern novels often use the structure of the frame narrative for the sake of verisimilitude, they always assume an exceptional, if not improbable, memory on the part of the narrator or the scriptor. On the other hand, the realistic regime of the nineteenth-century novel seems to ignore the problem, preferring the use of the omniscient narrator. But the problem becomes much more difficult when one is on the reader’s plane. We will examine, therefore, the mechanism of reading in detective novels to show that the reader’s memory plays a very special role in the comprehension of the literary narrative.

감정분류 모델 기반 스트리밍 채팅 분석 시스템 개발

이충민(Lee Chung-Min),박재용(Park Jae-Yong),류명재(Ryu Myung-Jae),윤겸빈(Yoon Gyeom-Pin),윤승준(Yoon Seung-Jun),이정빈(Lee Jung-Been) 한국정보과학회 2023 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2023 No.12

Influence of CYP2D6 genetic polymorphism on pharmacokinetics of active moiety of tolterodine

Ji-Yeong Byeon,이충민,Yea-Jin Lee,Young-Hoon Kim,Se-Hyung Kim,정의현,Won Ki Chae,Yun Jeong Lee,Choon-Gon Jang,Seok Yong Lee 대한약학회 2019 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.42 No.2

Tolterodine is metabolized to an active 5-hydroxymethyl tolterodine (5-HMT) by CYP2D6. This study investigated the relationship between CYP2D6 genotypes and pharmacokinetics of tolterodine and its active metabolite in healthy Korean subjects. All volunteers were genotyped for CYP2D6 and divided into four different genotype groups (CYP2D6*wt/*wt [*wt = *1 or *2], CYP2D6*wt/*10, CYP2D6*10/*10, and CYP2D6*5/*10). Each subject received a single oral dose of tolterodine tartrate (2 mg) in single-dose phase of the study. After the single-dose phase of the study, the same subjects received a single oral dose of tolterodine tartrate (2 mg) once daily for 1 week during multiple-dose tolterodine administration phase. Plasma concentrations of tolterodine and 5-HMT were measured by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Our study demonstrated that plasma exposure of tolterodine in CYP2D6*10/*10 and CYP2D6*5/*10 group significantly increased, compared with CYP2D6*wt/*wt group (P < 0.001). The pharmacokinetic parameters of 5-HMT were not significantly different in relation to CYP2D6 genotype, as 5-HMT itself is also metabolized by CYP2D6. With regard to active moiety (tolterodine + 5-HMT), Cmax and AUC0–24 was significantly increased in CYP2D6*10/*10 group, compared with CYP2D6*wt/*wt group (P < 0.001). Thus, our study showed the pharmacokinetics of tolterodine and its active moiety was significantly different in relation to CYP2D6 genotype.

좌회전 교통량 변화에 따른 선행/후행 좌회전 현시방법의 효과분석

박지혜,이충민(Lee, Chung Min),류인곤(Ryu, In-Gon),이상수 대한교통학회 2010 대한교통학회 학술대회지 Vol.63 No.-

통증 어휘에 따른 통증 종류와 강도 간의 관련성

황주성,전지훈,이영규,이충민,박민지,김현희,Hwang, Ju-Seong,Jeon, Ji-Hoon,Lee, Young-Kyu,Lee, Chung-Min,Park, Min-Ji,Kim, Hyun-Hee 대한물리치료과학회 2015 대한물리치료과학회지 Vol.22 No.1

Purpose : The purpose of present study was to improve communication of pain expressing terms and pain intensity between patient and physical therapist, and initiated to objectify a measurement of subjective pain. Methods : Data were delivered to 249 people by a self-completion questionnaire, and analyzed 160 copies except for 87 mark error of the collected 247 questionnaires. The questionnaire included a question on 55 terms used to describe pain, the type of the pain, and pain intensity using VAS (visual analogue scale). Results : The results were as follows; 'Tight' was the most frequently being expressed term of muscular pain, subsequently to 'knot' and 'dull'. 'Tear' was the term representing the most strong pain of muscular pain, subsequently to 'rupture' and 'squeeze'. 'Stinging' was the most frequently being expressed term of neurologic pain, subsequently to 'get shocked' and 'wriggle'. 'Burn' was the term representing the most strong pain of neurologic pain, subsequently to 'sear' and 'get shocked'. 'Creak' was the most frequently being expressed term of joint pain, subsequently to 'peel' and 'out of joint'. 'Break' was the term representing the most strong pain of joint pain, subsequently to 'peel' and 'crack'. Conclusion : The objectification of pain terms will be used to help physical therapist to check the patient's pain.