강원지역 천주교의 유입과 유교사회의 대응

안세현 고전문학한문학연구학회 2015 고전과 해석 Vol.18 No.-

본고는 19세기 강원지역에 천주교가 유입‧정착되면서 벌어지는 유교사회의 대응 양상을 고찰하는 데에 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해 먼저 강원지역에 천주교가 유입‧정착되는 과정을 검토하였다. 1795년 을묘사 옥과 1801년 신유사옥 등 조선 조정의 천주교 탄압과 함께 경기도 양평과 여주에 거주하였던 천주교인 들이 강원도 원주와 횡성 등지로 이주하면서 강원지역에 본격적으로 천주교가 유입‧정착되었다. 이후 강원도 내의 역로를 경유하면서 대관령 너머의 영동지방까지 천주교가 전파되었다. 다만 유림세력이 권력화 되었던 강릉이나 토착문화가 강했던 삼척은 외래 종교인 천주교가 거의 정착되지 못하였다. 다음으로 천주교에 대한 유교사회의 대응 양상을 두 가지 측면에서 고찰하였다. 첫째, 화서학파가 전개 한 척사운동의 논리와 방식을 살펴보았는데, 특히 이항로와 홍재구의 차이에 주목하였다. 화서학파의 종장인 이항로는 교리적 차원에서 천주교에 대한 유교의 우월성을 주장하거나, 천주교를 서양의 군사 적 위협과 연관시킴으로써 국가 안위를 위해 천주교 배격해야 한다고 주장하였다. 화서학파의 마지막 에 자리한 홍재구는 정속신편 에서 서양 사람들의 음란함을 부각시키며 윤리적 문제를 거론하거나, 비상식적인 유언비어를 근거로 천주교에 대한 반감을 노골적으로 드러내었다. 이는 향촌사회에서 유교 의 통제력이 급속히 줄어들고 천주교의 교세가 확장되는 데 대한 위기감에서 비롯된 것이었다. 둘째, 1866년 조불수호통상조약이 체결되어 사실상 자유로운 포교 활동이 허용된 이후, 향촌사회에서 벌어지 는 유교와 천주교의 갈등 양상을 살펴보았다. 1893년 횡성의 유생 횽효백‧안준문이 르메르 신부를 무고 한 사건, 같은 해 양양의 향반 이사일이 불라두 신부를 죽인다고 협박한 사건, 그리고 1899년 안변의 유 림세력 동심회 회원들이 안변 본당 관하의 공소를 습격한 사건 등이다. 이를 통해 향촌사회에서 새롭게 부상한 천주교 권력과 유교적 질서를 고수하는 유교 세력 간의 갈등이 점차 집단화되고 심화되어갔음 을 알 수 있었다. This paper aims at social phenomenon of spreading Catholic around Gangwon area during the 19th century, especially focusing on the response of Confucian society. The influx of Catholic largely influenced on the life pattern and the order of rural community society. Gangwon area, in particular, was one of important areas because there were opposing movement against Catholic while it settled down in Gangwon smoothly. First of all, I examined the process of influx and settlement in Gangwon area. In 1795 and 1801, many Catholic people in Joseon moved to Wonju and Heongseong to avoid oppression. It was the beginning of accepting Catholic in Gangwon area. Later, some people migrated to Yeongdong area and it means a wide spread of Catholic in Gangwon area. Second, I examined the aspect of confrontation against Catholic from Confucian society in two respects. One is from the school of Hwaseo and the other is from the regional community. Lee Hang-ro and Hong Jae-gu, the main people of school of Hwaseo, had different opinion about dealing Catholic. Lee Hang-ro asserted that the doctrine of Confucianism is superior to Catholic. He also insisted that Catholic should be removed from Joseon as it cause bad influence in defense of state. On the other hand, Hong Jae-gu exposed hostility outrightly highlighting the obscene of Western people. The regional community also came into conflict with Catholic. For example, a false accusation against Le Merre in Heongseong, and the death threats against Bouladoux in Yangyang in 1893 shows us a strict strife between Catholic and regional community of Confucianism.

70세 이상 유방암 환자의 임상적 특징과 치료 결과

안세현 한국유방암학회 2007 Journal of breast cancer Vol.10 No.3

Purpose: There is no concensus on the type of therapy useful for elderly cancer patients. Since 2000, Korea has become an elderly society. This study aims to assess clinical characteristics of elderly breast cancer women, and to evaluate determinants and effects of treatment choice for breast cancer prognosis among elderly patients. Methods: We reviewed the clinical reports of 123 breast cancer patients aged ≥70 yr recorded at the Asan Medical Center Breast Cancer Registry between 1992 and 2002. Patient and tumor chariteristics, comorbidity, surgical method, adjuvant therapy and cause of death were taken into consideration. Survival analysis was determined according to the treatment method. Results: The median time to diagnosis was 33.6 months. Only 9 patients (5.1%) were diagnosed in the screening program. A modified radical mastectomy was performed for 74 patients (60.1%), Breast conserving surgery was performed for 26 patients (24.7%), and there was no further curative therapy for 12 patients (9.7%). 32 patients (38.1%) had axillary lymph node metastasis. The median follow-up duration was 43.1 months; the overall survival rate was 71.8%, and the disease free survival rate was 65.4%. Breast cancer related mortality was 62.8%. Conclusion: Delayed diagnosis and infrequent screening were frequent among elderly patients. Cancer related morbidity was less than general breast cancer patients. Treatment needs to be adapted to the general health status of the patient and comorbid conditions, but has to offer the best chance of cure, regardless of age.

폐경이후 한국인 유방암 환자의 골밀도와 유방암 발병과의 상관관계

안세현 한국유방암학회 2006 Journal of breast cancer Vol.9 No.4

Purpose: Bone mass has been proposed as a marker of cumulative exposure to estrogen in women. We have studied the association between bone mass and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Methods: We investigated the association between bone mineral density (BMD), as measured at the lumbar spine and femoral neck, and the risk of breast cancer in women age 50 or older who had received an initial diagnosis of stage 0III breast cancer confirmed by pathologic assessment of breast tissue. We recruited 218 women with newly diagnosed breast cancer at Asan Medical Center from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2004 and 963 women whose BMD was measured at the Health Promotion Center of Asan Medical Center as controls. Groups were divided by age: 5059 years old (Group A), 6069 years old (Group B), and over 70 years old (Group C). We compared BMD and prevalence of osteoporosis between groups. BMD was measured by lunar EXPERT-XL for breast cancer patients and Hologic QDR 4500-A for control group. A cross-calibration equation was used to compare BMD by different dual X-ray absorptiometry systems. Results: BMD was significantly higher among breast cancer patients than controls at lumbar spine (p=0.04); femur neck BMD was higher but not statistically significant (p=0.47). After adjustment for age, the estimated odds ratio was 4.46 (p=0.02). In Group A, BMD for spine and femur neck was significantly higher in breast cancer patients (p<0.05). In Group B,spine BMD spine was significantly higher in breast cancer patients (p=0.005); femur neck BMD was higher but not statistically significant (p=0.24). In Group C, BMD for spine and femur neck was higher in breast cancer patients but not statistically significant (p>0.05). Prevalence of osteoporosis of the spine and femur neck was 14.9 and 4.6% for breast cancer patients and 19.6 and 8.3% for controls. Conclusion: These results show that high bone mineral density has a strong relationship among breast cancer patients in postmenopausal women. In patients 70 years old or over, the age effect for bone mineral density decreased the effect of estrogen on bone.

폐경 전 호르몬 수용체 양성인 유방암 환자의 보조요법으로사용된난소기능억제주사치료경험

안세현 한국유방암학회 2007 Journal of breast cancer Vol.10 No.2

Purpose: Published Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group overview results have been the beneficial effects of tamoxifen and ovarian ablation for pre and perimenopausal women with node negative breast cancer. Chemotherapy and Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LHRH) agonists (medical ovarian ablation) have been shown to be effective adjuvant therapies for early stage breast cancer in several clinical trials however, the efficacy and tolerance of LHRH agonists in Korean breast cancer patients has not been evaluated. Methods: Three thousand one hundred fifty breast cancer patients were treated at Asan Medical Center between January 2003 and December 2005. We selected 185 patients with node negative early breast cancer who were endocrine responsive (more than intermediate intensity), with a tumor size more than 1 cm, and who were reluctant to undergo chemotherapy due to the side effects. They received LHRH agonists (Zoladex 3.6 mg) every 28 days with tamoxifen for two years. We prospectively evaluated mammography, chest PA, and physical examination every six months and evaluated the side effects and quality of life. Results: The mean age was 43.5 yr, and the mean tumor size was 1.62 cm. One hundred sixty-two patients had Stage I, and 23 Stage II disease. The incidence of severe menopausal symptoms was 24.1%, but these symptoms were reported to be ‘‘tolerable’’ during the two year follow-up. Quality of life and physical activity were essentially unchanged. The median follow-up duration was 18 months, and there was no local recurrence or distant metastases during the study. Conclusion: Adjuvant therapy with LHRH agonists is safe and tolerable, and may be an alternative to chemotherapy for pre-and perimenopausal women with hormone responsive early breast cancer who are reluctant to undergo chemotherpy.

Effect modification of hormonal therapy by p53 status in invasive breast cancer

안세현,김화정,한원식,조지형,공경엽,정경해,김성배,손병호,이종원 한국유방암학회 2013 Journal of breast cancer Vol.16 No.4

Purpose: We aimed to confirm the prognostic and predictive valueof p53 expression, particularly in invasive breast cancer patients,according to immunohistochemical hormone receptor (HR)and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status. Methods: Immunohistochemical data for p53, estrogen receptor,progesterone receptor, and HER2 expression from a total of15,598 patients were retrospectively retrieved from the webbaseddatabase of the Korean Breast Cancer Society. Overallsurvival (OS) and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) werecalculated and compared using the Kaplan-Meier method andlog-rank test, respectively. Multivariate analyses were performedusing a stratified Cox proportional hazard regression model. Amodel evaluating interactions between p53 expression and bothhormonal therapy and chemotherapy was used to determine thetreatment benefit from both modalities. Results: The prognosticvalue of p53 for OS and BCSS was most significant in the HR+/HER2- subgroup, with hazard ratios of 1.44 (95% confidence interval[CI], 1.08-1.93) and 1.47 (95% CI, 1.09-1.99), respectively. The p53 overexpression hazard ratios were of borderline significancefor the HR+/HER2+ subgroup and were not significant forthe HR-/HER2+ and HR-/HER2- subgroups. The model with interactionterms revealed that hormonal therapy significantly interactswith p53 status (p=0.002 and p=0.007 for OS and BCSS,respectively), suggesting an insignificant prognostic value for p53status (p=0.268 and p=0.296 for OS and BCSS, respectively). An interaction between chemotherapy and p53 status was notfound in this model. Conclusion: p53 overexpression has independentprognostic value, particularly in cases of HR+/HER2- invasivebreast cancer, which may be due to effect modification ofhormonal therapy dependent on p53 status.

Hormonal Changes during Extended Letrozole Treatment after Completion of 5 Years of Tamoxifen in Premenopausal Patients with Breast Cancer who Became Postmenopausal

안세현,조자영,김희정,이종원,유종한,고범석,이온복,손병호 한국유방암학회 2010 Journal of breast cancer Vol.13 No.4

Purpose: Extended treatment with aromatase inhibitors (AIs) after tamoxifen has shown effectiveness in postmenopausal patients with breast cancer. However it is very difficult to start on AIs for patients who become postmenopausal after tamoxifen because tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that influences menopause, confusing the menopausal status of patients. We assessed the menopausal status and hormone concentrations at the start of letrozole treatment in women with breast cancer who were premenopausal when diagnosed with breast cancer and who became postmenopausal during 5 years of tamoxifen therapy. Methods: We evaluated 164 patients with breast cancer who received extended letrozole therapy between May 2006 and December 2007. All had been premenopausal at diagnosis but became postmenopausal during 5 years of tamoxifen therapy. Menopause was defined as amenorrhea for >1 year, serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration ≥30 mIU/mL or serum estradiol (E2) concentrations ≤20 pg/mL. FSH and E2 concentrations were monitored for 2 years after starting letrozole therapy. Results: The median ages of the 164 patients were 45 years at surgery, 46 years when they became amenorrheic, and 50 years at the start of letrozole treatment. Of the 164 patients, 157 (95.7%) were amenorrheic, 14 (9.3%) had FSH concentrations ≥30 mIU/mL and 113 (70.2%) had E2 concentrations ≤20 pg/mL at the start of letrozole. FSH concentrations ≥30 mIU/mL were observed in 87 patients (57.6%) after 6 months of letrozole and in 133(88.1%) after 2 years, and E2 concentrations ≤20 pg/mL were observed in 164 patients (100%) after 2 years. Times to reach FSH ≥30 mIU/mL and E2 levels ≤20 pg/mL were not significantly related to age at surgery (p=0.836 and p=0.228, respectively), at start of letrozole (p=0.855 and p=0.357, respectively), or at amenorrhea (p=0.098 and p=0.154, respectively). Conclusion: Applying postmenopausal ranges of hormone concentrations observed in normal healthy people to patients who completed 5 years of tamoxifen is inappropriate, because tamoxifen itself may affect FSH concentration. Further studies should focus on identifying an indicator of ovarian function so that these patients can start extended hormone therapy.

흥해 최씨 일가의 거창 정착과終慕堂 崔胤貞의 향촌 사회 활동

안세현 동방한문학회 2022 東方漢文學 Vol.- No.93

In this paper, I explored the process of settling in Geochang of the Heunghae Choi family during the Joseon Dynasty and establishing the family tradition after that. In particular, I focused on Choi Yoon-jung's life, consciousness, and activities that contributed to the local community. Heunghae Choi's family began to live in Geochang from the time of Choi Gye-dong. Choi Sook-ryang, the son of Choi Gye-dong, discussed his studies while interacting with Kim Goong-pil and Jeong Yeo-chang at Odosan Mountain in Geochang. Since then, the family tradition has been established over the four generations leading to Choi hoo-won, Choi Yoon-jung, Choi Hae-doo, and Choi Tae-yeon. They did not have a will for secular profit, lived in the hometown, devoted themselves to learning, and actively contributed to community activities. In particular, while studying Neo-Confucianism, Choi Yun-jeong actively participated in solving local issues such as the establishment of Dosanseowon Confucian Academy and the implementation of the Daedong Law in Yeongnam. In this regard, Choi Yoon-jung's activities have great implications for those who study regional studies today. 본고는 조선시대 흥해 최씨 가문의 거창 정착과 家學의 정립을 살펴보고, 특히 終慕堂 崔胤貞(1630~1684)의 생애와 향촌 사회의 활동을 고찰하였다. 흥해 최씨는 崔繼潼 때부터 거창에 거주하기 시작하였으며, 최계동의 아들 崔淑梁이 거창의 吾道山에서 김굉필․정여창과 강학함으로써 도학과의 인연을 공고히 하였다. 이후 柱巖 崔後遠-終慕堂 崔胤貞-愚溪 崔海斗-釜齋 崔泰演으로 이어지는 四世四賢을 통해, 세속적 영리에 뜻을 두지 않고 전원에 은거하여 학문에 정진하는 한편, 향촌 사회 활동에 적극적으로 기여하는 가학이 정립되었다. 특히 최윤정은 세속적 영리와 거리를 두고 도학을 공부하면서도 道山書院의 영건 및 사액, 대동법의 영남 시행과 같은 지역의 현안을 해결하는 데에 적극적으로 참여하였다. 최윤정의 향촌 사회 활동은 오늘날 지역학을 연구하는 이들에게 시사하는 바가 크다.

MIMO OFDM 다중사용자 시스템 사용자간 공평성을 고려한 스케쥴링 기법

안세현,유명식,이원철,신요안 한국통신학회 2005 韓國通信學會論文誌 Vol.30 No.6

암전이 억제 유전자 ㎚-23 단백질 발현과 유방암 전이

안세현 대한외과학회 1996 대한외과학회 학술대회 초록집 Vol.1996 No.5

15세기 후반~17세기 전반 성리학적 사유의 우언적 표현 양상과 그 의미

안세현 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2009 民族文化硏究 Vol.51 No.-

본고는 15세기 후반 南孝溫의 「屋賦」로부터 17세기 전반 張維의 「神明舍記」에 이르기까지 성리학적 이념을 寓言的으로 표현한 일련의 한문산문에 주목하여, 시기별로 주제의식과 우언 활용의 양상 및 그 문학사적 의미를 모색하는 데에 목적을 두었다. 우선 성리학적 심성수양을 다룬 心性 擬人體 우언이 주류를 이루었다. 이는 조선시대 성리학이 특히 심성수양 문제에 천착했던 것을 단적으로 보여준다. 또한 주요 작가들이 남효온과 임제처럼 방외인 문인이거나 박영, 조식, 장유 등과 같이 성리학뿐만 아니라 노장사상 등에 상당히 개방적인 태도를 견지하고 있었던 문인학자였다. 이러한 성향은 이들이 유가적 문예의식과 거리가 있는 우언에 관심을 가지게 된 것과 무관치 않아 보인다. 다음으로 주제의식이나 우언 활용의 양상이 시기별로 차이를 보였다. 15세기 후반 남효온의 「옥부」에서는 노장사상과의 대결 속에서 성리학적 심성 수양론을 정립하려는 정신적 갈등을 보게 된다. 여기서 우언은 노장과의 정신적 쟁투를 가상으로 보여주는 하나의 장치로 사용되었다. 16세기 조식의 「신명사명」이나 김우옹의 「천군전」에서는 추상적인 성리학 개념을 쉽게 이해하고 실천하기 위한 하나의 방법으로 우언이 사용되었다. 그러다가 17세기 장유의 「신명사기」나 「設孟莊論辯」에 오면 성리학적 이념에 대한 반성이 일어났는데, 장유에게서 우언은 기존의 질서나 신념 체계를 뒤틀어봄으로써 반성을 촉구하는 방식으로 사용되었다. 이상의 논의를 통해 한국 한문 산문사에서 우언이 다양하게 활용되는 양상을 확인할 수 있었으며, 고려 말 수용된 성리학이 16세기를 전후한 시기에 사대부들의 의식세계에 어떤 과정을 거쳐 내면화 되고 변모되는지 엿볼 수 있었다. This study aims to grope for periodic aspects and literary-historical meaning of allegories expressing Neo-Confucianism ideology, focusing on a series of prose such as Nam Hyo-on's 「Ok-bu(屋賦)」 late in 15th century and Chang Yu's 「Sinmyungsa-ki(神明舍記)」 early in 17th century. First, allegories dealing with moral cultivation based on Neo-Confucianism were the main current. This plainly showed that Neo-Confucianism in Chosun Dynasty especially scrutinized moral culture. And prominent writers were the unbounded character(such as Nam Hyo-on and Lim Je) and literay scholars keeping an open attitude to not only Neo-Confucianism but also Taoism(such as Park Young, Cho Sik and Chang Yu). This literary inclination and attitude seem to be related with their interest in allegories. Second, main themes and forms of description differ by their periods. The differences are related with the way to apply the allegories. Nam Hyo-on's 「Ok-bu」 late in 15th century showed mental conflict and hard fight against Taoism to establish the theory of moral cultivation based on Neo-Confucianism. The allegories were the measures not only to show the mental fight against Taoism but also to make moral cultivation more understandable. In 16th century, Cho Sik's 「Sinmyungsa-myung」 and Kim Woo-ong's 「Chungun-jeon」 used allegories to make an abstract of idea easier and practicable. Later then, Chang Yu's 「Sinmyungsa-ki」 and 「Seolmaengjangnonbyun」 in 17th century raised problems of moral cultivation based on Neo-Confucianism and tried to consider Neo-Confucianism reflectingly. Chang Yu made good use of allegories to stimulate reflection by looking at existing order and faith from other angles. Through this study, various uses of allegories in Korean prosaic history were verified and it was inspected how the gentry internalized and transformed Neo-Confucianism introduced late in the Koryo dynasty around 16th century in their spiritual world.