The English Resultative and Experiential Perfects: A Reply to Mittwoch (2008)

윤영은 한국언어학회 2011 언어 Vol.36 No.1

Yoon, YoungEun. 2011. The English Resultative and Experiential Perfects: A Reply to Mittwoch (2008). Korean Journal of Linguistics, 36-1, 133-155. Mittwoch (2008) analyzes the meanings and distributional restrictions of the English Resultative and Experiential perfects. She proposes that the Resultative perfect derives the so-called "event" and "result" inferences, and that the former is part of the truth conditional meaning of the sentence while the latter is a special type of conventional implicature. She also states that the event denoted by the Experiential perfect should be repeatable, whereas the one by the Resultative perfect sentence is singular and close to the evaluation time, and it has the result state inference. However, she proposes that these generalizations could be violated depending on the context, and especially the lack of the result state inference of a perfect is led to its Experiential use regardless of its event singularity. Given these, this paper points out some problems of Mittwoch's analysis including her distinctions between Weak and Strong Resultatives, and between Resultatives and Experientials. Furthermore, it will be argued that Resultatives and Experientials are distinguished by explicature, not by the existence of the result state inference, and that the result state inference is a conversational implicature, not a conventional implicature. (Ewha Womans University)

Connecting irony and humor with witticism and lightheartedness

윤영은 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2014 언어연구 Vol.31 No.1

Irony and humor have long been studied as two closely related phenomena by numerous researchers. Some, including Hänninen (1989) and Dews et al. (1995), have argued that humor derives from irony, while others, including Hay (2001), have regarded irony as a variety of humor. Recently, Hirsch (2008; 2011a, b) proposes a comparative model that differentiates irony from humor in the literary texts by means of some cues for irony and humor. Reyes et al. (2012) also propose a set of features that represent humor and irony. In this context, the purpose of this paper is to reexamine the relationship between irony and humor, and to provide an answer to the long-lasting question of why these two phenomena appear to be closely related. In order to answer this question, the works of an anonymous feminist artist group, the Guerrilla Girls, from 1985 to 2013, which are effectively utilizing both irony and humor, will be analyzed. It will be observed that uncommon wordings and phrasings in a witty and clever way involved in the irony examples induce humor, and that the situation where any seriousness or intensity is relieved works as a precondition for generating humor from the irony examples. Based on these observations, it will be proposed that the ‘witticism’ involved in most irony examples derives humor, and that the so-called ‘lightheartedness’ also plays a role in generating humor. It will further be proposed that GG’s works clearly show that ‘witticism’ and ‘lightheartedness’ are two essential components of most effective ironic utterances.

Effect of Oil-Cake and Amino Acid Fertilizer on Soil Bio-Chemical Properties and Pepper Yield

윤영은,임종욱,전성화,정미선,이용복 한국토양비료학회 2019 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.52 No.3

A variety of organic materials has been currently used for the nutrient management in agricultural land. However, there is little study to understand the impact of organic materials for crop production with soil bio-chemical properties. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of organic materials using pepper crop (Capsicum annuum). Using oil-cake and amino acid fertilizer as organic materials, both soil characteristics such as bio-chemical properties and microbial community and pepper yield were tested for three years. The pepper was cultivated with four different treatments; Control (No fertilizer), NPK (inorganic fertilizer), OCF (Oil-cake), and (OCF+AAF) (Oil-cake with amino acid fertilizer). The result of soil properties showed that available phosphate content and microbial biomass were the highest in NPK and organic matter content was higher in OCF and OCF+AAF than NPK. Biochemical properties including activities of β -glucosidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and arylsulfatase were not different among all treated samples. For pepper yield, OCF and OCF+AAF showed 10 - 40% less than NPK. Therefore, this study concludes that organic materials affect microbial biomass linked with organic matter contents and alter the soil microbial community.

Electrochemical Properties of Ni-rich NCM Cathode Material Modified by Nano-seed Coating

윤영은,서태웅,김점수 한국공업화학회 2023 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2023 No.0

Microsatellite 개발 및 분석법에 대한 소개

윤영은,곽명해,유정남,이병윤 한국식물분류학회 2011 식물 분류학회지 Vol.41 No.4

The choice of molecular markers is the first step when selecting experimental plans in the field of population genetics. The popular molecular markers in population genetic studies are mainly allozyme, RAPD, RFLP, AFLP, microsatellite, SNP and ISSR. Among these, microsatellites are frequently found in nuclear, chloroplast and mitochondrial genome, showing a high level of polymorphism and nuclear microsatellites are codominant. Thus, it is a favorable molecular marker for population structure analyses and genetic diversity studies. Microsatellites are composed of tandem repeated 1~6 base pair nucleotide motifs and can be easily amplified by PCR reactions using locus specific primers. Because microsatellites have low cross-species transferability, however, they are only applicable between phylogenetically close species. In wild plants, the lack of genomic information and the high development cost of the microsatellite obstruct the wider use of microsatellites in plant population genetics research. In this review, we introduce the basis for microsatellite markers, the development process, and analytical methods as well as evolutionary models and their applications. In addition, possible genotyping errors which lead to erroneous conclusions are discussed. 분자 마커의 선택은 집단유전학의 연구방법을 결정하는 중요한 고려사항으로, 현재까지 동식물의 집단유전학 연구에는 알로자임, RAPD, RFLP, AFLP, microsatellite, SNP, ISSR 등이 개발되어 주로 사용되고 있다. 이 중 microsatellite는 핵뿐만 아니라 엽록체, 미토콘드리아와 같은 세포소기관의 게놈상에 매우 풍부하게 존재하며, 핵에서 유래된 microsatellite는 높은 다형성을 보이는 공우성 마커로 집단 구조 및 유전적 다양성 연구에서 최근 선호된다. Microsatellite는 보통 1~6 bp의 짧은 서열이 반복된 것으로 각각의 유전자좌에 특화된 프라이머를 사용하여 증폭한다. Microsatellite는 PCR 반응으로 쉽게 유전자형을 분석할 수 있는 장점이 있으나, 종 특이적으로 개발되고 계통적으로 매우 가까운 근연종에게만 적용될 수 있는 단점이 있다. 따라서, 야생식물의 경우 microsatellite 개발에 필요한 게놈 정보가 부족하고 신규 개발비용이 많이 소요되어 적용이 쉽지 않았으나,점차 개발비용이 낮아지고 있어, 야생식물을 대상으로 한 microsatellite 연구들이 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 야생식물의 microsatellite를 이용한 분석 기초를 마련하고자 microsatellite 마커의 다양한 개발 및 분석 방법, 진화 모델 및 적용 분야에 대해 소개하고, 유전자형 결정시 잘못된 결론을 도출할 가능성이 높은 부분에 대한 사항들을 지적하여 야생식물의 microsatellite를 이용한 집단유전학적 분석에 도움을 주고자 하였다.

Influence of Different Growth Conditions on Saponarin, Water-Soluble Vitamins, and Mineral Content of Barley Sprouts Cultivated in Chamber System

윤영은,김영남,이용복,조주영,서우덕,이금아 한국토양비료학회 2022 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.55 No.4

Barley sprouts contain various secondary metabolites such as polyphenol, policosanol, and γ-aminobutyricacid (GABA). In particular, saponarin, which accounts for about 72% of polyphenols, is well known for anti oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and liver function protection effects. Saponarin is greatly affected by environmentalconditions such as light, temperature, and moisture. However, there is a lack of studies about the effect of themicroclimatic environment on saponarin content in barley sprouts. This study was conducted to evaluate theinfluence of daily temperature range, light intensity, and light period on saponarin, water-soluble vitamins, andminerals content in barley sprouts. Seeds of Hordeum vulgare L. were sown on a plastic box and cultivated ingrowth chambers with different conditions by adjusting daily temperature range (DT, 0 → 10°C), light intensity(LI, 120 → 180 µmol m-2 s-1), and light period (LP, day 12 hours → day 18 hours). The plants were harvestedwhen the leaf length reach 15 cm. The fresh weight was not significantly different between each treatment, yetthe growth period was highest in barley sprouts cultivated with DT. Saponarin content was higher in DT, LIand LP than control, and highest saponarin content in DT. In contrast, vitamin C content was highest in controland lowest in DT. Similarly, vitamin B1 and B5 content showed the highest in control. Changes in light andtemperature elevated saponarin content in barley sprouts, especially daily temperature range showed adramatic increase. However, the change in daily temperature range affects an increase in growth period and adecrease in vitamin C content. In conclusion, daily temperature range is the predominant environmental factorto produce saponarin-enriched barley sprouts.

Trivial and Real Exceptions in Generics

윤영은 한국언어학회 2008 언어 Vol.33 No.2

Concerning the issue of exceptions in generics, Cohen (2004) argues that exceptions are allowed in generics only if "homogeneity" is not violated. The homogeneity constraint restricts that the exceptions should not form a salient "chunk" of the domain of the generic. A salient chunk could be formed, depending on the way in which the domain is mentally represented. "Tree" and "geometric" representations are proposed as the two ways of mapping of cognitive mental representations. Yoon (2006) argues, however, that choices between these two mental representations claimed to be involved in the interpretation process of generics are quite arbitrary, and that counterexamples also exist for the "homogeneity" requirement. Yoon also suggests that generics involve cognitive conceptualizations based on the language users' encyclopedic knowledge, world knowledge from experiences, common sense, beliefs, stereotypes, prejudices, etc. Given this, this paper revisits the widely-agreed-upon phenomenon of exceptions in generics, and proposes that generics could be divided into two kinds depending on whether they contain trivial or real exceptions, elaborating on Yoon's analysis. It is further proposed that one kind of generics is characterizing statements based on the salient properties of "whole" sets while the other kind is characterizing statements based on the salient properties of "representative" sets. It will be shown that this approach better accounts for the acceptable and unacceptable generic statements. Concerning the issue of exceptions in generics, Cohen (2004) argues that exceptions are allowed in generics only if "homogeneity" is not violated. The homogeneity constraint restricts that the exceptions should not form a salient "chunk" of the domain of the generic. A salient chunk could be formed, depending on the way in which the domain is mentally represented. "Tree" and "geometric" representations are proposed as the two ways of mapping of cognitive mental representations. Yoon (2006) argues, however, that choices between these two mental representations claimed to be involved in the interpretation process of generics are quite arbitrary, and that counterexamples also exist for the "homogeneity" requirement. Yoon also suggests that generics involve cognitive conceptualizations based on the language users' encyclopedic knowledge, world knowledge from experiences, common sense, beliefs, stereotypes, prejudices, etc. Given this, this paper revisits the widely-agreed-upon phenomenon of exceptions in generics, and proposes that generics could be divided into two kinds depending on whether they contain trivial or real exceptions, elaborating on Yoon's analysis. It is further proposed that one kind of generics is characterizing statements based on the salient properties of "whole" sets while the other kind is characterizing statements based on the salient properties of "representative" sets. It will be shown that this approach better accounts for the acceptable and unacceptable generic statements.

고정함축과 전제

윤영은 서울대학교 어학연구소 2000 語學硏究 Vol.36 No.3

This paper investigates two important semantic phenomena, conventional implicature and presupposition. Bach (1999: 327, 365) proposes that "there is no each thing as conventional implicature," and that "the propositions that are alleged to be conventional implicatures are actually aspects of what is said." He also suggests that the expressions that have been thought to generate conventional implicatures do not seem to contribute to the truth-conditional aspects of the sentence, since their contribution is secondary to the main point of the utterance. This paper reexamines the nature of the so-called conventional implicatures. It further searches into the issue of whether conventional implicature and presupposition are identical notions.

해성고등학교 전례공간의 음향성능 개선 및 평가

윤영은,진유종,김재수 한국기계기술학회 2021 한국기계기술학회지 Vol.23 No.2

A Catholic school is a school that spreads religious ideology to students by combining religious education with regular school curriculum. But, most Catholic schools do not have a separate liturgical space, mass is performed in multipurpose spaces such as auditoriums, and are exposed to severe acoustic defects due to the very aging facilities and lack of sound performance suitable for the liturgical space. So, in this study, an improvement plan was proposed using sound simulation after identifying acoustic defects through field measurements in the liturgical space of Haeseong High School in Jeonju. Also, hearing experiment using Acoustic Psychological Analysis was conducted to identify changes in subjective responses felt by students as they improved their acoustic performance. The results of study, before and after sound performance improvement sound pressure level (SPL500Hz) was 64.8dB at 66.7dB, the weighted sound level (SPLdB(A)) was 67.9dB(A) at 75.8dB(A), reverberation time (RT500Hz) was 2.04sec at 2.52sec, definition (D50,500Hz) was 40.2% at 33.5%, clarity (C80.500Hz) was –0.8dB at –1.18dB, and RASTI was 57.7% at 49.2% was evaluated. In addition, the amount of improvement in subjective responses before and after sound performance through psycho-acoustic experiment decreased by “Reverberation” -17.0%, “Loudness” -11.3% and increased by “Clear” 21.3%, “Vivid” 21.3%, “Intimacy” 12.4%, “Warmth” 14.3%, “Stability” 19.3%, “Godliness” 18.8%. Therefore, after improving sound performance, Haesung High School's liturgical space improved satisfaction with subjective sound performance felt by students and teachers to ensure sound performance suitable for the liturgical space.

‘나’와 ‘저’의 전략적 경어법 : ‘나’ 앞에 놓기와 뒤에 놓기

윤영은 한국언어과학회 2021 언어과학 Vol.28 No.4