A effect of Intra-industry trade with ASEAN on National environment

은웅(Woong Eun),김연숙(Yeon-Sook Kim) 한국관세학회 2009 한국관세학회 학술대회 Vol.2009 No.6

국제무역협정이 수출에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

은웅(Woong Eun) 한국관세학회 2007 관세학회지 Vol.8 No.4

The role of FTA on national export was the primary focus of this study. The key question addressed was whether country with relatively flexible policy to trade may have better export performance or do free trade agreements devastate the nation economy? This research explores the relationship among previous trade agreements, national exports, and typical trade related economic variables. There are several previous meaningful GATT trade agreement such as Kennedy Round, Tokyo Round, and Uruguay Round. It provides an empirical estimation of the relationship between national export and selected previous trade agreements as well as other independent variables including labor productivity, capital cumulation, and exchange rate. With Korean time series data ranging from 1971 through 2005, the estimation show that with trade agreement. may increase national export. These finding are comparatively robust for Tokyo Round but less so for Uruguay Round. Because of data availability, the Kennedy Round could not be tested for estimation. However, when tested with exchange rate squared and cubed for the first and second turning points, respectively, the results was meaningless because of autocorrelation problems. Findings were consistent with the research purpose and it will be helpful to policy maker in international trade agreement.

EU에 대한 산업내무역이 환경에 미치는 영향

은웅(Woong Eun) 한국관세학회 2008 관세학회지 Vol.9 No.3

Debate on the effect of increasing trade on environmental pollution have become prominent in the trade and environmental literature. Currently, there are more than two hundreds regional or free trade agreements are signed worldwide and more than one hundred sixty of them are rectified. The Republic of Korea have signed FTA or RTA with USA, ASEAN, Chile, etc. and in progress with EU. The key question addressed was whether the country have increased their intra-industry trade by FTA may effect positively to national environment or does trade devastate the national environment? Thus, this research explores the relationship among intra-industry trade index, personal income and typical environmental pollution loading and provide an empirical estimation of relationship between trade related variable and selected environmental pollution loadings. With Korean time series data, the estimation shows that intra-industry trade may effect to selected pollutant positively such as sulfur oxides, volatile organic compound, and carbon dioxide significantly. However, some results were meaningless because of autocorrelation problems. Finding results will be helpful to personnel in international free or regional trade agreement and policy maker in environmental protection agency.

수출지원 정책을 통한 중소기업의 수출확대 방안에 관한 연구

은웅(Woong Eun),김연숙(Yeon-Sook Kim) 한국관세학회 2010 관세학회지 Vol.11 No.1

The change in the economic environment, such as the global financial crisis or the progressively disappearing barriers and borders brought a great impact to most of SMEs. A large amount of research has found diverse results concerning government export subsidy and export performance. However, there is a small amount of empirical analysis between government export subsidy and export performances. This research explored the impact of current government export promotion and their strategies such as subsidy for trade exhibition and market pioneer group to SME export in Chung-nam Province based on the 2008 survey data. The results suggest that government export promotion and their strategies have a statistically significant effect on SMEs export. The results show that a one Korean Won increase in export subsidy for trade exhibition and market pioneer group is associated with almost a one thousand Korean Won increase in their export performances and these results support the research which was done by the European Commission in 2007. Thus, this research may provide good policy implications to government officers in the export promotion sector. However, even if the empirical analysis shows strong evidence, this study needs to develop further with an extended data set because it include only a three years data set. Thus, the obvious next step is to extend database to a national level or a longer time series data.

주요국 환경규제 강화로 인한 수출구조 변화 및 대응방향에 대한 비교연구

은웅 ( Eun Woong ) 한국유통경영학회(구 한국유통정보학회) 2012 유통정보학회지 Vol.15 No.3

WTO의 확대 및 나라간의 FTA 체결 등 1990년대 무역자유화로 인한 직접적인 무역규제가 불가능해지고 있는 상황에서 선진국들은 일부 개발도상국 등의 반대에도 불구하고 환경규제, 검역, 인증제도, 각종 비관세장벽 등 위장된 형태의 무역규제를 이용하여 간접적인 무역규제를 펼쳐오고 있다. 현재 환경규제와 관련하여 무역과의 연관성을 불문하고 EU를 중심으로 포괄적인 규제를 도입하고 있고 우리나라를 비롯한 여러 나라들이 EU 수준으로 환경규제를 강화하고 있는 실정이다. 이 연구에서는 무역규모면에서 1,2위를 차지하고 있고 무역의존도가 증가하고 있는 EU와 중국의 무역에 관련된 환경규제의 유사점과 차이점 등이 연구되었다. EU의 경우 환경의 선진국답게 여러 분야에서 다양한 환경정책을 가지고 있고 실질적으로 적용되고 있는 수준이고 중국의 경우 형식적으로 많은 환경규제를 가지고 있지만 규제를 위한 규제로 남아 있는 상황이다. 중국의 경우 선진국의 환경규제형식을 따라가고 있으나 아직까지도 정부가 주도하는 환정정책을 펼치고 있으며 행정 편의적 규제를 실시하고 있다. 또한, 각각의 다른 정부기관에 의해 규제가 이루어져 관리적인 측면에서 효율성이 많이 떨어지고 있으며 사전예방보다 오염이 일어난 후 사후적인 처리를 하고 있다. EU의 경우 환경정책이 사전 예방적, 오염자부담의 원칙, 제품에 대한 통합적관리가 있으며 EU의 이사회를 중심으로 환경정책이 수행되고 있다. 중국의 경우 국가 개혁발전위, 국가상무위, 환경보호총국, 정보산업국 등이 주도하여 환경정책을 수립하고 정책에 반영하고 있으며 북경올림픽과 상해엑스포를 통해 환경에 대한 시민들의 인식이 바뀌고 있으며 환경의 질 또한 점차적으로 개선되며 제품에 대한 환경규제 및 표준이 선진국 수준으로 급속히 확산되는 것으로 조사되었다. 환경규제가 무역에 미치는 영향에 대한 각국의 유사점과 차이점에 대한 실증적 비교분석은 중국으로 부터의 자료수집의 한계로 확보 후 추가연구가 필요한 것으로 사료된다. In the last few decade, developed countries created many disguised environmental regulations such as sanitary and phyto-sanitary, and many non-tariff trade barriers even if, under-developed countries have different views, with the expansion of the WTO and conclusion of the free trade agreement. The EU countries took the initiatives with the other developed countries on environmental standard and set the most strict environmental regulations no matter those standard or regulation are related with trade or not. This research explored details of the EU`s trade related environmental regulations such as RoHS, REACH, WEEE, etc.; the Chinese trade related environmental regulations such as RoHS, CCC, etc.; differences and similarities of trade related environmental regulations; the preparation for disguised non-tariff trade barriers. But, this research could not showed how these regulations effect to trade for both countries because of limitation of Chinese industry level data. For EU countries, they have many effective and practical environmental principles and measures in many aspects and they are practically enforced currently. However, the Chinese government follows EU`s environmental policy tracks and has many effective environmental principles and measures but they are not enforced effectively and efficiently. The Chinese air, water, and waste pollutions are controled by the different government agencies which lead inefficient management and are not ex-ante or precautionary. The EU`s environmental policies are consumer oriented and provide appropriate incentives for the well law-observance actions and many civilian and NGO participated for law amendment. After successful management of Shanghai EXPO and Beijing Olympic, citizen`s awareness for environment is changed and increased the environmental pollution abatement efforts. This research could not explored empirical study as originally designed, but this study still showed some insights for trade and environment for China and EU. This research could improve if Chinese data are secured in future.

전자신용장거래에 있어 전자문서의 원본에 관한 연구

은웅(Woong Eun) 한국전자상거래학회 2004 전자상거래학회지 Vol.5 No.3

  전자통신기술의 발전으로 전자무역이 급격히 증가하고 전자문서는 전자무역에서 중요한 역할을 하게 되었다. 전자문서란 정보처리능력을 가진 장치에 의해서 전자적 형태로 작성된 정보로써 송수신된 정보를 의미하는데 그 원본성을 정의하기가 어렵다. 이 연구에서는 전자 신용장거래에서 요구한 서류가 원본인지를 판단하는 기준과 구성요건으로 정규성 즉 포맷의 일치, 전자문서의 전자서명, 전자문서의 확인 및 진의증명을 제시함으로써 발생할 수 있는 분쟁을 방지하고 전자상거래를 활성화할 수 있게 기준과 법리적해석의 한계성을 제시하였고 제시하였다. 향후 전자문서의 원본성을 법리적 측면뿐만 아니라 기술적 측면을 고려한다면 발전된 결과를 얻을 수 있으리라 생각한다.   The electronic letter of credits, by their nature, are separate transaction from the sales or other contract(s) on which they may be based and banks are in no way concerned with or bound by such contract(s), even if any reference whatsoever to such contract(s) is included in the electronic credit. In the electronic letter of credit operations all parties concerned deal with the electronic documents, and not with goods, services and/or other performance to which the electronic documents may relate. The original electronic documents have quite different meanings in the electronic world than in the paper world. The electronic documents are generated by the electronic record which means data created, generated, sent, communicated, received, or stored by electronic means. It is essential that the electronic documents be transmitted unchanged, that is in their "original" form so that other parties in the electronic trade may have confidence in their contents. The major purposes of this study are to present the basis which the electronic documents become original. As a result of this research, the followings are claimed. In order that the electronic documents become original, the integrity must be in the electronic documents. The integrity means strict compliance of the format showed in the electronic documents, the electronic signature which the electronic record is expressed, the identification and authentication of the electronic documents. we must determine legal effect of the electronic document copies much more differently than legal effect of the paper document copies because every "electronic document" is original, and each "copy" being an original in the electronic world.

하이테크 산업단지의 FDI 유치 확대를 위한 정책연구

은웅(Woong Eun),이상춘(Sang-Chun Lee) 한국무역연구원 2018 무역연구 Vol.14 No.1

The derived policy recommendations are that PTP should establish its role as a leader in national research recurrence and there should be no barriers of attracting high-quality human resources by improving education, residence and transportation problems for PTP. Attracting joint prototype production centers and inspection, test and certification bodies for the products of SMEs in the PTP region is necessary and the establishment of a production technology research institute for the activation of the rear production complex and the product innovation for the products which are difficult to produce in the PTP because of environmental regulation. Lastly, in order to attract more active foreign investment, it is necessary to present a plan to attract investment that links rich oil and mineral resources in Iran, secure a unified investment attraction window, and present a policy mix considering technology and marketing and public purchasing of products. If we take advantage of the present policy proposal from the problems presented in Daedeok Innopolis in the past and the advantages of the current PTP to attract more FDI, it will help the growth and development of Iran and PTP.

각국의 보세운송 관련 제도 비교를 통한 보세운송제도의 개선에 관한 연구

이상춘(Sang-Chun Lee),은웅(Woong-Eun) 한국무역연구원 2013 무역연구 Vol.9 No.3

Many countries around the world are improving their domestic businesses' cost cutting and trade facilitation via the bonded transportation system In the process of operating the bonded transportation, there are a lot of side effects from taking out the bonded goods and it is the interfering factors of advancement. And the Korean bonded transportation system still has many problems and needs a systemic improvement to solve them Also, recent IT techniques are used to optimize the safety management and arrange efficient trade for companies at the same time by monitoring the cargos on passage. Accordingly, this study will present the issues to search for a way to improve the Korean bonded transportation by comparing the Korean regularity and the current operation for bonded transportations with those of other main countries and will research and analyze the type of bonded operators and the process of transports.

한국과 FTA를 체결한 국가와의 상호인정협정 활성화 방안에 관한 연구

김연숙(Yeon-Sook Kim),은웅(Woong Eun) 한국무역연구원 2013 무역연구 Vol.9 No.1

WTO/TBT related trade regulation notifications, a rising protectionism in international trade, have reached its highest number of 1560. As the trade regulations of China and Southeast Asia against its main trading partners such as the United States and EU become stricter, the longer time spent and higher price required in achieving certificates are becoming new obstacles that deter trade. In order to relieve such trade barriers, many countries are implementing MRA (Mutual Recognition Agreements) for FTA(Free Trade Agreements) Based on these perspectives, this paper introduces the current and implemented status of MRA. It will focus on the many partners of the FT A and suggest a suitable theoretical basis for future MRA of these FT A partners. Through this investigation, the paper will show how MRAs will mitigate the barriers of import and help solve the difficulties that many SMEs face in the international market because of the lack of compatible information.

외국의 환경규제 수준이 한국의 해외직접투자에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

정문현(Moon-Hyun Jung),은웅(Woong Eun) 한국관세학회 2010 관세학회지 Vol.11 No.4

This paper examines whether the overseas direct investment of dirty industries by Korea has the possibility to look for countries with weak environmental regulation, which are pollution havens. Thus the environmental regulation implemented in the gravity model investigates the impact of regulation in host countries on the location of pollution industries. An empirical investigation of these linkages is concretely performed for four specific types of pollution industries and fourteen manufacturing industries. The overall empirical results show that the domestic firms which produce dirty goods reduce the overseas direct investment for countries with strong environmental regulation, but the location of these firms have no relationship with weak environmental regulation. This implies that the pollution haven hypothesis does not apply for Korea's overseas direct investment.