9-(4-[$^{18}F$] Fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl) guanine 합성의 자동화와 최적화에 관한 연구

안재석,홍성탁,강세훈,원우재,An, Jae-Seok,Hong, Sung-Tack,Kang, Se-Hun,Won, Woo-Jae 대한핵의학기술학회 2011 핵의학 기술 Vol.15 No.2

단순 헤르페즈 제1형 티미딘 키나제(Herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase. HSV1-tk) 유전자는 보고 유전자(reporter gene)로서 필요한 조건뿐만 아니라 별도의 치료 유전자를 따로 이입할 필요가 없다는 장점을 가지고 있어 유전자 영상과 치료에서 가장 널리 사용되는 유전자 중 하나이다. 본 연구는 HSV1-tk 보고 유전자의 기질로서 많이 사용하고 있는 9-(4-[$^{18}F$] Fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl) guanine ([$^{18}F$] FHBG) 합성의 자동화와 더불어 최적의 합성 조건을 구현하기 위하여 실행하게 되었다. [$^{18}F$] FHBG 합성의 자동화를 위해 Explora-RN (CTI, USA) module을 사용하였다. 최적의 합성수율 조건을 찾기 위하여 반응시간의 변화(3 min, 5 min, 10 min)와 반응온도의 변화($110^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$, $130^{\circ}C$)를 주었다. 또한 precursor 용량의 변화(5 mg, 7 mg, 10 mg)에도 합성수율이 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 알아보았다. [$^{18}F$] fluorination 단계에서 가장 높은 합성수율을 보인 반응온도는 $130^{\circ}C$였고, 반응시간은 5분이었다. 반면 precursor의 용량 변화 실험에서는 10 mg을 넣었을 때의 합성 수율($32{\pm}1.2%$)에 비하여 5 mg과 7 mg의 양에서는 안정된 값을 얻지 못하였다. [$^{18}F$] FHBG 합성의 Explora-RN 모듈에서의 자동화를 완성하였고 최적의 합성수율을 재현할 수 있는 반응시간과 반응온도, precursor의 농도를 찾았다. 하지만 감량 precursor 방법은 낮은 농도에서 비교적 큰 편차를 보여 안정된 값을 얻지는 못하였다. 이에 따라 임상에 직접 적용하기 위해서 더 많은 연구가 시행되어져야 할 것이다. Purpose: The HSV1-tk reporter gene system is the most widely used system because of its advantage is that it is possible to monitor directly without the introduction of a separate reporter gene in case of HSV1-tk suicide gene therapy. This study was performed to automate 9-(4-[$^{18}F$] Fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl) guanine ([$^{18}F$] FHBG) that are widely used as substrate for the HSV1-tk reporter gene in living organisms with positron emission tomography (PET) and find the optimized conditions of synthesis. Materials and Methods: Fully automated synthesis of [$^{18}F$] FHBG was performed using Explora-RN (CTI, USA) module. We have changed of reaction time (3, 5, 10 min) and temperature (110, 120, $130^{\circ}C$) for the optimized conditions of synthesis. Also we experimented to find the optimal concentration of precursor (5, 7, 10 mg). Results: [$^{18}F$] FHBG was purified by HPLC system and collected at around 10-12 min. Synthesis using Explora-RN module showed a $32.0{\pm}1.2%$ yield of radiochemical (decay corrected), the purity was greater than 98%. And the entire synthesis time was less than 48 min. Temperature of the highest synthesis yield was $130^{\circ}C$, reaction time was 5 minutes and concentration of precursor was 10 mg (recommended volume in manual) (n=36). In contrast to radiochemical yield of precursor 10 mg ($32{\pm}1.2%$), yield of 5 and 7 mg precursor was unstable. Conclusion: Automation of [$^{18}F$] FHBG synthesis at Explora-RN module has been completed. In addition, we were able to obtain optimized reaction time, temperature and concentration of precursor. Therefore this study would be provided more rapid synthesis and higher radiochemical yield.

갑상선암에서의 혈중 Thyroglobulin 농도와 침생검 검체 Washout Solution의 Thyroglobulin 농도와의 상관관계

안재석,김지나,원우재,An, Jae-Seok,Kim, Ji-Na,Won, Woo-Jae 대한핵의학기술학회 2009 핵의학 기술 Vol.13 No.3

목적: 혈중 thyroglobulin 농도 측정(혈중 TG)은 갑상선암 수술 후 재발 및 전이여부를 판단하는데 중요한 지표이다. 최근엔 혈중 TG와 함께 침생검 검체의 washout solution을 이용한 TG 농도 측정(washout TG)이 추적 검사에 빈번히 사용되고 있다. 본 연구는 혈중 TG와 washout TG간에 어떠한 연관성이 있는지 알아보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 2007년 1월부터 2008년 2월까지 국립암센터에 내원한 갑상선암 환자 중 washout TG 와 혈중 TG를 함께 측정한 47명 중 혈중 Anti-Tg Ab 양성(${\geq}$100 U/mL)인 환자 6명을 제외한 41명을 대상으로 하였다. 혈중 TG와 washout TG와 세포검사결과와의 연관성도 조사하였다. 결과 및 결론: Washout TG는 혈중 TG보다 현저하게 높았으며 두 경우의 검사결과 간에 유의한 차이를 보였다(p=0.0394). washout TG와 세포검사결과와의 일치도는 87.8%, 혈중 TG와의 일치도는 56.1%였다. washout TG가 양성인 경우는 28명(세포검사결과 양성: 24, 양성의심: 4), 음성인 경우는 13명(세포검사결과 양성의심: 1, 음성: 12)이었다. serum TG가 양성인 경우는 26명(세포검사결과 양성: 17, 양성의심: 3, 음성: 6), 음성인 경우는 15명(세포검사결과 양성: 8, 양성의심: 1, 음성: 6)이었다. 갑상선암에서의 추적 검사로써 washout TG와 혈중 TG가 상호보완적으로 시행되어질 때 재발과 전이를 찾아내는데 유용하다. Purpose: The most widely accepted tool for follow up management of thyroid cancer patients is serum thyroglobulin (Tg) measurement, but its value is limited by the interference of anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (anti-Tg Ab). Recently thyroglobulin measurement in the wash out of fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens (Tg-FNAB) is frequently used for differential diagnosis of recurrences/metastases. The aim of this study was the investigation of the diagnostic utility of Tg-FNAB compared with serum Tg. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 41 consecutive patients with thyroid cancer who were evaluated for Tg-FNAB between January 2007 and February 2008 retrospectively. We ruled out 6 patients who anti-Tg Ab positive (${\geq}$100 U/mL) in the RIA (BRAHMS anti-Tgn RIA 100Det; BRAHMS Aktiengesell schaft, Berlin, Germany). Serum Tg and Tg-FNAB were measured by immunoradiometric assay (BRAHMS Tg pluS RIA 100 Det; BRAHMS Aktienge sellschaft, Berlin, Germany). We evaluated for Tg-FNAB compared with serum Tg and corresponding cytological smear. To compare the values of the two the t-test was used. Results: Tg-FNAB values were significantly higher (median 1,060 ng/mL, range 0.2~434,000 ng/mL) than serum Tg (median 2.5 ng/mL, range 0.9~131 ng/mL) (p=0.0394). The rate of correspondence with Tg-FNAB between cytological result was 87.9% and 65.9% in the case of serum Tg. Tg-FNAB was positive in 28 (24 with positive and 4 with suspicious cytology). Of the remaining 13 patients with negative Tg-FNAB, 1 had suspicious and 12 had unsuspicious cytology. serum Tg was positive in 26 (17 with positive and 3 with suspicious and 6 with unsuspicious cytology), Of the remaining 15 patients with negative serum Tg, 8 was positive in cytological result and 1 had suspicious and 6 had unsuspicious cytology. Conclusions: Tg-FNAB measurement is more accurate with high sensitivity (87.9%) than serum Tg (65.9%). The Tg-FNAB was a useful predictor for detecting recurrences/metastases with serum Tg.

CA 72-4 참고치 설정에 관한 연구

안재석,김지나,조예지,윤상혁,김윤철,An, Jae-Seok,Kim, Ji-Na,Joe, Ye-Ji,Yoon, Sang-Hyuk,Kim, Yoon-Cheol 대한핵의학기술학회 2021 핵의학 기술 Vol.25 No.2

CA 72-4는 두 종류의 단일클론항체 CC49와 B72.3을 사용하여 혈청 내 종양관련단백인 TAG-72(tumor associated glycoprotein 72)를 측정 하여 결과를 나타내는 종양표지자이다. CA 72-4는 위암, 난소암, 췌장암등의 진단에 사용되고 있으며 특히 위암에 높은 특이도를 나타내는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 CA 72-4의 참고치 재검증을 통하여 제조사에서 제공하는 참고치를 재평가 하고, 나아가 임상에서 보다 정확한 진단을 내리는데 유용한 도움을 주고자 진행하였다. 2020년 11월 국립암센터 건강검진센터에서 건강검진을 진행한 환자 271명을 대상으로 하였다. 대상자의 성별은 남자 140명 여자 131명 이었고, 30대부터 60대까지의 환자를 대상으로 진행하였다. 시약은 CA 72-4 IRMA KIT (ISOTOPES, Hungary)를 사용하였고, 감마카운터는 Dream Gamma-10(신진메딕스, Korea)을 사용하여 측정하였다. 종양표지자 참고치 설정 시 주로 사용하는 Hoffmann 법과 Bayesian 법으로 통계처리 하였다. 대상자 271명의 CA72-4를 측정한 결과 평균(Mean, M)값은 4.54 U/mL 이었고 중앙값(Median)은 3.30 U/mL 이었다. 3SD(standard deviation)를 벗어난 24명의 값을 제외하고 측정한 결과 M값은 3.53 U/mL, 중앙값은 3.00 U/mL, SD는 1.89 이었다. 이 값을 토대로 계산한 참고치 값은 7.31 U/mL 이었다. 제조사에서 제공되는 참고치는 4 U/mL 이하이며 이것은 본 연구에서 계산되어진 값인 7.31 U/mL과는 다소 차이가 있어 검사실 환경에 맞게 참고치 재설정이 필요해 보인다. 현재 국립암센터 위암센터에서는 지속적으로 현재 사용하고 있는 참고치에 관하여 문의가 오고 있다. 이번에 진행된 연구와 더불어 추가적인 연구를 진행한다면 보다 정확한 참고치 설정이 가능할 것이다. Purpose CA 72-4 is a tumor marker that uses two monoclonal antibodies, CC49 and B72.3, to measure tumor-related glycoprotein(TAG72) in the serum. CA 72-4 is used to diagnose stomach, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers, and is known to perform high specificity for stomach cancer. The purpose of this study is to re-evaluate the reference value provided by the manufacturer through revalidation of the reference value in CA 72-4. Furthermore this study was conducted to provide useful help when making a clinical diagnosis at gastric cancer center. Materials and Methods We selected 271 patients who had been to health care center in national cancer center for the month of November 2020. The gender of the subjects was 140 males and 131 females, and the age group was from 30s to 60s. The reagent used in the study was a CA 72-4 IRMA KIT (ISOTOPES, Hungary) and the results were measured using a Dream Gamma-10 gamma counter (Shinjin medics, Korea). Results Statistical analysis of the results of this study used Hoffmann's method and Bayesian's method, which are primarily used in setting reference value. As a result of measuring CA 72-4 of 271 patients, the mean value was 4.54 U/mL and the median value was 3.30 U/mL. 24 people who deviated from 3SD were excluded from the measured value, the mean calculated after that was 3.53 U/mL, median was 3.00 U/mL and SD was 1.89. The reference value calculated based on this results was set to 7.31 U/mL. Conclusion The reference value provided by the manufacturer is less than 4 U/mL. It is slightly different from the value calculated in this study, 7.31 U/mL, so it seems necessary to reset the reference value according to the laboratory environment. Currently, we are receiving inquiries about the reference value from the center for gastric cancer at National Cancer Center. If additional research is carried out along with this study, it will be possible to set more accurate reference value.

하길종 감독 바로보기

안재석(An Jae Seok) 한국영화학회 2009 영화연구 Vol.0 No.40

February 28th, 2009 is the 30th anniversary day of film director, Ha Kilchong's death. Whenever his anniversary comes, cherishing the memory articles are printed in various film magazines, and whenever it is enough to be forgotten, thesis or books about him or his films appears once, but more writings will be released in this year than ever and grand cherishing the memory events including a retrospective exhibition will be held. Although he left on 7 films which can never be called masterpiece, resisting with the whole body against 1970's when was the dark ages in Korean film history, he died young at the short life of 38 years, so yearning about him can help be particular. Born on April 13th, 1941 in Busan, Ha Kilchong was bright than others from a child so that he was called prodigy, and resisting formal regulations of the school, read pieces of Camus with his friend, Kim Jiha, and passes premature adolescence discussing about existentialism, and was called as a 'leader of student activist' spearheading and rushing for doorsill of the Blue House on the April 1960 Revolution when he was in Seoul National University. Moreover he was not only a promising talented man who took both M.A(Master of Arts) and M.F.A(Master of Fine Arts) in UCLA graduate school and it was few and far between, but also his brilliant ability was approved to be shoulder to shoulder with the director, Francis Ford Coppola of The Godfather(1972). As we come to hear that he was in famous director with Bonnie and Clyde(1967), Arthur Penn's favor and was an assistant director of him, his untimely death makes our heart so hurt. However are these all stories really true? Is this 'myth of Ha Kilchong' with full of ups and downs which we have never made any doubt till now and have accepted really his true figure? Of course, I do not have any intention to deny or denounce these all stories. I just want to know true figure of Ha Kilchong without aspects as a hero can appear in only biography. Truly it is to cherish the memory of Ha Kilchong really, and because I believe we can admire his achievements as a film director, a film critic and a film activist without any preconception after that. In this article, I am finding process to establish the 'myth of Ha Kilchong' after his death and looking for truth about rumors which are related to his highschool days, university days and studying abroad days in the base of interview with his familiar friends, his writings or letters and various materials which I surveyed individually.

1950년대 후반 한국영화 장르의 분화와 뮤지컬 영화

안재석 ( An¸ Jae Seok ) 부산대학교 영화연구소 2021 아시아영화연구 Vol.14 No.2

본 논문의 목적은 1950년대 후반 한국 뮤지컬 영화 장르를 복원하고 재지도 그리는 데 있다. 그동안 이루어진 한국 장르 영화에 대한 연구에서 뮤지컬 영화 장르는 제대로 평가받지 못했다. 특히 1950년대 후반 뮤지컬 영화는 장르로 범주화하기에 충분한 제작 편수와 뚜렷한 장르적 경향을 보이고 있음에도 불구하고, ‘노래가 있는 멜로드라마’, ‘뮤지컬 코미디’ 같이 멜로드라마와 코미디 영화의 하위 장르로 다루어졌다. 이를 위해 한국 장르 영화 연구, 특히 코미디 영화에 대한 선행연구를 통해 당대 뮤지컬 영화를 재목록화하고, 한국영상자료원에 소장된 오리지널 시나리오, 녹음대본, 심의대본을 수집, 재분류했다. 물론 시나리오만으로 뮤지컬 영화를 연구하는 것이 분명 한계가 있었지만, 다행히 필름이 남아있는 <청춘쌍곡선>(1956), <오부자>(1958), <홀쭉이 뚱뚱이 논산 훈련소에 가다>(1959), <심야의 부루스>(1960) 등을 통해 당시 뮤지컬 영화의 면면을 어렴풋하게나마 유추할 수 있었다. 분명 1950년대 후반 한국영화는 뮤지컬 영화 장르를 가지고 있었고, 많은 영화인들의 열망과 노력이 있었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 한형모(<나 혼자만이>[1958]), 권철휘(<오부자>), 박시춘(<딸 칠형제>[1958]), 황영빈(<꿈은 사라지고>[1959]) 등의 기획은 멜로드라마나 코미디 영화가 아닌 뮤지컬 영화를 지향하고 있었고, 권영순(<오부자>, <가는 봄 오는 봄>[1959], <장미의 곡>[1960]), 노필(<꿈은 사라지고>, <심야의 부루스>), 김수용(<청춘배달>[1959], <구혼결사대>[1959]), 이태환(<스타탄생>[1960]) 같은 감독들은 평단의 비아냥과 관객들의 외면 속에서도 꿋꿋이 한국 뮤지컬 영화 장르를 개척해냈다. The purpose of this paper is to restore the genre of Korean musical films in the late 1950s and to draw re-mapping. Untill now, the musical film genre have not been properly evaluated in research on Korean genre films. In particular, musical films in the late 1950s were treated as subgenres of melodrama and comedy films such as “melodrama with songs” and “musical comedy,” even though they showed sufficient number of films and distinct genre trends to categorize them into genres. For this purpose, I re-listed musical films of the time based on preceding research on Korean genre films, especially comedy films, and collected, reclassified original scenarios, recording scripts, and censorship scripts kept by the Korean Film Archive. Of course, there was a limit to studying musical films only with scenarios, but fortunately, I was able to vaguely infer the aspects of musical films at that time through preserved Hyperbolae of Youth (1956), Obuja (1958), A Dry-bones and a Fatty Go to the Nonsan Training Station (1959), and Blues in Midnight (1960). Obviously, Korean films in the late 1950s had musical film genres, and it was confirmed that many filmmakers had aspirations and efforts. The plans of Han Hyung-mo(I am Alone [1958]), Kwon Chul-hwi(Obuja), Park Si-chun(The Seven Daughters [1958]), and Hwang Young-bin(A Vanished Dream [1959]) were aimed at musical films, not melodrama or comedy films, and directors such as Kwon Young-soon(Obuja, Going Spring and Coming Spring [1959], A Song of Rose [1960]), Noh Pil(A Vanished Dream, Blues in Midnight), Kim Soo-yong(A Youth Delivery [1959], A Band for Proposal [1959]), and Lee Tae-hwan(A Birth of a Star [1960]) firmly pioneered the genre of Korean musical films despite critics' sarcasm and audience's disregard.

새 세대가 만든 새 영화

안재석(An Jae Seok) 동국대학교 영상미디어센터 2012 씨네포럼 Vol.0 No.14

‘영상시대’ 운동의 모토는 ‘한국영화의 예술화’였다. 불황의 그림자가 짙게 드리워져 있던 1970년대 한국영화계의 암울한 현실 하에서 이들은 “훌륭한 영화, 예술적인 영화일수록 많은 관객을 모을 수 있다”고 믿었고, “영화예술의 잃어버린 본령(本領)을 되찾을 때 그때 불황은 분명히 없어질 것”이라 확신했다. 여기서 이들이 말하는 ‘예술적인 영화’, ‘영화예술의 본령’이란 1940년대 후반 이탈리아의 네오리얼리즘을 시작으로, 폴란드, 스웨덴, 프랑스, 영국, 독일, 미국 등 서구 도처에서 등장한 ‘뉴 시네마(New Cinema)’, 즉 모더니즘 영화를 지칭한다. 특히 이들 각국의 ‘뉴 시네마’는 “영화의 본질을 다시 정의하려는 시도였고 영화를 예술로 다시 끌어올리려는 노력이었으며 영화와 현실, 영화와 관객의 관계를 묻는 질문”이었기 때문에, “한국영화는 도무지 영화다운 영화를 탄생시켜 본 적이 없다”고 여겼던 ‘영상시대’ 감독들에게 훌륭한 본보기가 될 수 있었다. 하지만 안타깝게도 이들의 ‘영상시대’ 활동기간의 작품들은 그들의 믿음과 확신과는 달리 관객들의 호응을 받지 못했다. 심지어 〈어디서 무엇이 되어 다시 만나리〉(1977, 홍파)와 〈한네의 승천〉(1977, 하길종)은 서울에서 개봉조차 하지 못하고 단지 제작사에 외화 수입 쿼터를 수혜케 한 요식행위의 작품이라는 수치스런 신세로 전락해버리기까지 했다. 물론 이들 작품에 대해 “이전 작보다 떨어지는 태작(怠作)들이었다”는 평가가 지배적이지만, 분명한 것은 이 시기 작품들이 이들의 이전 작품들, 더 나아가 ‘영상시대’ 해체 이후의 작품들과도 뚜렷한 차별성을 보이고 있으며, 이를 그저 ‘태작’이라고 치부하기엔 억울한 나름의 훌륭한 성과물들이라는 사실이다. 이들이 추구했던 ‘한국영화의 예술화’가 그저 말뿐인 호언(豪言)이었던 것만은 아니었던 것이다. The motto of ‘Young Sang Shi Dae’ as film movement is ‘making Korean film into the art’. Under the grim actualities of real life in 1970’s, they believed “the more the film is outstanding and artistic, the more it attracts an audience” and they are sure “when the real soul lost from the film art is recovered, recession of the film is also gone.” At this time, ‘artistic film’ and ‘the real soul of the film art’ mean the ‘New Cinema’, modernism cinema come from Poland, Sweden, France, England, Germany, America, etc after the beginning of neorealism in Italy. Particularly, because ‘New Cinema’ in each nation was “the attempt defining the essence of the film, the effort making the film into the art again and the question asking the relationship between the film and the reality and between the film and the audience”, it could become outstanding example for directors of ‘Young Sang Shi Dae’ who thought “Korean film didn’t make the real film.” But, unfortunately, their films in a working period of ‘Young Sang Shi Dae’ didn’t receive the support of audience, which was different from their convince. Even Where Will We Meet Again? (1977, Hong Pa) and The Ascension of Han-ne (1977, Ha Kilchong) couldn’t be opened in Seoul and after selected as ‘quality film in the first half of 1977’, it became dishonorable films of the formality giving theforeign film import quota. Of course, these films are mostly appraised as “a rubbish in comparison with previous films.” But obvious thing is films in this period had a clear difference from films in before and after period of ‘Young Sang Shi Dae’. Also, these films were too outstanding achievements to be considered as ‘a rubbish’. ‘Making Korean film into the art’ pursued by them wasn’t just bluffing.

대구 경북 지역의 영화 배급사 연구

안재석 ( An Jae Seok ) 한양대학교 현대영화연구소 2017 현대영화연구 Vol.13 No.1

한국영화사 연구에서 지역(지방) 영화사 연구는 소외 분야였다. 더욱이 오랜 기간 소위 `입도선매(立稻先賣)식 단매`라 불린 `지역별 간접배급구조`가 유지되어, 무엇보다 `지역`이 중요하게 다루어져야 할 한국 영화산업의 배급 혹은 배급사(史)에 대한 연구에서마저도 늘 `지역`보다는 `서울의 제작사`를 중심으로 논의되어져 왔다. 본 논문은 이처럼 `서울의 제작사`를 중심으로 논의되어온 한국 영화산업의 배급 혹은 배급사 연구를 `지역`의 입장에서 재고(再考)하기 위한 목적의 일환으로, 영화의 지역별 상권이 6개 권역으로 나뉘어져 간접배급구조를 취하게 되는 1950년대 후반부터 한국 영화시장의 개방과 멀티플렉스 시대의 도래와 함께 직접배급체계로 변화하게 되는 2000년대까지 `대구 경북 지역`의 영화 배급 구도의 변화 양상에 대해 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 필자는 과거 대구 경북 지역에서 활동했던, 그리고 지금 현재까지 활동하고 있는 지역 배급업자이자 극장 관계자들인 고의부, 안갑수, 이석근, 이중호 등과의 인터뷰를 진행했다. 이 분들의 증언을 통해 그동안 왜곡되고 간과되어온 `지역` 영화인들의 활동과 비어 있던 `지역` 영화사(史)의 틈을 메울 수 있었다. The study on the local film history has been an excluded field in the study on the Korean film history. Moreover, the `indirect distribution system by regions`, so-called `pre-sale`, has been kept for a long time, so the study on the film distribution or distribution history in Korean film industry which should have dealt the `region` importantly has always discussed around the `film production companies in Seoul` than the `region`. As a part of its goal for reconsidering the study on the film distribution or distribution history in Korean film industry which has been discussed around the `film production companies in Seoul`, this paper investigated the change process of film distribution composition in `Daegu-Gyeongbuk region` from the late 1950s when the indirect distribution system was started after the film`s commercial blocks by region had been divided into 6 areas to 2000s when it was replaced by the direct distribution system with the opening of Korean film market and the start of multiplex cinema age. For this study, I carried out some interviews toward distributors and cinema staff who have worked in Daegu-Gyeongbuk region from the past until now. These interviewees` testimonies could correct the distorted or ignored `local` filmmakers` activities and fill the gap of `local` film history which has been emptied.

Thyrogen 투여 후 측정된 Thyroglobulin 농도변화

김지나,안재석,원우재,Kim, Ji-Na,An, Jae-seok,Won, Woo-Jae 대한핵의학기술학회 2018 핵의학 기술 Vol.22 No.1

Purpose Assessment of Serum Thyroglobulin (sTg) value in total thyroidectomy patients having an ablation dose of radioactive iodine indicates remaining cancer or metastasis. Especially, sTg in patients on withdrawal thyroxine or thyrogen administration for radioiodine ablation is an important indicator to determine the direction of further treatment and prognosis. Current guidelines suggest measurement of sTg is performed at 72 hours after the last injection of thyrogen. and assumes that sTg reaches maximum serum levels at that time. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the variation of sTg measured after thyrogen administration. Materials and Methods We compared with sTg performed at 24hours(D0) and 72hours(D2) after the last injection of thyrogen. We reviewed D0 and D2 from 276 patients were divided them into three groups according to ablation dose of radioactive iodine, 5mCi(A group), 30~80mCi(B group) and 100~200mCi(C group). We used T-test for comparison between D0 and D2. sTg was measured in serum using immunoradiometric assay (Tg-plus RIA; BRAHMS, Berlin, Germany). Results There is no critical variation between D0 and D2 in A group(n=100)(P=0.32), The case of increase(D2>D0) is 45, no change(D2=D0) is 23, decrease(D2<D0) is 32. The biggest increase is the 3.0 ng/mL from 2.9 to 5.9 in A group. In B group(n=155, 30mCi:154, 80mCi:1), the difference is meaningful(P<0.05) and D2>D0 is 91, D2=D0 is 28, D2<D0 is 36. The biggest increase is 2.6 ng/mL from 3.5 to 6.1. In C group(n=21, 100mCi:19, 200mCi:2), D2>D0 is 19, D2=D0 is 2. The biggest increase is 143.6 ng/mL from 98.4 to 242. Conclusion There was a significant difference in the group over 30mCi. and the case of D2>D0 is 45%, 58.7%, 90.5% for each group. therefore, D2 increased as the dose of radioactive iodine increased. Furthermore, the most sTg values of D0 and D2 are variation under 2.0 ng/mL, so reproducibility as well as sensitivity of sTg will be important at values below 2ng/mL.

검사별 radioimmunoassay시약 조사 및 비교실험

김지나,안재석,전영우,윤상혁,김윤철,Kim, Ji-Na,An, Jae-seok,Jeon, Young-woo,Yoon, Sang-hyuk,Kim, Yoon-cheol 대한핵의학기술학회 2021 핵의학 기술 Vol.25 No.1

Purpose If a new test is introduced or reagents are changed in the laboratory of a medical institution, the characteristics of the test should be analyzed according to the procedure and the assessment of reagents should be made. However, several necessary conditions must be met to perform all required comparative evaluations, first enough samples should be prepared for each test, and secondly, various reagents applicable to the comparative evaluations must be supplied. Even if enough comparative evaluations have been done, there is a limit to the fact that the data variation for the new reagent represents the overall patient data variation, The fact puts a burden on the laboratory to the change the reagent. Due to these various difficulties, reagent changes in the laboratory are limited. In order to introduce a competitive bid, the institute conducted a full investigation of Radioimmunoassay(RIA) reagents for each test and established the range of reagents available in the laboratory through comparative evaluations. We wanted to share this process. Materials and Methods There are 20 items of tests conducted in our laboratory except for consignment tests. For each test, RIA reagents that can be used were fully investigated with the reference to external quality control report. and the manuals for each reagent were obtained. Each reagent was checked for the manual to check the test method, Incubation time, sample volume needed for the test. After that, the primary selection was made according to whether it was available in this laboratory. The primary selected reagents were supplied with 2kits based on 100tests, and the data correlation test, sensitivity measurement, recovery rate measurement, and dilution test were conducted. The secondary selection was performed according to the results of the comparative evaluation. The reagents that passed the primary and secondary selections were submitted to the competitive bidding list. In the case of reagent is designated as a singular, we submitted a explanatory statement with the data obtained during the primary and secondary selection processes. Results Excluded from the primary selection was the case where TAT was expected to be delayed at the moment, and it was impossible to apply to our equipment due to the large volume of reagents used during the test. In the primary selection, there were five items which only one reagent was available.(squamous cell carcinoma Ag(SCC Ag), β-human chorionic gonadotropin(β-HCG), vitamin B12, folate, free testosterone), two reagents were available(CA19-9, CA125, CA72-4, ferritin, thyroglobulin antibody(TG Ab), microsomal antibody(Mic Ab), thyroid stimulating hormone-receptor-antibody(TSH-R-Ab), calcitonin), three reagents were available (triiodothyronine(T3), Tree T3, Free T4, TSH, intact parathyroid hormone(intact PTH)) and four reagents were available are carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA), TG. In the secondary selection, there were eight items which only one reagent was available.(ferritin, TG, CA19-9, SCC, β-HCG, vitaminB12, folate, free testosterone), two reagents were available(TG Ab, Mic Ab, TSH-R-Ab, CA125, CA72-4, intact PTH, calcitonin), three reagents were available(T3, Tree T3, Free T4, TSH, CEA). Reasons excluded from the secondary selection were the lack of reagent supply for comparative evaluations, the problems with data reproducibility, and the inability to accept data variations. The most problematic part of comparative evaluations was sample collection. It didn't matter if the number of samples requested was large and the capacity needed for the test was small. It was difficult to collect various concentration samples in the case of a small number of tests(100 cases per month or less), and it was difficult to conduct a recovery rate test in the case of a relatively large volume of samples required for a single test(more than 100 uL). In addition, the lack of dilution solution or standard zero material for sensitivit [목 적] 의료기관의 핵의학 검사실에서 신규검사를 도입하거나 사용하던 시약을 변경하게 되는 경우 절차에 따라 검사의 특성이 분석되고 시약에 대한 평가가 이루어져야 한다. 그러나 요구되어지는 비교실험을 모두 수행하기 위해서는 몇 가지 필요한 조건이 충족되어야 하는데, 첫째 각 검사별로 수행하기에 충분한 검체량이 준비되어야하며, 둘째 비교실험에 적용 가능한 다양한 시약의 공급이 가능해야한다. 충분한 비교실험이 이루어졌다고 하더라도 변경된 시약에 의한 데이터 변동이 전체 환자데이터 변동을 의미하는 것에는 한계가 있으므로 검사실에서 시약이 변경되는 것에 대한 부담이 있다. 이러한 다양한 어려움으로 검사실에서의 시약변경은 제한적으로 이루어지고 있다. 본원에서는 원할한 경쟁 입찰을 도입하기 위하여 검사별로 radioimmunoassay(RIA)시약을 전수조사하고 비교실험을 통해 검사실에서 사용가능한 시약범위를 설정하였다. 이 과정을 공유하고자 하였다. [대상 및 방법] 본원 핵의학 검체 검사실에서 시행하고 있는 검사는 위탁검사를 제외하고 총 20종목이다. 각각의 검사별로 외부정도관리와 기관간 정도관리 결과보고서를 참고로 사용가능한 RIA시약을 전수 조사하였고, 각 시약에 대한 메뉴얼을 확보하였다. 각각의 시약마다 메뉴얼을 확인하여 검사 방법과 incubation시간, 검사 시 필요한 검체량, 시약량 등을 확인하여 본 검사실에서 사용가능한지 여부에 따라 시약 1차 선정을 하였다. 1차 선정된 시약을 100 test기준으로 2 kit씩 공급받아 데이터 상관성시험, 민감도, 회수율, 희석시험을 진행하였고, 비교실험 결과에 따라 시약을 2차 선정하였다. 1, 2차 선정을 통과한 시약을 경쟁 입찰리스트로 제출하였다. 검사 시약을 단수로 지정할 경우에는 1차, 2차 선정 과정에서 얻은 자료로 단수지정 사유서를 작성하였다. [결 과] 각각의 시약마다 매뉴얼을 확인하여 시약 1차 선정에서 제외되는 경우는 각 검사의 현재 Turn Around Time(TAT)보다 길어지는 경우와 검사 시 사용 시약량이 많아 장비사용이 불가능한 경우였다. 1차 선정에서 사용가능한 시약이 1개인 경우는 5종목 squamous cell carcinoma antigen(SCC Ag), 𝛽-human chorionic gonadotropin(𝛽-HCG), vitamin B12, folate, free testosterone 이었고, 2개인 경우는 8종목 (CA19-9, CA125, CA72-4, ferritin, thyroglobulin antibody(TG Ab), microsomal antibody(Mic Ab), thyroid stimulating hormone-receptor-antibody(TSH-R-Ab), calcitonin), 3개인 경우는 5종목(triiodothyronine(T3), Free T3, Free T4, TSH, intact parathyroid hormone(intact PTH)), 4개인 경우는 2종목(carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA), TG)이었다. 2차 최종 선정결과 사용가능한 시약이 3개인 것은 T3, Free T3, Free T4, TSH, CEA, 2개인 것은 TG Ab, Mic Ab, TSH-R-Ab, CA125, CA72-4, intact PTH, calcitonin이었다. 단수 지정된 종목은 ferritin, TG, CA19-9, SCC, 𝛽-HCG, vitamin B12, folate, free testosterone이었다. 2차 선정에서 제외된 사유에는 비교실험을 위한 시약공급이 안된 경우와 데이터 재현성에 문제가 있었던 경우, 데이터 변동에 대한 수용이 불가능하다고 판단되는 경우였다. 비교실험 시 가장 문제가 되는 부분은 검체 수집이었다. 검사건수가 많고 검사 시 필요한 검체량이 적은 경우에는 문제가 되지 않았지만, 검사건수가 적은 경우(월 100건 이하)에는 다양한 농도 검체를 수집하기가 어려웠으며, 한번 검사 시 필요한 검체량이 상대적으로 많은 경우(100 uL이상)에는 회수율시험을 진행하기가 어려웠다

장비정도관리에 Calibrator[I-125] Set 적용

김지나,안재석,원우재,Kim, Ji-Na,An, Jae-seok,Won, Woo-Jae 대한핵의학기술학회 2015 핵의학 기술 Vol.19 No.2

Purpose Lately, in accordance with the increasing interest about Healthcare accreditation program and International laboratory accreditation scheme, requirements about the instrument quality management are gradually taking shape. In nuclear medicine In vitro laboratory, the most typical instruments are multi detector gamma counter and automatic dispensing system. Each laboratory continue with the quality control adequate for circumstances. The purpose of this study is to application and establish the new Calibrator[I-125]Set which is efficient at standardization of equipment quality management. Materials and Methods Deviation between detectors were measured with 12 solid samples of the Calibrator[I-125]Set. their activities differ from each other by less than 1%. Multi detector gamma counters are GAMMA-10;Shinjin medics. Inc, Goyansi, Korea(Gamma counter A), SR300;Stratec biomedical systems AG, Gewerbestr, Germany(Gamma counter B) and COBRA II; Packard Instrument Co. Inc, Meriden, USA(Gamma counter C). Evaluation of two automatic dispensing system used A, B liquid tracer of the Calibrator[I-125]Set. After dispensing and counting, calculated using the ratio of the measured value and proposed value. We used solution A for 20, 25ul and solution B for 50, 100ul. Method of data analysis and reference range was provided by kit documentation. Furthermore, we could calculate our counter efficiency indirectly. Results The CV(%) of measured values by Gamma counter A, B, C are 0.34, 0.70, 1.30. Calculated value are 1.05314, 2.10419, 4.08485. Provided reference range is less than 3. A dispensing system's calculated values are 0.986, 0.989, 1.023, 1.017 and B are 0.874, 0.725, 1.021, 0.904. Provided reference range is from 0.95 to 1.05. Also, counter's efficiency are 74.18, 72.79, 74.32% at counter A, B, C and efficiency of the one detector counter is 79.26%. Conclusion If using this Calibrator[I-125]Set after verifying whether quality assurance, is applicable to equipment quality management on behalf of the role of gold standard.