16-17세기 비르투오소의 역할 고찰: 디미누션 연주와 스프레짜투라(sprezzatura)를 중심으로

안미정 ( Meejung Ahn ) (사)음악사연구회 2018 음악사연구 Vol.7 No.-

16-17세기는 성악음악 뿐만 아니라 기악음악이 비약적으로 발전한 시기로, 기악 음악의 레퍼토리는 보다 풍부해졌으며 성악곡의 반주나 편곡을 연주하는 수준을 넘어 독자적인 기악곡 장르들이 출현하게 되었다. 이와 함께 연주법을 소개하는 이론서들이 많이 출판됨으로써 그 어느 시기보다도 연주 실제에 대한 논의가 적극적으로 이루어진 시기이기도 하다. 이 시기 연주법에 대해 다룬 문헌들에서는 장식음, 특히 디미누션(diminution)에 대해 주로 다루었는데, 이는 기악음악의 발전에 상응하는 결과이자 이 시기의 주요 특징이기도 하다. 이처럼 디미누션 연주법에 대한 다양한 지침서들의 등장은 당시 비르투오소에게 매우 중요한 영향을 미쳤으며 이는 이상적인 연주자에 대한 중요성과 기대가 이전보다 커졌다는 데에서 의미가 있다. 이상적인 궁정인의 자질을 가리켰던 ‘스프레짜투라’(sprezzatura )는 카스틸리오네(Baldassare Castiglione, 1478~1529)의 『궁정론』(Il Cortegiano , 1528)에서 언급되었는데 이 후 카치니(Giulio Caccini, 1550~1618)가 최초로 이 용어를 연주법에 적용시켰다. 그러나 이후 이 용어는 카치니 동시대 및 다음 세대에서 더 이상 언급되지 않았다. 비록 연주자의 자질을 가리키는 한 용어로서 사용되었던 스프레짜투라는 카치니 이후 어느 문헌에서도 언급되지 않았지만 기악음악이 발달한 16-17세기 비르투오소들에게 의미있고 유효한 개념임에 틀림없다. 본 논문에서는 ‘스프레짜투라’ 용어를 음악의 연주 실제에 적용하여 16-17세기 비르투오소의 역할과 당시 주요 논의 대상이었던 디미누션과의 관계를 살펴보고 이상적인 비르투오소의 의미에 대해 고찰해본다. The 16th and 17th century is the period not only vocal music but also instrumental music developed dramatically. The repertoire for instrumental music became more abundant than any period before, and the independent genre for instrumental music emerged, not just by accompanying or transcribing vocal music. At the same time, as a lot of treatises that introduced performance technique of the time published, many musicians and musicologists concentrated on performance practice in a discussion. The treatises of the performance practice in this period treated the practice of ornamentation, especially "diminution," which was a result that corresponded to the development of instrumental music and a key characteristic of the time as well. The advent of such various guides related to the practice of diminution had an important influence on many virtuoso of the time. This phenomenon has a meaning in that an importance and expectation of ideal virtuoso has increased more than before. The term "Sprezzatura," which indicated the qualification of ideal courtier, mentioned in Il Cortegiano (1528) by Baldassare Castiglione. Giulio Caccini was the first who applied this term to performance practice. However, sprezzatura had never been referred to among any musician after that. Although this happened, it is true that sprezzatura must be a fundamental and valid concept for virtuoso in the 16th and 17th century. This article, applying the notion sprezzatura to performance practice in the 16th and 17th century music, examines the relationship between the role of virtuoso of the time and diminution and contemplates the meaning of ideal virtuoso.

16~18세기 회화에서 나타난 리코더의 이원적 상징성

안미정 ( Meejung Ahn ) (사)음악사연구회 2016 음악사연구 Vol.5 No.-

리코더의 상징적인 기원은 고대 그리스의 관악기 아울로스(aulos)로 거슬러 올라간다. 신화 속에서 감성, 사랑, 열정을 상징하는 악기로 자주 등장했던 아울로스는 감성의 신 디오니소스를 찬양하고 숭배하기 위한 기능을 가지면서 이성의 신 아폴론의 악기 리라(lyra)와 항상 대조되는 상징적 의미를 가지고 있는 악기였다. 감성과 이성이라는 이원적 세계 중 후자의 세계에 속하는 악기로서 아울로스는 고대 그리스 시대까지 여러 도상들에서 상징적으로 등장해왔다. 그러나 중세 시대부터 리코더가 부상하면서 도상 속에서는 아울로스 대신 리코더가 많이 등장하게 되었고, 르네상스 시대부터 시대를 대표하는 관악기로서 리코더가 여러 회화 작품들에서 하나의 소재로서 본격적으로 등장하기 시작한다. 이 논문에서는 먼저 신화에서 감각적 세계를 담당하던 아울로스의 상징성이 리코더의 상징성으로 전이된 과정에 대해 살펴보고, 르네상스와 바로크 회화를 중심으로 하는 16~18세기 회화에서 리코더의 상징성이 어떻게 투영되어 있는지 탐구한다. 이를 통해 이성과 감성의 이원적 세계에서 후자의 영역에 국한되었던 리코더의 상징성이 르네상스에서 바로크 시대로 넘어가면서 한정된 이원적 세계의 틀을 깨고 더 확장된 상징성을 가지는 아이콘으로서 발전함을 고찰한다. A symbolistic origin of the recorder traces back to the aulos, a wind instrument of the ancient Greek. The aulos, which appeared as a symbol for sensibility, love, and passion in Greek mythology, plays a role of praising and worshiping Dionysos, the god of wine and ecstasy, in contrast to the lyra of Apollon, the god of reason. Between a dualistic world of reason and sensibility, Aulos, which belongs to the latter, had symbolically appeared in many artistic paintings up until the ancient Greek period. However, since the recorder came to light from the Medieval ages, it begins to appear in many paintings in place of the aulos. From then on, the recorder becomes the one of the main subjects in various paintings since Renaissance, representing all wind instruments. In this article, it studies a transfer process of symbolism from the aulos to the recorder. Then, it will research how the symbolism of the recorder is reflected in the paintings from the 16th to 18th century. In doing so, it considers how the symbolism of the recorder, which had been confined to the world of sensibility, has expanded, breaking the dualistically-restricted symbolic world of the ancient Greek.

말 서골코기관에서 protein kinase C 및 nitric oxide synthase의 면역조직학적 관찰

이광협,안미정,이용덕,하태영,김희석,신태균,Lee, Kwanghyup,Ahn, Meejung,Lee, Yongduk,Ha, Theyoung,Kim, Heeseok,Shin, Thekyun 대한수의학회 2001 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.41 No.3

The expression of protein kinase C(PKC) isoforms and nitric oxide synthase (NOs) isoforms was studied in the equine vomeronasal organ(VNO), a pheromone receptor organ, using immunohistochemistry. All PKC isoforms including PKC $\alpha$, ${\beta}I$, $\delta$, and $\theta$ were detected in the supporting cells, sensory receptor cells, and basal sensory epithelial cells, while constitutive PKC $\alpha$ and ${\beta}I$ were stained more intensely than novel PKC $\delta$ and ${\theta}$. There was also a varying degree of immunostaining for PKCs in the glandular acini and VNO nerve. Constitutive neuronal and endothelial NOSs, and inducible NOS were detected in the VNO sensory epithelia. There was intense immunoreactivity for endothelial NOS in the VNO sensory epithelia but weak reactivity for neuronal NOS, while inducible NOS showed little immunoreactivity in the adjacent section. These findings suggest that both PKCs and NOSs may be involved in the process of pheromone reception in the horse. Constitutive isoforms of these enzymes may play a more important role in signal trasduction in the VNO of the horse.

방사선을 조사한 마우스의 소장 음와세포에서 DNA 수복을 위한 PCNA와 p21의 발현 양상

홍수지,황인선,안미정,신태균,주홍구,박현정,지영흔,Hong, Suji,Hwang, Insun,Ahn, Meejung,Shin, Taekyun,Joo, Hong-gu,Park, HyunJeong,Jee, Youngheun 대한수의학회 2005 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.45 No.4

The irradiation of radioactive ${\gamma}-ray$ induces apoptosis of radiosensitive organs for homeostasis. In this study, we investigated the repair mechanisms for homeostasis in the small intestine after cell damage by $^{60}Co\;{\gamma}-ray$ irradiation. The apoptosis was most frequently observed in the crypt cells of the small intestine after four and six hours by radioactive ${\gamma}-ray$ irradiation, and the frequency of apoptosis was proportional to the amount of irradiation. Also, the number of apoptotic cells was coincident with expression pattern of p53. Interestingly, PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) which is engaged in DNA replication and repair was expressed in apoptotic cells of small intestinal crypts. Also, it was observed that cell-cycle regulator p21 which is known to induce cell-cycle arrest is co-expressed in the same apoptotic cells of irradiated small intestinal crypt cells. These findings suggest that the co-expression of PCNA and p21 proteins, which may lead to resistance to DNA damage through cell-cycle arrest is closely associated with repair of damaged gastrointestinal cells after ${\gamma}-ray$ irradiation.

제주도 종달리 1819번지 패총에서 출토된 뼈 유물의 분류

강윤형,문지환,안미정,방문배,신태균,Kang, Yoonhyoung,Moon, Jihwan,Ahn, Meejung,Bang, Moon-Bae,Shin, Taekyun 대한수의학회 2014 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.54 No.1

Animal bones excavated with earthenware from the shell mound at the Jeju Jongdali 1819 archeological site, where three consecutive chronological layers covering the Neolithic (B.C. 15C-B.C. 10C), early Tamra, and late Tamra periods have been identified, were morphologically classified. The majority of the bones from all three periods were broken or split. The major fauna of the mammalian bones in all periods were Cervus spp., Sus scrofa, and Bos taurus. In the early and late Tamra periods, bones of small animals including Mustela sibirica coreana, Meles meles, Rodentia, and Aves were also found in small number. The excavated bones were from all parts of the animal bodies, including head, trunk, forelimb, and hindlimb. Collectively, these findings suggest that the major fauna from the Neolithic to late Tamra periods consisted of Cervus spp., Sus scrofa, and Bos taurus and that the fauna was dissected and carried to the shell mound site after hunting. Information from the bone remains in the shell mound are useful data for study of the wildlife and domestic animals living during the prehistoric period of Jeju Island.

Trimethyltin에 의한 랫드 해마의 신경세포 사멸과 iNOS의 연관성

장석원,최성영,박창남,안미정,신태균,김승준,Jang, Sukwon,Choi, Sungyoung,Park, Changnam,Ahn, Meejung,Shin, Taekyun,Kim, Seungjoon 대한수의학회 2011 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.51 No.3

Trimethyltin chloride (TMT) has been used as a neurotoxin for inducing brain dysfunction and neuronal death. Neuronal death in the hippocampus by TMT may generate excessive nitric oxide, but there are few studies about nitric oxide synthase enzyme involved in the synthesis of nitric oxide. The purpose of present study is to analyze the TMT toxicity in each region of rat hippocampus. To evaluate the involvement of nitric oxide, we analyzed the effects of aminoguanidine known as a selective inhibitor for inducible nitric oxide synthase on behavioral changes and the hippocampus of rat by TMT toxicity. 6-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered with a single dose of TMT (8 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) and the control group was similarly administered with distilled water. TMT + aminoguanidine-treated groups were administered with aminoguanidine (10 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) for 3 days prior to TMT injection. The rats were sacrificed 2 days after TMT administration. In the TMT-treated group, a number of cell losses were seen in CA1, CA3 and the dentate gyrus. In the TMT + aminoguanidine-treated group, neuronal death was seen in CA1 and CA3, but reduced in the dentate gyrus compared to the TMT-treated group. Western blot analysis showed that cleaved caspase-3 expression was increased in the TMT-treated group compared to the control group. However, the expression significantly declined in the TMT + aminoguanidine-treated group. The present findings suggest that inducible nitric oxide synthase is involved in neuronal death induced by TMT.

자기면역성뇌척수염 척수조직에서 galection-3의 발현

김희철,주홍구,문창종,안미정,지영흔,임윤규,고창성,신태균,Kim, Heechul,Joo, Hong-Gu,Moon, Changjong,Ahn, Meejung,Jee, Youngheun,Lim, Yoon-kyu,Koh, Chang-Sung,Shin, Taekyun 대한수의학회 2004 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.44 No.3

The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of galectin-3, one of beta-galactoside-binding proteins, in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE) model of Lewis rats or non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Western blot analysis showed that galectin-3 was weakly expressed in the spinal cords of complete Freund's adjuvant(CFA) immunized control rats. In EAE, however, galectin-3 expression was significantly increased at the peak stage(days 14 post-immunization), while it was decreased slightly at the recovery stage(day 21 post-immunization). Immunohistochemical analysis showed that galectin-3 was detected in some macrophages in demyelinating lesions of NOD mice, while galectin-3 was immunoreacted in some inflammatory cells in the perivascular cuffing in rat EAE lesions. Collectively, it is postulated that the expression of galectin-3 is significantly increased in response to neuroimmunological stimulation in the central nervous system, whereas it is weak in normal rats and mice.

한국흑염소 보습코기관의 형태학적 관찰

박창남,양원준,배연지,이용덕,강완철,안미정,신태균,Park, Changnam,Yang, Wonjun,Bae, Yeonji,Lee, Yongduk,Kang, Wanchoul,Ahn, Meejung,Shin, Taekyun 대한수의학회 2013 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.53 No.1

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) plays an important role in reproduction and social activities in ruminants including goats. A morphological study on the structure of VNO and its epithelial cells was carried out in Korean black goats. Grossly, the VNO of Korean goats opens into mouth through incisive ducts. Microscopically, the epithelium of VNO consisted of medial sensory epithelium and lateral non-sensory epithelium. Several blood vessels and nerve bundles were observed in the lamina propria encased by vomeronasal cartilage. Immunohistochemical staining showed that protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 was immunostained in the receptor cells of the sensory epithelium and in some cells of the non-sensory epithelium. Galectin-3 was mainly observed in the supporting cells of sensory and non-sensory epithelium. Lectins including wheat germ agglutinin, Ulex europaeus agglutinin, Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin Isolectin B4, Dolichos biflorus agglutinin and soybean agglutinin used in this study were bound in VNO sensory, non-sensory epithelia as well as in the lamina propria with varying intensity. Collectively, this is a first descriptive morphological study of VNO of Korean black goat with special reference to lectin histochemistry.

Pertussis toxin-induced hyperacute autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats is correlated with increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor alpha

Ahn, Meejung,Kang, Jongchul,Lee, Yongduk,Riu, Keyzung,Kim, Yong-sik,Jee, Youngheun,Matsumoto, Yoh,Shin, Taekyun 제주대학교 방사능이용연구소 2001 연구보고 Vol.15 No.-

자기면역성 뇌척수염(experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, EAE)은 뇌조직항원을 면역한 후 야기되는 염증성 질병으로 사람 다발성결화증의 한 모델로 연구되고 있다. 자기면역성 뇌염의 시작은 뇌조직항원에 반응하는 림프구가 중추신경계에 침윤되면서 마비를 나타내는데 이 과정 중에는 여러 종류의 pro-inflammatory mediator (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)와 inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)등)가 관여하는 것으로 알려지고 있다. 이 연구에서는 염증의 진행 단계에 따라 염증 유도 또는 염증 억제의 상반된 기능을 갖는 것으로 알려진 TNF-α와 iNOS가 심급성 뇌척수염 진행에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 조사하였다. 뇌염을 유도하기 위한 항원으로는 랫트 척수 조직 유제를 complete Freund adjuvant와 혼합하여 뒷 발바닥에 주사하였으며 심한 뇌척수염을 유도하기 위하여 pertussis toxin(500ng/ea)을 면역하는 날 복강내로 주사하고 매일 체중과 마비 정도를 확인하였다. 독소를 주사한 실험군에서는 대조군(11일)에 비해 마비의 시작이 빨랐으며(9일), 대조군은 자연 회복하는 반면 독소룰 주사한 실험군에서는 모두 폐사하였다. 척수 조직 내 TNF-α 와 iNOS의 양적인 변화를 조사하기 위하여 Competitive PCR과 Western blot를 이용하였으며, 세포형을 구분하기 위하여 면역염색을 이용하였다. Competitive PCR결과 TNF-α는 PT를 투여한 자기면역성뇌척수염의 심한 마비기(EAE,G3)에서 PT를 투여하지 않은 대조군보다 약 5배가 증가하였으며(p<0.01), Western blot결과 iNOS는 PT를 투여한 군에서 정상조직에 비해 약 6배가 증가하였고, PT를 투여하지 않은 군에 비해서는 약 3개바 증가하였다(p<0.01). 면역염색결과 PT를 투여하지 않은 랫트보다 투여한 랫트의 척수조직에서 iNOS 양성 세포가 약 15배가 증가하였으며(p<0.01), 또한 연속절편에서 이들 세포가 큰포식세포임을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 자기면역성 뇌척수염의 초기 유도과정에서는 TNF-α와 iNOS는 염증의 약화에 관여됨을 알 수 있었다. The involvement of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which have diverse roles in the progression of autoimmune disease models, was studied in pertussis toxin (PT-induced hyperacute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats. The expression of TNF-α mRNA(increased 5 fold, p<0.01) and iNOS protein (3 fold, p<0.01) was much greater in the spinal cords with PT(+) EAE at the peak stage of EAE than in those with PT(-) EAE, as shown by competitive PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. Immunohistochemistry showed that the majority of EDI-positive macrophages in EAE lesions contained iNOS, and that three were many more iNOS-positive cells in the CNS lesions of PT(+) rats than in those of PT(-) rats. These findings suggest that PT-induced hyperacute EAE is partly mediated by the enhanced expression of iNOS and TNF-α in the early stages of rat EAE.