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이용현(Lee Yong-Hyun) 한국인도학회 2007 印度硏究 Vol.12 No.1
본 연구는 후기 인도불교에 있어서 딴뜨라 불교에 대한 가장 위대한 학승으로 불리는 아바야까라굽따의 삶, 저작들, 사상을 소개하며, 그가 대표하는 ‘마음의 의례’를 살피는 데 그 목적이 있다. 아바야까라굽따에 따르면, ‘마음의 의례’는 불교 딴뜨리즘에 있어서 궁극의 의례이다. 본고의 제 1장에서는 우선 아바야까라굽따의 저서들에 있는 간기들과 티베트의 역사서들을 참조해서 그의 삶을 재구축한다. 그런 뒤 티베트 대장경 속에 수록된 26개 저서들에 대한 간단한 개요를 소개한다. 마지막으로 아바야까라굽따에게 큰 영향을 미친 중요한 딴뜨라 불교의 전통들과 함께, 그의 사상을 간단히 요약한다. 제 2장에서는 우선 그의 대표작『바즈라발리』에서 보이는 ‘마음의 의례’에 관해 고찰한다. 아바야까라굽따는 50개의 의례법 중에서 하나를 ‘마음의 의례’에 할애하고, 다른 의례법들 중에서 몇몇 구체적인 예들을 소개하고 있다. 그런 뒤『니쉬빠나요가발리』,『조띠르만자리』, 『아바야빠다띠』등에서 보이는 ‘마음의 의례’를 고찰한다. 결론은 ‘마음의 의례’가 항상 통과의례 등 만다라 의례의 문맥에서만 사용되며, ‘신성 요가’와 만뜨라가 대단히 중요하다는 것이다. Abhay?karagupta was probably the greatest ritual theorist in the later phase of Indian Buddhism, as demonstrated by his major works on Tantric Buddhism. In Tantric Buddhism, a ritual theorist was always a ritualist, but not necessarily vice versa. As a ritualist, we do not have any historical records on Abhay?karagupta’s ritual performance, but his ritual activities are sufficiently attested to by his tantric works. As a ritual theorist, Abhay?karagupta synthesized Buddhist ma??alas and ma??ala rituals of diverse Tantric traditions in the Vajr?val?, his magnum opus. In this great ma??alavidhi, he also introduces the ‘mental liturgy’ (m?nasavidhi) for which he was one of the champions. We can get an inkling of the ‘mental liturgy’ through some of Abhay?karagupta’s works, viz. the Vajr?val?, the Ni?pannayog?val?, the Jyotirmanjar?, and the Abhayapaddhati. As prescribed by Abhay?karagupta, the ‘mental liturgy,’ which is based on deity yoga (devat?yoga) and mantras, was considered to be the higher means than the external liturgy based on the ma??ala of colored powders or the ma??ala painted on a cloth. Abhay?karagupta believes that the ‘mental liturgy’ is superior to external one because it is more effective for removing impediments. Examples of the ‘mental liturgy’ in Abhay?karagupta’s works lead us to reach the following conclusions: First, the ‘mental liturgy’ is always applied to ma??ala rituals such as the consecration ceremony; second, it should be bestowed on only disciples of superior capacity; third, it’s basis is deity yoga by a master of ma??ala visualization; fourth, this very high level of deity yoga is only possible for a guru, who has gone beyond the dichotomy of the subject and the object.
잔디 토양전염성병원진균에 대한 길항미생물의 분리 및 길항효과
이용세 ( Lee Yong-se ),전하준 ( Jun Ha-joon ),이창호 ( Lee Chang-ho ),송치현 ( Song Chi-hyun ) 한국유기농업학회 1997 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.6 No.1
Recently, the importance of management and cultivation of grasses has been increased in Korea. Among these cultural practices, the appropriate control of diseases is considered more important than other cultivation techniques such as fertilization and irrigation. The damages of brown patch and large patch caused by Rhizoctonia spp. and Pythium blight caused by Pythium spp. are serious in the major cultivation area of turfgrass in Korea. Since these diseases are difficult to control by agrochemicals, the damages are very serious if these diseases are occured. The periodic spray of agrochemicals to protect and control these diseases could make some problems of toxicity and environmental pollution as well as rising of non-target diseases. Therefore, the biological methods to control diseases have been required to decrease problems resulted from overuse of agrochemicals, to conserve natural ecosystem, and to control effectively diseases of grasses in the long period. The number of studies about biological control using antagonistic microorganisms have been increased for last half century. However, the application of biological control method has been very limited. In this study, thirteen isolates of R. cerealis, 8 isolates of R. solani and 3 isolates of Pythym spp. have been isolated from diseased turfgrass in golf course and grass-culture area that have patch and wilting symptoms of zoysia grass and creeping bentgrass. Isolation frequency of R. cerealis and R. solani was high in especially zoysiagrass, while Pythym spp. was isolated from bent grass at low frequency but showed high pathogenicity. Totally, 205 isolates of soil microorganisms were isolated in this study as primary antagonistic microorganism by Herr's triple agar layer plate and dual culture method using rhizosphere of grasses, soil of crop field as the source of antagonistic microorganisms. Among the 205 isolates, 23 isolates were actinomycetes and 182 isolates were bacteria. All of the actinomycetes were isolated by Herr's method. Antagonistic effect of primary isolated microorganisms was tested for in vitro mycelial growth inhibition against pathogenic fungi isolated from grasses and for inhibition of disease occurrence in 24 well tissue culture plate and pot experiment. Then, four isolates of bacteria which are BG23, BG74, BG136 and BG171 were selected as antagonistic microorganisms against soil-born pathogenic fungi of bentgrass.
연속된 와이어를 이용한 다층 PCM 의 제조방법 및 특성 평가
이용현(Yong-Hyun Lee),최지은(Ji-Eun Choi),강기주(Ki-Ju Kang) 대한기계학회 2006 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2006 No.6
Truss PCMs(Periodic Cellular Metals) have been studied since the new millennium because of their superior specific stiffness, strength and potential of multi functions. Prior studies have focused on manufacturing method and structural optimization. Especially, special attention has been focused on Kagome truss PCM because Kagome truss PCM has higher resistance to plastic buckling, more plastic deformation energy and lower anisotropy than other truss PCMs. In this study, we introduce a new idea to fabricate multilayered Kagome truss PCM from continuous wires which can gain high strength as in piano wires and can be controlled to be defect free owing to drawing process. The relative density and the bending & compression stiffness and strength is estimated through elementary mechanics and compared with experiments and FEA. The failure mechanisms are analyzed, and also mechanical performance and production are discussed.
사벌국과 고녕가야 기록 문헌의 이해 ― 고녕가야의 사도성 이주설을 포함하여 ―
이용현 ( Lee Yong-hyeon ) 한국불교사학회 한국불교사연구소 2022 한국불교사연구 Vol.22 No.-
사벌국과 고녕가야에 관한 기록 문헌은 『삼국사기』와 『삼국유사』 에 있다. 양 사서에는 고녕가야에 관한 기록이 있으며, 이와 관련하여 기존설 중 이를 진주로 바꿔 해석하는 설과 함창으로 그대로 인정하는 설이 있는데, 후자가 좀 더 합리적으로 보인다. 사벌국을 신라가 영유한 후, 사도성(지금의 경북 영덕)으로 이주시켰다는 기사도전하는데, 이를 고녕가야와 연결짓기는 어렵다. 역대 지리지를 통해 비정해보면, 고녕가야는 오늘날의 상주시 중 함창 지구와 문경시의 대부분에 해당하는 지역이고, 고로 『삼국사기』 지리지에 보이는 협의의 상주는 고녕가야와는 무관하기 때문에, 이를 고녕가야로부터의 이주로 해석하기는 어렵다. 상주 함창과 문경 대부분의 지역이 『삼국사기』와 『삼국유사』에서고녕가야로 기록되었음에도 불구하고, 현재까지 고고자료로는 이지역에서 가야문화가 검출되고 있지 않아, 이 지역에 대해 가야의실체를 규명하기 어려운 상황이다. 추후 확실한 고고자료의 출현을기다려 가야문화를 논해야 할 것이다. 동시에 가야문화가 아닌데고녕가야로 기록된 역사적 배경도 동시에 설명되어야 할 것이다 Records of Sabeolguk and Gonyeong Gaya are in the History of the Three Kingdoms and the History of the Three Kingdoms. There is a record of Gonyeong Gaya in both librarians, and in this regard, there is a theory that translates it into Jinju and recognizes it as Hamchang, which seems more reasonable. There is also an article that Silla occupied Sabeolguk and then moved it to Sadoseong Fortress (now Yeongdeok, Gyeongsangbuk- do), which is difficult to connect with Gonyeong Gaya. It is difficult to interpret Gonyeong Gaya as a migration from Gonyeong Gaya because Gonyeong Gaya is a region that corresponds to most of Hamchang District and Mungyeong City among today's Sangju City, and the Sangju of the agreement seen in the Samguk Sagi Jiri is irrelevant to Gonyeong Gaya. Although most areas of Hamchang and Mungyeong in Sangju were recorded as Gonyeong Gaya in Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa, Gaya culture has not been detected in this area so far, making it difficult to determine the reality of Gaya in this area. In the future, we should wait for the emergence of clear archaeological materials to discuss Gaya culture. At the same time, the historical background recorded as Gonyeong Gaya, not Gaya culture, should be explained at the same time.