미래주의에 나타난 움직임과 속도의 재현 - 포토다이나미즘에 미친 크로노포토그라피의 영향 -

이경률 ( Kyoung-ryul Lee ) 현대사진영상학회 2016 현대사진영상학회논문집 Vol.19 No.2

moment in the 1880s, such as amateur photograph, movie, cubism, futurism, photodynamism, and photo-journalism, are shown as a new paradigm different from the previous traditional reproduction from the corner of the 20th century. It directly implies the revival of time and velocity. Just amidst the revolution of this reproduction, there was chronophotography of Etienne-Jule Marey. In particular, chronophotography, which was utilized as the trace of movement in common by Italian futurists’ picture or a photograph, is shown as the mental reappearance that was selected for revealing their radical consciousness from impression or effect of movement, not a scientific record or a simple formative tool of the moving substance. Futurists craved for revolution and innovation in the new world that most masses demanded in the socially and politically turbulent period at that time. Also, their artistic performance was believed to be capable of constructing new utopia. A photo, which was utilized for reproducing the movements in early futurists’ formative works, has a form of sequence that shows consecutive motion, but is indicated as the trace of energy that shows gradual extinction and trace in the progressive motions, namely, as the trajectory of movement hinting at dynamics. However, what is important here is not what records a flow of movement or analyzes it with continual stage, but what makes a dynamic scene and its impression as the performance under the development in a scene. Also, Marey’s chronophotography becomes much more effective tool for artists who try to reproduce movement, velocity, exercise, anxiety, agitation, rhythm and pattern of the theme through such trace, rather than reviving physical mark itself of movement. In conclusion, as the dynamism in futurism, which aims to construct the new world through social revolution, is a signal of every life that is vividly alive, it is shown as the graphic dynamism of a photo that revives trace and life of movement

현대 사진예술과 환상의 지시론적 재현

이경률(LEE, Kyoung-Ryul) 프랑스문화예술학회 2011 프랑스문화예술연구 Vol.38 No.-

디지털 사진 이미지의 역설과 아우라 -디지털 복제시대의 사진예술과 이미지 비평-

이경률 ( Kyoung Ryul Lee ) 경희대학교 글로벌인문학술원 2008 비교문화연구 Vol.12 No.2

영화의 탄생과 사진 -영화 발명자에 대한 역사적 논쟁과 진실

이경률 ( Kyoung Ryul Lee ) 중앙대학교 예술문화연구원(구 생활문화산업연구소) 2014 예술문화융합연구 Vol.2 No.-

The invention of a movie has characteristics that are basically different from the scientific invention in electricity, telephone, train, and car of the 19th century, which was exclusively developed by some of the erudite inventors. As a movie is the complex medium that is formed with the long-term accumulated technology, it wasn’t possible just with any one technology from the beginning. A series of technologies, which form a movie, for instance, the momentarily-captured successional sequence, lantern slide injection, intermittent equipment for transferring film, and playing sounds for a talking picture, were the ones that have independently developed for a long time for a scientific research or people’s pastime equipment. In addition, a movie has been evolved simultaneously from many people and several countries, not from a specific person and country. So to speak, a movie is not what was born abruptly, but was the special spectacle that has been gradually improved its function and form starting from peep show and zoopraxiscope to cinematograph. Also, a movie was originally a scientific experimental tool as one of the most typical fruits in capitalism of the 19th century, but became a popular entertainment system owing to a kind of change in use after this. The intention that was utilized in such way was just the profit creation. A movie as the art of which we think today is what is after long time passed. Ultimately, the invention of a movie in the late 19th century wasn’t not only the epoch-making invention on what had not been existent at all, but also the monopolistic invention of one person as a specific inventor. In fact, even the emergence of a talking film that is appeared image and sound together needed to be waited for nearly 30 years. Hence, the advent of the movie as art and of the huge film industry failed to be imagined by anybody. Accordingly, the movie in those days is not the one as genre in today, but is just cinematograph as a tool of a motion picture. This is just E.-J. Marey’s chronophotography that was innovated directly as the integration of movements.

사진으로 보는 서울의 삶과 역사 -역사의 가변성과 기록의 진실-

이경률 ( Kyoung Ryul Lee ) 한국기호학회 2009 기호학연구 Vol.25 No.-

As history in Seoul, which is seen by photograph, is actually a phase of Korea`s modern and present history, it is the collective memory common to all of us, who proceed with living in the contemporary period. This record is holding sentiments, sensation, and unforgettable bitter pain that we had experienced for one turbulent century in the past. Unlike the history of being stated with an alphabet, the history, which is witnessed with a photo, is revealed as a fragment of truth, which hints at any probable fact from the always fragmentary fact in the past, and never has general statement or structural system in one group. The record in a photo, which results in being revealed as the collective experience, is always pointing to the truth of history. Thus, 「Life and history in Seoul seen by photograph」, which was set to discourse, doesn`t aim at the generally historical statement or academic quest on Seoul. The ultimate intention of narration is to infer the probable memory or the collective memory, which seems to have existed, in today`s large city Seoul while proceeding with following particularity in photo medium, which was chosen as medium of revival. A photograph also becomes the excellent medium of revival that witnesses truth of memory from changeability in history. That is because a photo can show the distorted history, but can never distort truth of memory. The record photograph in Seoul, which destructs and distorts history, namely, the destructive History, which was shown from a photo, is related mostly to the collective ideology for governing. It is clearly indicated especially in the propaganda photo for the Korean-race liquidation policy in Japanese imperialism and in the ideology photo for military dictatorship. The dark collective history in this way furtively enters the tunnel of oblivion along a flow of time. Nevertheless, the life and history in Seoul can never understand reality just with vivid memory in the past and promise future. That will be just dilemma in oblivion and memory. Oblivion for future is important as well enough for memory as exposure in life and history of Seoul, which is revealed with a photo.

국내 다제내성 결핵의 실태

김병주 ( Byoung Ju Kim ),이인희 ( In Hee Lee ),이덕형 ( Duk Hyung Lee ),배길한 ( Gill Han Bai ),공석준 ( Suk Jun Kong ),이선화 ( Sun Hwa Lee ),문해란 ( Hae Ran Moon ),이경률 ( Kyoung Ryul Lee ),이준영 ( Jun Young Lee ),박승규 ( Se 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2006 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.60 No.4

목적 : 지난 3년간 전국적으로 항결핵제에 대한 감수성검사를 시행 받은 환자의 실제 수를 파악함으로 국내 다제내성 결핵의 현황을 파악하고자 하였다. 방법 : 2000년 1월부터 2002년 12월까지 3년간 국내의 결핵 약제감수성검사를 시행하고 있는 7개 국립 및 민간검사기관에서 시행된 검사결과들을 후향적으로 조사하여 이를 근거로 국내 결핵환자 중 다제내성 결핵환자의 연도별 현황 및 추이 등 다제내성 결핵 환자의 실제현황을 조사,분석하였다. 결과 : 6개의 검사기관은 절대농도법을 사용하였고 한 개의 기관에서 비율법을 사용하였다. 2000년부터 2002년까지 매년 18,071, 19,950, 그리고 21,919건의 검사가 시행되었다. 한 가지 이상의 약제에 내성으로 진단된 내성결핵 환자의 수는 2000년 6,338명에서 2002년 7,409명으로 16.9% 증가하였다. 약제감수성검사가 시행된 전체 환자들 중 내성결핵으로 진단된 환자의 비율은 2000년 35.1%, 2001년 34.5%, 그리고 2002년 33.8%이었다. 다제내성 결핵으로 확인된 환자는 2000년에 3,708명에서 2002년 4,245명으로 14.5%증가하였다. 결론 : 2002년에 약 4,000여건의 새로운 다제내성 결핵이 약제감수성검사에 의해 확인되었으며 매년 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 검사실간의 약제감수성검사의 표준화 작업과 보다 효과적인 다제내성 결핵의 관리가 요구 된다. Purpose : Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is an emerging threat to human beings. However, there is little data on the current status of MDR-TB in Korea. This study investigated the current status of MDR-TB in Korea using a survey of all the data from drug susceptibility tests (DST) performed across the country over the last three years. Method : The DST results between Jan. 2000 and Dec. 2002 from 7 laboratories, which were in charge of all antituberculous DSTs across the country as of March 2002, were collected and analyzed to determine the actual number of drug-resistant or MDR-TB patients, annual trend, degree and pattern of resistance against anti-TB drugs, etc. Results : Six laboratories used the absolute concentration method for DST and one used the proportional method. 59,940 tests had been performed over the 3 year study period. The number of DST performed annually was 18,071, 19,950, and 21,919 in 2000-2002, respectively. The number of resistant tuberculosis patients (resistant against at least one anti-TB drug) had increased by 16.9% from 6,338 in 2000 to 7,409 in 2002. The rate of resistant tuberculosis among all DST results was 35.1% in 2000, 34.5% in 2001, and 33.8% in 2002. The number of MDR-TB patients (resistant against at least both isoniazid and rifampin) showed an increasing trend (14.5%) from 3,708 in 2000 to 4,245 in 2002. Conclusion : Approximately 4,000 MDR-TB cases are newly identified by DST annually and the number is showing an increasing trend. This study suggests that in order to cope with the current MDR-TB situation, the DST methods will need to be standardized and more aggressive measures will be required. (Tuberc Respir Dis 2006; 60: 404-411)

Analysis of coenzyme Q₁₀ in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography

박용선,박상범,송선미,김용우,이경률,Park, Yong-Sun,Park, Sang-Boem,Song, Sean-Mi,Kim, Yong-Woo,Lee, Kyoung-Ryul The Korean Society of Analytical Sciences 2009 분석과학 Vol.22 No.6

코엔자임 큐텐은 비타민과 유사한 물질로 체내 중 미토콘드리아에 주로 분포 되어 있으며 항산화 작용을 나타낸다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 27-44세의 건강한 성인 남 녀 24명을 대상으로 하였고 혈장내 코엔자임 큐텐의 농도를 정량 평가하기 위하여 UV 검출기가 장착된 고성능액체 크로마토그라피를 사용 하였다. 혈장 내 코엔자임 큐텐을 분리하기 위해서 메탄올로 지방단백질을 제거하였고 노말헥산을 이용하여 액체-액체 추출법으로 코엔자임 큐텐을 용해 시켰다. 그 후 원심분리를 실시하여 노말헥산과 제단백된 물질을 층분리 시키고 상층액을 다른 유리 시험관에 옮겨 담았다. 옮겨진 노말헥산 층은 질소 가스를 이용하여 증발 농축을 시켰으며 남은 잔사에 순수한 에탄올로 재용해 시켜 검사 장비 내로 주입 하였다. 이 때 사용된 컬럼은 C18 역상 컬럼이었고 275 nm의 파장이 이용되었으며 메탄올과 에탄올을 85:15로 섞은 이동상을 1.7 mL/min의 유속으로 흘렸다. 본 검사 방법의 정량한계(limit of quantitation : LOQ, N/S=10)는 0.02 mg/L로 평가 되었고 0.1-2.0 mg/L의 농도 범위에서 검량선을 작성 하였다. 대상군 24명의 혈장 중 코엔자임 큐텐의 농도는 0.41-0.98 mg/L의 범위에서 분포 하고 있었으며 평균 농도는 $0.62{\pm}0.13mg/L$ 였다. 본 연구의 결과 본 검사 방법은 특수성을 가지고 있었으며 혈장 내 $CoQ_{10}$을 분석하는데 충분한 정량한계를 가지고 있었기에 임상에 적용이 가능하고 연구 기관에서 사용하기에 적합하다고 사료 된다.

Characterization of Plasmid-Mediated SHV-11 β-lactamase Gene of Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from the Clinical Specimens

Yun-Tae Kim(김윤태),Sanghoo Lee(이상호),Ji-Hyun Jang(장지현),Tae-Un Kim(김태운),Seok-Cheol Choi(최석철),Hyung-Suk Baik(백형석),Kyoung-Ryul Lee(이경률),Hye-Ryoung Yoon(윤혜령),Young-Jin Kim(김영진) 한국생명과학회 2009 생명과학회지 Vol.19 No.12

Chromosomal 인 SHV-11 β-lactamase가 plasmid를 매개로 다른 균주로 전달 되는 현상은 흔하지 않다. 본 연구에서는 플라스미드성 SHV-11 β-lactamase를 동시에 가지고 있는 ESBL생성 두 균주를 검출하였다. 따라서 이들 균주에 대한 유전적 특성과 임상적 의의에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. Vitek system과 이중디스크확산법을 이용하여 ESBL생성균주를 검출하였고, PCR과 DNA 염기서열분석을 이용하여 SHV-11 β-lactamase를 가지고 있는 ESBL생성균주를 확인 하였다. 이들 균주를 교차접합실험과 형질전환실험을 이용하여 유전자전이를 확인하고 액체배지 희석법으로 3세대 cephalosphorin 항생제에 대한 최소억제농도를 측정하였다. 이들 균주의 유전형 분석결과는 SHV-11 β-lactamase 유전자와 CTX-M-15 ESBL 유전자를 동시에 가지고 있었다. 3세대 cephalosphorin 항생제에 대한 최소억제농도는 SHV-11 β-lactamase와 CTX-M-15 ESBL 유전자를 동시에 가지고 있는 균주에서 64 ㎍/㎖ 이상이었고, SHV-11 β-lactamase 만을 가지고 재조합 한 균주에서 0.5 ㎍/㎖ 이하로 나타났다. In this study, we characterized extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens in Korea and found two strains harboring plasmid-mediated blaSHV-11, Klebsiella pneumoniae. First, the isolates were detected using the Vitek system and confirmed by the double-disk synergy test. The classification of gene coding for ESBL was also performed by polymerase chain reactions and followed by DNA sequencing. The transmission of genes was confirmed by transconjugation and transformation. Resistant expression of transformants was determined by broth microdilution minimal inhibitory concentration test. Genotypic analysis revealed that one strain harbored the blaTEM-1, blaSHV-11 and blaCTX-M-15 and the other strain harbored the blaSHV-11 and blaCTX-M-15. They showed high resistance to oxyiminocephalosphorins (3rd-generation cephalosporins), while the transformant containing only blaSHV-11 did not show any resistance to the antibiotics.

Electrospray ionization tandem mass fragmentation pattern of camostat and its degradation product, 4-(4-guanidinobenzoyloxy)phenylacetic acid

Soonho Kwon(권순호),Hye-Jin Shin(신혜진),Jimyeong Park(박지명),Kyoung-Ryul Lee(이경률),Young-Jin Kim(김영진),Sanghoo Lee(이상후) 한국분석과학회 2011 분석과학 Vol.24 No.2

Tandem Mass Spectrometry를 이용한 선천성 대사이상질환 선별검사 7년간의 경험

송선미(Sean-Mi Song),윤혜란(Hye-Ran Yoon),이안나(Anna Lee),이경률(Kyoung-Ryul Lee) 대한의학유전학회 2008 대한의학유전학회지 Vol.5 No.1

Purpose : In recent years, many countries have adopted newborn screening programs that use tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to screen and the number of diseases screened has also increased. We began screening for inherited metabolic disorders using MS/MS in April, 2001. Our goal was to determine the overall prevalence of metabolic disorders and to assess the effectiveness of newborn screening by MS/MS in Korea. Methods : From April, 2001 to December, 2007, we screened newborns and high risk groups using MS/MS. Acylcarnitines and amino acids were extracted and butylated and were introduced into the inlet of MS/MS. Confirmatory testing including a repeat newborn screening, and urine organic acid and plasma amino acid analysis were performed on a case-by-case basis. Results : The total number of screened subjects 284,933 which comprised 251,799 neonates and 33,134 high risk subjects. The recall rate was 0.4% (1158 tests) and true positive cases were 117 (0.04%). Confirmed metabolic disorders (newborn/high risk group) were as follows; 78 (25/53) amino acid disorders, 27 (16/11) organic acid disorders, and 12 (5/7) fatty acid oxidation disorders. The estimated prevalence of inherited metabolic diseases in newborns was 1:5,000 and that in the total group was 1:2,000. Conclusion : Newborn screening by MS/MS improved the detection of many inherited metabolic disorders. We therefore propose that all newborns be screened by a MS/MS national program and followed-up using a systemic organization strategy. 목적 : 최근 여러 국가에서 빠르게 탠덤매스 신생아 선천성 대사이상질환 선별 프로그램을 채택하고 있으며 많은 질환들이 검출되고 있다. 본 기관에서는 2001년 4월부터 탠덤매스 선천성 대사이상 질환 신생아 선별 검사를 시작하였다. 연구자들은 한국에서의 탠덤매스 선천성 대사이상질환 검출율 및 탠덤매스 유용성에 대해 평가하고자 하였다. 방법 : 2001년 4월부터 2007년 12월까지 본원에서는 탠덤매스를 이용하여 신생아 및 고위험군에 대해 선별검사를 시행하였다. 검체로부터 아실카르틴과 아미노산을 추출하여 부탄올로 유도체화시킨 후 탠덤매스에 장착하여 분석하였다. 탠덤매스 선별검사 재검, 소변 유기산 및 혈장 아미노산검사 등을 포함한 확진 검사는 개별적으로 시행되었다. 결과 : 총 의뢰건수는 284,933건으로 신생아 251,799건 및 고위험군 33,134건이었다. 소환율은 0.4%(1158건)이었으며, 이들 중 true positive는 117건(0.04%)이었다. 아미노산 대사 이상 질환은 총 78건(25/53), 유기산 대사이상 질환은 총 27건(16/11건) 및 지방산 산화대사이상 질환은 총 12건(5/7건)으로 전체 질환에 대한 검출율은 신생아 1:5,000이었으며 전체군 1:2,000이었다. 결론 : 탠덤매스 신생아 선별검사는 조기 진단 및 치료가 필요한 많은 선천성 대사이상질환의 검출을 용이하게 해주었다. 그러므로, 반드시 모든 신생아들에 대한 국가지원 탠덤매스 선별검사 확대 적용 및 추적관리 시스템이 구축이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.