닫힌사슬운동 형태에 따른 내측광근, 외측광근 및 중둔근의 근활성도 비교

송상협 대한운동학회 2013 아시아 운동학 학술지 Vol.15 No.3

[INTRODUCTION] Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders. However, no consensus on the definition, classification, assessment, diagnosis, or management has been reached. PFPS is a problem among adolescents and young adults, characterised by retropatellar pain (behind the kneecap) or peripatellar pain (around the kneecap) when ascending or descending stairs, squatting or sitting with flexed knees. PFPS is the result of imbalance between the VMO and VL and weaken GM. The purpose of this study was to compare of lower extremity muscle activation during three closed-kinetic-chain (CKC) exercises. [METHOD] Eight healthy adult men were randomly performed to Traditional squat (TS : n=8), Squat with isometric adduction (SIHA : n=8) or Single leg squat (SLS : n=8). The surface electromyography (EMG) activity ratio of VMO and VL and EMG activity of GM was measured during 3 second concentric contraction and 3 second eccentric contraction in 3 CKC exercises. [RESULT] EMG activity ratio of VMO and VL significantly higher in SLS and SIHA exercise than in TS exercise (P=.05). Similarly, greater EMG activity of GM was significantly higher indicated in SLS and SIHA exercises than in TS exercise (P=.05). [CONCLUSION] Squat with isometric hip adduction (SIHA) and single limb squat exercise (SLS) induces greater VMO : VL ratio and muscle activity of GM. It is thought that there is a need to develop training methods to be applied in the field of sports in the future. [서론] 슬개 대퇴 동통 증후군 (PFPS)은 가장 흔한 근골격계 질환 중 하나이지만 이에 대한 정의, 분류, 평가, 진단 또는 관리가 명확하지 않은 상태이다. 슬개 대퇴 동통 증후군은 계단을 올라가고, 내려가거나 무릎을 구부려서 쪼그려서 앉을 때 무릎의 뒤쪽 통증 또는 무릎 주변의 통증과 발생하며 소년과 젊은 성인들 사이에서 나타나는 일반적인 문제입니다. 슬개대퇴 동통 증후군(PFPS)은 내측광근(VMO)과 외측광근(VL)의 불균형 및 약한 중둔근이 대표적인 원인이라고 알려져 있다. 이 연구에서는 3가지의 닫힌사슬(CKC)운동 시 VMO과 VL의 근활성도 비율 및 중둔근의 근활성도를 측정하여 두 가지 측면을 동시에 개선시킬 수 있는 CKC 운동 형태를 제공하는데 목적이 있다. [방법] 연구대상은 건강한 성인남성 8명을 3가지의 CKC 운동, Traditional squat 운동(TS : n=8), Squat with isometric hip adduction 운동(SIHA : n=8) 및 Single limb squat 운동(SLS : n=8)을 무작위 순서로 실시하였다. 3가지의 CKC 운동은 3초간의 concentric 운동과 3초간의 eccentric 운동을 총 3회 실시하여 VMO과 VL의 근활성도 비율 및 중둔근의 근활성도를 비교 분석 하였다. [결과] VMO와 VL의 근활성도는 TS 운동에 비해 SLS 운동과 SIHA 운동에서 근활성도의 비율이 높게 나타났다(P=.05). 중둔근의 근활성도는 TS 운동에 비해 SIHA 운동 및 SLS 운동에서 근활성도가 높게 나타났다(P=.05). [결론] Squat with isometric hip adduction 운동과 Single limb squat 운동이 내측광근과 외측광근의 근활성도 비율을 증가시킬 뿐 아니라 중둔근의 근력을 개선시킬 수 있을 가능성이 있다고 생각된다. 향후에는 스포츠현장에 적용할 트레이닝 방법을 개발할 필요가 있다고 생각된다.

골격근의 신장성 근수축 운동에 따른 휴식시간의 차이가 혈중물질, 근손상 및 근재생 관련 지표에 미치는 영향

송상협 대한운동학회 2013 아시아 운동학 학술지 Vol.15 No.4

[INTRODUCTION] The purpose of this study was to measure changes of rest interval following eccentric muscle contraction exercise on circulating substance, parameters related to damage and regeneration in skeletal muscle. [METHOD] Fifteen healthy men who had not been involved in a resistance-training program at least 6 months prior to the present study were recruited as subjects. All subjects performed maximal eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors with their dominant arm. The exercise consisted of 10 sets of 6 maximal voluntary eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors with 1-min, 3-min and 5-min rest between sets. Circulating substance (leukocytes, neutrophils), Muscle damage index (ROM, VAS, Plasma CK) and muscle regeneration (CD34+) were examined before, immediately after, 1, 2, 3, and 4 days following the exercise. [RESULT] VAS and Plasma CK were significantly decreased in the 3-min and 5-min rest than in the 1-min (p<.05). ROM was significantly faster in the 3-min and 5-min rest than in the 1-min (p<.05). Circulating substance (leukocytes, neutrophils and CD34+ were not significantly different at time course between rest. [CONCLUSION] These results confirmed that difference in rest time affects a muscle damage related index. [서론] 이 연구는 신장성근수축 (Eccentric muscle contraction; ECC)운동 시 휴식시간의 차이가 염증물질, 면역세포, 근육재생관련 지표와 어떠한 관련성이 있는가를 검증하는데 그 목적이 있다. [방법] 연구대상은 최근 6개월간 저항성 운동 프로그램을 실시하지 않은 건강한 일반 성인남자 15명을 선정하였다. 각 피험자는 체성분 검사를 실시하고, 2주후에 팔꿈치 굽힘근(elbow flexors)의 ECC 운동을 세트 사이에 1분, 3분, 5분의 휴식시간을 적용하여 6회 10세트 실시하였다. ECC 운동 및 측정은 혈중 백혈구의 일일 주기의 변화를 최소화하기 위하여 동일한 시간에 실시하였다. 혈중물질(백혈구수, 호중구수), 골격근손상 지표(ROM, VAS, 혈장 CK) 및 골격근 재생지표(CD34+)는 운동전, 운동 직후, 운동 시기의 1일, 2일, 3일, 및 4일 후에 측정하였다. [결과] VAS 및 혈장 CK는 1분 휴식시간에 비해 3분과 5분 휴식시간에서 유의하게 감소하였으며(p<.05), ROM은 1분 휴식시간에 비해 3분과 5분 휴식시간에서 회복이 빠른 것으로 나타났다(p<.05). 염증물질 및 CD34+는 휴식시간에 따른 영향을 미치지 않았다. [결론] 이 연구에서는 ECC 운동 시 휴식시간의 차이는 근육손상 관련지표에 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인하였다.

성인 남성 고혈압 환자에게 적용한 2UP-1DOWN 저항운동 프로그램의 효과 -증례보고-

송상협 대한운동학회 2017 아시아 운동학 학술지 Vol.19 No.1

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this case report was to examine the effects of 2UP-1DOWN Resistance Training Program for Adult with Hypertension. [METHODS] The subject was a 40-year-old male who had diagnosed with hypertension according to medical exam findings in systolic blood pressure 152mmHg and diastolic blood pressure 100mmHg. 2UP-1DOWN exercise program was performed for 60~70 min/day three times a week for 12-week. 1RM, blood pressure, body composition and Lipids and Glucose Index was measures before and after 12 weeks of exercise completion. [RESULTS] 1RM of leg press (11.43%), leg extension ( 18.75%), leg curl (23.08%), chest press (10.53%), arm curl (25%), cable row (14.29%), and calf raise (11.11%) was increased. Blood pressure of systolic BP (10.53%), and diastolic BP (15%) was decreased. Body composition of body weight (3.45%), muscle mass (2.2%), body mass index (3.44%), and body fat (5.33%) was decreased. Lipids of total cholesterol (18.47%), triglyceride (13.82%), and LDL cholesterol(10.11%) was decreased and HDL cholesterol (17.66%) was increased. Glucose index of fasting blood sugar (5.77%), HbA1C (5.66%) was decreased. [CONCLUSIONS] We demonstrated that 2UP-1DOWN resistance training program improves muscle strength, blood pressure, body composition, lipids and glucose index. Therefore, 2UP-1DOWN resistance training is recommended for male with hypertension

스포츠 활동과 심장자율신경계 활동

송상협,이혁종,이호성 대한운동학회 2013 아시아 운동학 학술지 Vol.15 No.2

[INTRODUCTION] The purpose of this paper is to review the function of autonomic nervous system on cardiac rhythm, the relationship between endurance training and cardiac autonomic nervous system, and chronobiologic studies in heart functions. [METHOD] Data collected by keywords that cardiac autonomic nervous system, the evaluation of the cardiac autonomic nervous system activity, cardiac autonomic nervous system activity and endurance training, and chronobiologic studies in heart functions. [RESULT] To evaluate cardiac parasympathetic nervous activity, the time-domain and frequency area is used for the analysis of the chronotropismus, and these analysis are evaluates electric stability in cardiac rhythm. It is generally assumed that heart rate is increased during exercise and is decreased following exercise. These changes are regulated by cardiac autonomic nervous system activity. Recently, it is reported that parasympathetic activity is higher in endurance athletes, and endurance training improves parasympathetic activity and also increases cardiac electric stability in patients such as hypertension, diabetes, and myocardial infarction . Therefore, it is possible that the autonomic nervous system activity reflects body fatigue state and could be an index of athletes conditioning. However, more researches are needed to confirm the detraining effects on these studies in healthy subjects Moreover, reexcitability on the parasympathetic activity may be improved by exercise training. In particular, it is necessary to investigate the relationship between circadian rhythm and exercise. [CONCLUSION] this study confirms that sports activities may closely be related with the autonomic nervous system activity in heart. Further studies for the mechanism of exercise response on cardiac autonomic nervous system activity would be necessary in the future. [서론] 이 연구는 심장자율신경계 활동의 평가와 의의를 알아보고 지구성훈련과의 관련성 및 시간생물학적 연구에 대해 밝히고자 하는데 목적이 있다. [방법] 심장자율신경계, 심장자율신경계 활동의 평가, 심장자율신경계 활동과 지구성 훈련 및 심장자율신경계의 시간생물학적 연구의 주요어를 가진 문헌을 토대로 자료를 정리하였다. [본론] 심장부교감신경계의 활동수준의 평가방법에는 심박변동 해석을 위한 시간영역 해석법과 주파수영역 해석법이 있으며, 이들 해석법은 심장의 전기적 안정성을 평가한다. 심박수는 운동 시에는 증가하고 운동 종료 후에는 감소하는데 이러한 변화에는 심장자율신경계 활동이 관여하고 있다. 지구성 운동선수의 심장부교감신경계 활동은 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 고혈압, 당뇨병 및 심근경색과 같은 유질환자의 지구성훈련은 심장부교감신경계 활동을 개선하고 심장의 전기적 안정성을 높이는 효과가 있다. 따라서 심장자율신경계 활동은 생체의 피로상태를 반영하고 운동선수의 컨디셔닝을 위한 지표로서 유용할 가능성이 있다. 그러나 탈훈련 및 건강한 사람을 대상으로 심장자율신경계 활동의 변화에 대해서는 향후 검토가 필요하다. 심장부교감신경계 활동의 회복응답은 운동훈련에 의해 개선시킬 가능성이 있으며, 특히 운동 종료 후에 하루주기리듬의 차이를 검토할 필요가 있다고 사료된다. [결론] 결론적으로, 이 연구에서는 스포츠 활동과 심장자율신경계 활동과는 밀접한 관련성이 있다는 것을 확인하였으며, 향후에는 운동부하에 따른 반응성 등 추가적 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

피겨스케이팅 훈련이 평형감각조직 및 전정안구반사에 미치는 효과

송상협,박우영 한국운동생리학회(구 한국운동과학회) 2013 운동과학 Vol.22 No.4

이 연구의 목적은 장기간의 피겨스케이팅이 감각조직 및 전정안구 반사에 미치는 영향을 조사하는 것이었다. 평균 연령 16세의 피겨경력이 6년 이상된 피겨선수들을 대상으로 평형감각조직 및 전정안구반사를 분석하였다. 평형감각조직 검사를 위해 동적자세검사기를 사용하였고, 전정안구반 검사를 위해 회전의자 검사를 실시하였다. 연구 결과 감각조직 중 평형성, 평형전략의 경우 피겨선수들의 점수가 높은 것으로 나타났으나 두 집단 간에 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 또한 피겨선수 및 통제군 모두 평형성 유지에 체성감각계를 가장 많이 이용하여 균형을 잡고, 시각계 및 전정계 순으로 이용하는 것으로 나타났다. 전정안구반사 결과 피겨군에서 유의한 이득의 감소를 보였고, 위상차 선행 또한 증가했으며, 대칭에서도 유의한 결과를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 반복적인 특정 피겨 훈련은 선수들의 전정계를 자극시켜 전정안구반사의 가소성을 높이는 것으로 사료된다. In order to determine the effect of figure skating on the functional plasticity of the vestibular system and sensory organ, we quantified sensory organization and vestibular-ocular reflex(VOR) in intensity in 12 female figure skating and 12 matched control subjects. Sensory organization test were conducted by posturography in neuroCom EquiTest and vestibular stimulation consisted of four cycle of sinusodial rotation(.01 Hz, .04 Hz, .16 Hz, .64 Hz, 60 °/s). The results are as follows. Balance score and balance strategy score were higher than control, but were not significantly different. And figure and control group used somatosensory system to balance. During sinusodial stimulations, the skaters` VOR, as compared with that of the controls, demonstrated a significantly lower gain(p<.05), and phase advance(p<.05). Symmetry was significantly lower(p<.05) than in control subjects. Quantitative alterations in VOR parameters observed in figure skaters probably result from vestibular habituation induced by repeated unusual stimulations when practicing figure skating.

푸쉬업 운동의 근수축 속도가 반복횟수, 운동지속시간 및 근활성도에 미치는 영향

송상협,이호성 대한운동학회 2016 아시아 운동학 학술지 Vol.18 No.1

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of muscle contraction speed on number of repetitions, exercise duration and muscle activation during push-up exercise in men. [METHODS] The study employed a randomized, counter-balanced crossover design with two testing sessions that were 3 months apart. Twelve, healthy, male collegiate students were asked to perform two exercises separately, normal-speed push-up (ECC: 1-s, CON: 1-s) and speedy-push-up (maximum speed), until repetition failure of volitional contraction. Outcomes were number of repetitions, exercise duration and muscle activation of the pectoralis major measured through surface electromyography (sEMG) during push-up exercises. The sEMG data were normalized to maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and expressed as a percentage (%MVIC) in both ECC phase and CON phase. [RESULTS] Number of repetitions (t=-5.352, p<.001), exercise duration (t=-5.837, p<.001) and muscle activity (t=-4.525, p=.023) were significantly different between two exercise conditions. [CONCLUSIONS] Normal-speed push-up exercise increased exercise duration and muscular activity while, and speedy push-up exercise increased number of repetitions. Further studies are warranted to elucidate associations between muscle adaptation stimulus and muscle contraction speed.

The Effects of Eccentric Muscle Contraction Program on Walking and Balance Ability of Children with Brain Lesion Disorder

송상협 대한운동학회 2019 아시아 운동학 학술지 Vol.21 No.1

[OBJECTIVES] The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of eccentric muscle contraction program on walking and balance ability of children with brain Lesion disorder. [METHODS] Two children with brain Lesion disorder were participated in this study. The subjects are spasticity, which makes the body too tight or difficult to adjust. The numbness of the limbs or numbness of the muscles of the legs due to involuntary exercise paralysis is frequently changed, and excessive shaking occurs in addition to the intended actions. The intelligence estimated by the Intelligence Test and Visual- Motor Integration Development Test (VMI) is equivalent to Severe Mental Retardation Level (IQ / VMI: less than 35). The test was conducted for 12 weeks and the subjects had eccentric muscle contraction program for 50 minutes a day and twice a week. To assess the walking and balance ability subjects were tested on following items: Walking ability for 6 m forward walk test, 10 m forward walk test, 3 m backward walk test, stair up 4 steps and stair down 4 steps. Balance ability for single leg stand in opened eyes and closed eyes were measured. [RESULTS] In the case of subject A and B, 6 m forward walk test was reduced by 6.2%(A), 3.2%(B) and 10 m forward walk test was reduced by 6.6%(A), 6.2%(B). 3 m backward walk test reduced by 4.2%(A), 1.3%(B) compared to the pre-test. Stair up 4 steps was reduced by 2.9%(A), 4.3%(B) and stair down 4 steps was reduced by 6.7%(A), 3.2%(B) than the pre - test. Single leg stand in opened eyes was increased by 21.6%(A), 24.6%(B) in the right foot and the left foot was increased by 20.2%(A), 35.8%(B). Single leg stand in closed eyes increased by 8.1%(A), 17.5%(B) in the right foot and the left foot was increased by 10.9%(A), 11.1%(B). [CONCLUSIONS] Those result show that the eccentric muscle contraction exercise program had positive influence in the walking and balance ability for children with brain lesion disorder.

Effect of Perceptual Exercise Program on Basic Motor Skills in a Child with Intellectual Disability: Single Subject Research Design

송상협 대한운동학회 2020 아시아 운동학 학술지 Vol.22 No.1

[OBJECTIVES] The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of perceptual exercise program on basic motor skills in a child with intellectual disability. [METHODS] One child with intellectual disability was participated in this study. Perceptual exercise program was performed 60 minutes per session, twice a week for 32 weeks. To evaluate the basic motor skills of the subject pre and post the exercise, subject was measured in six areas of operational skills including throwing, catching, kicking, hitting, bouncing, and rolling; two areas of movement skills including balance beam, walking backward; and two areas of stabilization skills including standing with one leg and escaping. [RESULTS] The subject who participated in this study gained 60% throwing, 60% catching, 80% kicking, 60% hitting, 80% bouncing, and 60% rolling was increased respectively in the operational skills and 80% balance beam, 100% walking backward in the movement skills, and 80% standing with one leg, 100% escaping in the stabilization skills. [CONCLUSIONS] Those results show that perceptual exercise program was positive influence on operational skills, movement skills and stabilization skills in a child with intellectual disability.

Effects of Ankle Muscle Contraction Method on Strength, Flexibility and Balance of Ankle Joint in High School Soccer Player

송상협 대한운동학회 2018 아시아 운동학 학술지 Vol.20 No.1

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ankle muscle contraction method on strength, flexibility and balance of ankle joint in high school football player. METHODS Thirty-six high school soccer male players participated in this study. There were three groups (1) concentric contraction exercise (CON, n = 12), (2) eccentric contraction exercise (ECC, n = 12) and (3) CON + ECC (n = 12). Exercise program consist of plantar flexion, dorsi flexion, and inversion, eversion and these exercise was performed 10 repetition, 2set (CON+ECC=1set), 30°/sec, 60°/sec, 90°/sec, 120°/sec in each group. All subjects performed same volume of exercise condition on a isokinetic exercise. RESULTS First, the muscle strength of the ankle joint was significantly higher after isokinetic exercise program in plantar flexion (p<.05), dorsi flexion (p<.01), inversion (p<,05) and eversion (p<.01). Second, the flexibility of the ankle joint was significantly higher than in plantar flexion (p<.01), dorsi flexion (p<.05), inversion (p<,05) and eversion (p<.01). Third, blance of the ankle joint was higher (p<.05) in the anterior and anterolateral joints compared with the group that performed only the concentricl contraction and the eccentric contraction (P<.05) compared to before the isokinetic exercise program. In the lateral direction, there was a significant difference between groups (p<.01) and between measurement periods (p<.05). In the posterolateral direction, the combination of the concentric contraction and eccentric contractions was higher than the group with only the concentric and eccentric contraction (P <.01). In the posterior direction, there was a significant difference between the groups (p<.01) and the measurement period (p<.05). Significant differences were noted between posteromedial and medial direction (p<.01). CONCLUSIONS These suggest that the combined of concentric and eccentric contraction exercise of ankle joint can improve to greater balance compared with only performing concentric and eccentric contraction exercise.

운동선수의 안정시 및 점증부하운동 중 심전도 양상

주기찬,고성식,변재경,정덕조,송상협 한국운동과학회 2002 운동과학 Vol.11 No.2

주기찬, 고성식, 변재경, 정덕조, 송상협. 운동선수의 안정시 및 점증부하운동 중 심전도 양상. 운동과학, 제11권 제2호, 467-482. 2002. 본 연구는 운동선수의 안정시 심전도의 특성 및 안정시와 점증부하운동 중 심전도 변화 양상이 운동선수 유형에 따라 어떤 차이를 보이는지, 또 심질환자와 구분 지을 수 있는 척도는 무엇인지 밝히고자 시도하였다. 이를 위해 C시소제 C체육고등학교 학생 144명(남 93명, 여 51명)을 대상으로 하여 안정시 심전도를 측정하였고, 이 중 27명(HS-LD 9명, MS-MD 9명, LS-HD 9명)을 무선표집하여 점증부하운동 중 운동단계별 심전도를 측정하여 집단 간 비교하였다. 안정시 심전도는 정상적으로 분석하였으며 운동 중 심전도는 3(운동유형)×5(운동단계)의 혼합설계 이원분산분석으로 검증하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 운동선수의 안정시 심전도는 일반인의 안전시 심전도에 비해 더 많은 이상 파형을 보였다. 둘째, 안정시 심전도에 나타난 파형은 조기 재분극(남 96.7%, 여 98%), 동성서맥(남 81.7%, 여 45.1%), 좌심실비대(남 52.7%, 여 16.0%), 불완전 우각차단(남 37.6%, 여 17.6%), 동성부정맥(남 21.5%, 여11.8%), 1도 방실차단(남 10.8%, 여 4.0%), 좌우심방비대는 각기 남자에서만 2.2%, 심방조기수축, 심방조율, 결절성 조율, 우심설 비대는 남자에서 1.1%, 그리고 심방조율은 여자에서 2.0%의 빈도율을 보였다. 셋째, 운동 중 심전도 반응은 세 집단 모두 정상적인 반응을 보였고 이것은 안정시에 나타난 운동선수의 이상 파형이 병리적인 현상이 아니라는 것을 뒷받침해 줄 수 있었다. 넷째, Sokolow-Lyon 척도는 지구성 유형의 선수가 주축을 이룬 LS-HD 집단에서 가장 높게 나타났고, 근력 유형외 선수가 주축을 이룬 HS-LD 집단에서 가장 낮게 나타났다. 이것은 운동 유형에 따라 다른 형태로 적응된 심실비대가 심전도 상에서 다르게 나타날 수 있음을 시사한다. Joo, K.C., Ko, S.S, Byeon, J.K., Jung, D.J., Song, S.H. The Electrocardiogram at Rest and during Graded Exercise in Athletes. Exercise Science, 11(2): 467-482, 2002. Our Study was performed for the purpose of examinining what the EGG of athletes would be different from that of non-athletes, what the difference in EGG change during exercise would be like among different type of athletes, and what the useful criteria for identifying pathological EGG patterns might be available. We recruited 144 high school athletes in Chongju city. After resting ECGs of 144 students were tested, we randomly selected 9 from each 3 group of athletes, that was HS/LD, MS/MD, LS/HD. For the first purpose, we analysed resting EGG of 144 athlets. 3(athletic type)×5(exercise stage) combined ANOVA was used for the second purpose. The results we obtained from this study were as followings : First, there appeared abnormal resting EGG patterns in athletes. Second, the majority of ECGs occurred were early repolarization(male 96.7%, female 98.0%), sinus bradycardia(male 81.7%, female 45.1%), LVH(male 52.7%, female 16.0%), IRBBB(male 37.6%, female 17.6%), sinus arrhythmia(male 21.5%, female 11.8%). 1st degree AVB was appeared in 10.8% of male and 4,0% of female athletes. Miscellaneous ECGs were RAH/LAH(male 2.2%), PAC(male 1.1%), Atrial rhythm(male 1.1%, female 2.0%), Junctional rhythm(male 1.1%), and RVH(male 1.1%). Third, Showing normal ECG responses in all the 3 groups of athletes during graded exercise, could support that pathological-like abnormal ECG occurred at rest were only due to the physiologic adaptation to the training. Forth, the fact that Sokolow-Lyon criteria was the highest in LS/HD, and lowest in HS/LD indicated ECG would read differently the type of cardiac hypertrophy due to different training stimuli.