갈조 곰피(Ecklonia stolonifera Okamura)의 종묘생산과 양성

송홍인,김동삼,홍정표,김영대,김형근 한국양식학회 2007 韓國養殖學會誌 Vol.20 No.1

『우상파괴자』: 정치적 우상화에 대한 밀턴의 비판

송홍한 한국고전중세르네상스영문학회 2013 중세근세영문학 Vol.23 No.2

Eikonoklastes does not merely deal with Milton’s justification of the regicide of the dead king Charles I but the political idolization of any monarch, which leads to a potential threat to the freedom of the people. In this prose, Milton responds to and criticizes Charles’political self-idolization depicted in Eikon Basilike, while he repeats and extends his own theory of popular sovereignty suggested in The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates. In both Eikonoklastes and The Tenure, Milton argues for the people’s rights and freedom, and emphasizes the social contract for the kingship between the king and his people. Milton fears and warns that Charles’ political idolization, though attempted posthumously after the regicide, may lead to a revival of tyrannical monarchy. In Milton’s view, Eikon is a kind of artistic fiction beatifying the dead king’s tyrannical life, providing a forged image of the dead king as a martyr or the second Christ. Though Milton is deeply disappointed at the “inconstant, irrational, and image-doting rabble,” he attempts to persuade them to turn back by reminding them of the dead king’s tyranny and his last political self- idolization. For this purpose, he attempts to destroy Charles’ political idolization cunningly fabricated in Eikon, by pointing out related historical facts one by one. Though Cromwell’s republican government fails by the Restoration, Milton’s republican ideal revives along with the Glorious Revolution in 1688, and still remains in the heart of the English people.

한국 서해안산 큰이랑피조개, Scapharca satowi의 생식주기에 관한 조직학적 연구

송홍인(Hong-In Song),조영록(Young-Rok Jo),박영제(Young-Je Park),박광재(Kwang-Jae Park),최상덕(Sang-Duck Choi),윤호섭(Ho-Seop Yoon),이원교(Won-Kyo Lee),정형택(Hyung-Taek Jung),라성주(Sung-Ju Rha),김도완(Do-Wan Kim),곽은주(Eun-Joo Kwak 한국수산과학회 양식분과 2001 韓國養殖學會誌 Vol.14 No.4

초기 미국문학에 끼친 밀턴의 영향

송홍한 한국고전중세르네상스영문학회 2002 중세근세영문학 Vol.12 No.2

Milton had a great influence upon American literature, especially from the colonial period through the early Republican period, He is sometimes called "the American Milton." His epithet "American" sounds persuasive when we take it into account that his republican ideas had greatly contributed to the development of the American Republic, either directly or indirectly. His influence upon American literature worked in various respects, political, religious, literary and so on. All these influences may well be literary, since all these derive from his literature. In other words, his literary influence is not limited to a literary field only but extended to other fields, political, religious, cultural, educational and so on. This essay is focused upon Milton's influence upon the early American literature, though its results may not be literary. Milton's influence upon American literature goes back to the early colonial period of America. Even before his great poems were published, Americans had already showed interest in his prose works. After the publication of his epics, they became more and more interested in his literature, especially Paradise Lost. Early American writers found their poetic models in Milton's poetry, and found their political ideas in his prose works. During the Revolution his influence was directed toward the political world. Adopting Milton's language and imagery in their political writings became popular just like a fashion. Milton was among representative political leaders for Americans who were struggling for the Revolution. Milton the poet, however, had greater influence upon the emotional respect of the Revolution. Hugh Henry Brackenridge, John Trumbull, Joel Barlow, Timothy Dwight, and Philip Freneau are major representative poets influenced by Milton's literature. These poets are sketched in terms of their dependency upon Milton. Though we may have various arguments about "what makes American literature," the American Milton worked as one influence, as John T. Shawcross admits.

<준비되고 쉬운 길>: 자유공화국을 위한 밀턴의 마지막 제안과 절규

송홍한 한국고전중세르네상스영문학회 2010 중세근세영문학 Vol.20 No.2

Though Milton’s Civil Power and Hirelings (1659) can be understood in the line of his antiprelatical pamphlets written in the 1640, The Readie and Easie Way (1660) focuses on the survival of republicanism and his jeremiad for the English people. Its very topic sounds ironical, though, because it was written right before the restoration of Charles 2. The main purpose of the pamphlet is to suggest a way to establish a free commonwealth and give his final warning against the restoration of monarchy. On the one hand, he provides a balance between grand council and small regional councils, though he seems not to believes its possibility. On the other hand, he wanted to leave his final Jeremiad for the English people. The political system of a free commonwealth proposed by Milton anticipated a modern democratic regime whose power is balanced between federal and local governments. In a modern democratic regime, power is not concentrated on its central government but spread out to its local governments all over the nation. The degree of power balance between cental and local governments indicates how much democratized a nation is. In this sense, Milton’s proposal for a free commonwealth went far ahead of his time. But he did not believe that it could be really fulfilled in contemporary England, but he only wanted to inform the English people that there was once a ready and easy way to establish a free commonwealth. Therefore, his proposal of a federalist free commonwealth is closely related to his jeremiad for the English people who are losing the last chance to establish a free commonwealth. While Milton wrote this tract out of a prophet poet’s duty for his nation, his Jeremiad for the free commonwealth in jeopardy as well as his last proposal of the “readie and easie way” was only a blind poet’s meaningless outcry to the English people.

『끝이 좋으면 다 좋다』: 독자의 인식 문제의 거울

송홍한 한국고전중세르네상스영문학회 2014 중세근세영문학 Vol.24 No.2

As one of Shakespeare's problem plays, All's Well That Ends Well contains complex problems, social as well as personal, and also reflects the audience's or the reader's own problems. Though they are resolved in the end of the play, problems of sin and guilt are not clearly resolved. This play is usually called a problem play, not only because it cannot easily be classified as either a comedy, or a tragedy or a romance, but also because the play deals with social problems that its heroine must overcome. Confronting her problems, Helena, the play's heroine, shows two contradictory characters, both passive and active, conservative and creative. She does not attempt to destroy the traditional social hierarchy in which she can hardly achieve her love for Bertram. She rather uses the social hierarchy in order to pursue her love, when she dares to cure the king's apparently incurable disease. But her very use of the social hierarchy is also active and adventurous. Valuing her right to choose her own life partner against the traditional system of arranged marriage, she decides to lose her virginity to her own liking. She only seeks and uses the best available device to solve her problem, the so-called bed trick, which sparks different responses from the audience or readers. Social problems in the play work as the background for her love, and our concern should be given to how she resolves her problems. As we recognize the problems of Helena's contemporary society through her responses to them, we can face the problems of our own society through our responses to her problems and ways of solutions. The play works as a mirror of our perceptual problems.

돌김류 패각사장체의 냉장보존에 관한 연구

송홍인(Hong In Song),이만상(Man Sang Lee) 원광대학교 생명자원과학연구소 1995 농대논문집 Vol.18 No.-

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왜 밀턴인가? ―자유사상과 심중낙원을 중심으로

송홍한 한국고전중세르네상스영문학회 2009 중세근세영문학 Vol.19 No.1

Why do we study Milton? Every Milton scholar may have his own answer, but freedom and the “paradise within” seem to be the most important values for us modern readers, though we are living in a country and an age different from Milton’s own. While the US under the Bush regime tried to play the role of the world police to protect and extend freedom over the world, its adversary countries have regarded it as a disguise for imperialism. Milton’s poetry is more relevant than ever to our present global conflicts and relations, since such contradictory concepts of freedom can be also found in his literary works. Milton's “paradise within” is also an essential condition for human dignity and happiness. Both freedom and the “paradise within” are balanced and closely related to each other in his poetry. The “paradise within” is not an escapist’s version of freedom, but an internalization of freedom by a virtuous man who has “Deeds to thy knowledge answerable.” History cannot develop without the change of the collective consciousness by individuals. Though Korea Society of Milton & Early Modern Studies has issued about 180 essays on Milton in total 18 volumes (28 books), only 12 essays among them deal with Milton’s prose works. Since freedom has a dominant relevance to us, we need to have concern for his prose works.

『영국 국민을 위한 변호』에 나타난 밀턴의 국민주권론

송홍한 동아대학교 인문과학대학 영어영문학과 2001 동아영어영문학 Vol.17 No.-

Milton's Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio (1651), usually called Defensio Prima, is a latin tract against Defensio Regia (1949) which was supposedly written by Salmasius. In his tract, Salmasius encourages the European kings to campaign against the English Repulic and help restore CharlesⅡ's kingship in England. Milton was selected by the Council of State to argue against Salmasius's tract. In his tract, Milton attacks Salmasiu's "Defense of the King" with "Defense of the English People." In other words, he tries to advocate the right of the people against the kingship. He attacks Salmasius's argument in every detail, matching corresponding prefaces and chapters. Though Milton more often than not vituperates his opponent, his language soars as high as his enhanced idea of liberty for the people. His relentless use of insulting language can be understood and explained away when we take into account the historical context of controversial tracts popular in those days. He swings round and round his pen as if he uses a big sword to fight the royalist enemy. Despite his sublime pursuit of liberty, Milton's argument tends to be practical. When Milton's tract was written, England and the United Provinces of the netherlands were closely related with each other politically as well as religiously. To keep a favorable relation with the netherlands, Milton approaches monarchy as an option under a prerequisite condition that "the soul ruler is the best of men." But he does not forget to add "otherwise monarchy sinks most rapidly into the worst tyranny." With Milton, it is both unacceptable and unreasonable to absolutize the kingship, since "it is we rather who created the king." Milton's theory of the right of the people is also related with his definition of the people. His people is distinguished from the populace which excludes both the nobility and the middle class. By the people he means neither "the dregs of the populace" nor the inherited nobility but the rational citizens who are willing to seek for their inborn liberty and right. Thus, the people's execution of the king to restore their inborn right is "a deed so excellent and so worthy of even the most heroic days of old." While justifying the English people's execution of the tyrant, Milton's Defensio represents a showcase of his sublime idea of the people's right and his prose-epic rhetoric.

밀턴의 『교육론』 : 실용주의적 휴머니즘 A Practical Humanism

송홍한 동아대학교 교육대학원 2001 동아교육논총 Vol.27 No.-

Milton’s Of Education (1644) was published in the same period as his Areopagitioa and divorce tracts were issued. This implies the pamphlet is an attempt to improve personal liberty, but the tract does show a Spartan educational system rather than a democratic won. This apparent contradiction can be explained by the historical context surrounding its publication. Since the tract was written in a revolutionary period, it goes beyond the humanistic educational system for a peaceful period. The ideal educational system put forth by the tract, therefore, is "that which fits a man to perform justly, skilfully and magnanimously all the offices both private and publicke of peace and war." Milton’s educational idea is often compared with that of John Comenius, an educational revolutionary in Milton’s age. Comenius and his supporters exclude literature from their curriculum, while Milton includes it in his curriculum. Thus, as far as his idea of education is concerned, Milton shows a kind of practical humanism.