Conservation of Biodiversity and Its Ecological Importance of Korean Paddy Field

조영손,이동규,Zhin-Ryong Choe,Min-Soo Han,Kristie Pellerin 한국작물학회 2006 Korean journal of crop science Vol.51 No.7

Biodiversity is closely related to the conservation of ecosystems. Ecosystems provide more subtle, but equally essential, services. Microorganisms decompose human’s waste and renew the soils that produce our food crops. Biodiversity in Korean paddies encompass 54 families and 107 species of freshwater invertebrates. In terms of the number of aquatic insects affected by different sources, the order starting with the highest population was swine slurry > chemical fertilizer > fresh straw with reduced fertilizers > control. The number of freshwater invertebrate and aquatic macro- invertebrate in surface water of the plots without insecticidal application were 2 and 2.1 times greater than in fields receiving insecticide applications, respectively. The soil microfungal flora of the 85 isolates paddy fields in Korea was 30 species in 13 genera and 11 isolates were unidentified yet. Agricultural policy should be changed to assist the conservation of bio-diversity because until now the agricultural ecosystems have been negatively affected from the development of high-yield varieties to enhance food production, and the expansion of fertilizer and chemical use. For the conservation of agricultural ecosystems, agricultural practices with less investment and more resource saving, as well as enhancing the safety of agricultural and livestock products are essential. Finally, this paper was written for the contribution for the development of environmentally friendly farming systems with neighboring or whole ecosystems. Biodiversity is closely related to the conservation of ecosystems. Ecosystems provide more subtle, but equally essential, services. Microorganisms decompose human’s waste and renew the soils that produce our food crops. Biodiversity in Korean paddies encompass 54 families and 107 species of freshwater invertebrates. In terms of the number of aquatic insects affected by different sources, the order starting with the highest population was swine slurry > chemical fertilizer > fresh straw with reduced fertilizers > control. The number of freshwater invertebrate and aquatic macro- invertebrate in surface water of the plots without insecticidal application were 2 and 2.1 times greater than in fields receiving insecticide applications, respectively. The soil microfungal flora of the 85 isolates paddy fields in Korea was 30 species in 13 genera and 11 isolates were unidentified yet. Agricultural policy should be changed to assist the conservation of bio-diversity because until now the agricultural ecosystems have been negatively affected from the development of high-yield varieties to enhance food production, and the expansion of fertilizer and chemical use. For the conservation of agricultural ecosystems, agricultural practices with less investment and more resource saving, as well as enhancing the safety of agricultural and livestock products are essential. Finally, this paper was written for the contribution for the development of environmentally friendly farming systems with neighboring or whole ecosystems.

일본 벼 품종의 Allelopathy 탐색과 전망

조영손,松尾光弘,최진룡,송문태 한국국제농업개발학회 2000 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.12 No.1

Effects of Long-Term Application of Rice Compost on Rice Yields andMacronutrients in Paddy Soil

조영손,박창영,박기도,전원태,Sung-Tae Park,Ui-Gum Kang,Jae-Seng Lee 한국작물학회 2006 Korean journal of crop science Vol.51 No.3

A long-term experiment was carried out to examine the effects of compost on the long-term trends and synergy effects with chemical fertilizer and saving the chemical fertilizers of paddy cropping. The experiment was conducted for the past 36 years with constant amounts of N, P, K and compost in a paddy field at Milyang, South Korea. Grain yield was significantly increased in the plots with compost application. Twenty five years after the compost treatment, grain yield was significantly increased and it reached almost 90% of NPK plots. The effect of rice straw compost on grain yield was not clear during the early cropping years about 60%, but it slightly increased there after about 95% during the late five years. In compost plots, soil organic matter content, K and SiO2 was greater in the compost applied plots than with application of recommended doses of NPK. However, soil pH was reduced in compost applied plots and Ca, and Mg were remained unchanged when compared to the application of recommended doses NPK. Soil nutrient contents were less in compost applied plots than with the application of recommended doses of NPK along with compost but was found to be increased than that of un-fertilized plots. The present study indicated that the application of rice straw compost with NPK is the best of all and followed by NPK and Compost. However, treatment of Compost is time consuming and hard working desired and eventually non economical practice in mechanized agricultural systems, even though Compost is very useful source of improving the soil fertility and its physical characteristics and also the application of inorganic N and P are essential for sustaining high yield.

콩 생육초기 습해경감을 위한 최적 수분관리법 개발

조영손,박호기,김석동,김욱한,이재은,이충근,신진철,안태현,권영업 한국작물학회 2006 한국작물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2006 No.-

연구보문 : 자연과학 ; 옥수수 생육초기 수분 stress 처리에 따른 교잡종들의 생육특성 비교

조영손 ( Young Son Cho ),이병진 ( Byeong Jin Lee ),손다니엘 ( Daniel Son ),( Rashid Ismael Hag Ibrahim ),손범영 ( Beom Young Son ) 한국국제농업개발학회 2012 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.24 No.3

A pot experiment was conducted in a phytotron to evaluate and select wet-resistant silage corn from 111 corn hybrids (CHs) under simulated heavy rain falls (80 mm for the 1st day and 50 mm from the 2nd till 11th day at 21±3oC) started at the 3rd leaf stage or 28 days after seeding. Growth related characteristics including dry weight of shoot, root, and leaf blade as well as leaf area, plant weight balance, and culm diameter were evaluated. Corn hybrid (CH) no.62 showed the tallest plant height and no.96 was the shortest. CH no.96 expressed the highest weight balance and no. 88 was the lowest. CH no. 59 gave the highest dry weight of shoot and no. 25 was the lightest. CH no.91 measured the thickest culm diameter at the basal 10 cm but no.24 was the thinnest. Dry weight of the basal 10 cm from culm was heaviest in no. 42 and lightest in no.25. Dry weight of root was highest in no.113 and lowest in no. 16. Dry weight of leaf area was heaviest in no.85 but lightest in no. 25. Analysis of coefficient of correlation positively connected culm diameter, plant height, and root weight to leaf area as well as culm diameter and plant height to root weight, while plant height and weight balance were negatively correlated. Weight balance to culm diameter or leaf area and culm diameter to root weight was not related.

포장에서 교잡종 옥수수의 도복과 수분스트레스간의 관계

조영손 ( Young Son Cho ),이병진 ( Byeong Jin Lee ),손다니엘 ( Daniel Son ),윤영환 ( Young Hwan Yoon ),양원하 ( Won Ha Yang ),서종호 ( Jong Ho Seo ),김충국 ( Chung Kook Kim ),손범영 ( Beom Young Son ) 한국국제농업개발학회 2011 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.23 No.4

Under field conditions, 22 corn hybrids(CHs) were tested for several characteristics related to lodging resistance and excessive water stress, such as pushing resistance on 1.0 and 1.5 m hights of the corns and breaking point. The 22 corn CHs were selected because they showed strongest pushing resistance and breaking resistance of culm as well as the highest thickness of basal culm, leaf greenness, leaf area, and plant height based on two pre-pot experiments performed in phytotron. To make excess water condition, water irrigation was done at 1) 20-d after seeding, 2) 5th leaf stage, 3) tasseling stage, and 4) silking stage with 100 mm/day for 5 days. Lodging-related characteristics were measured: culm diameter, root dry weight, weight balance of above-ground plant, breaking resistance, and breaking height in field experiment. Among all the characteristics tested, we explained in the two critical points for lodging resistance: 1) breaking resistance and breaking point, 2) culm diameter with breaking resistance and breaking point, and they were further evaluated for the relationships with the 1.0 and 1.5m height of above-ground plant. In the corn hybrids, there was a positive correlation between breaking resistant and weight balance of corn at the silking stage water treatment at 1.0 and 1.5-m height. And breaking resistant and culm diameter had a positive relationship at the 20-d water treatment at both measuring height. In conclusion, selection for lodging resistant hybrids or germplasms to excess soilwater should be made at the 5th leaf stage water treatment, and basal culm thickness should be considered to evaluate the resistance of the corn hybrid plants to lodging.

앵미의 온도와 파종깊이 및 토양수분에 따른 발아와 유묘생육의 특성규명

조영손 韓國作物學會 2013 한국작물학회지 Vol.58 No.3

앵미의 온도와 파종깊이 및 토양수분에 따른 발아와 유묘생육의 특성을 규명하기 위하여 앵미 2종과 대안벼를 공시하여 시험한 결과는 다음과 같다.1. 저온조건에서 발아시험 결과 앵미가 대안벼보다 발아율이 높았고 발아속도도 빨랐으며 종자세가 우수하였다.2. 저온조건에서는 수분함량이 많을수록 발아율이 높았고, 중온조건에서는 토양수분 45% 조건에서 발아율이가장 높았다.3. 영천앵미의 발아 특성은 파종심도 6 cm 처리구에서는저온과 중온에서는 발아를 하지 않았으나 고온에서는 발아를 하였다. 4. 합천앵미와 영천앵미의 발아 특성중 영천앵미가 합천앵미보다 발아율 및 종자세가 우수한 것으로 나타났다.발아를 하였다. Red rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important weeds in most of rice cultivating area. Seed germination related experiments were done to evaluate germination percentage, emerging speed, and initial growth by seeding depth and soil moisture level. The four experiments, 1) temperature, 2) seeding depth, 3) soil moisture level, and 4) seeding position, were done with combination each other on phytotron for germination and seedling growth related experiments of redrice. The treatments levels were: 1) Temperatures were 20/15(Low), 25/20 (Mid.), 30/25℃ (High), (day/night), 2) seeding depths were 0, 3, 6 cm, 3) soil moisture levels were 25, 35, 45, 55, 65% (VWC, %), and seeding position were furrow, ridge, ridge-top. The germination percentage and germination speed of red rice were higher and faster than Daeanbyeo in low temperature. Yoeongcheon redrice of seed germination percentage and seedling length was more vigor than Hapcheon red rice. Red rice was not germinated on 6 cm seeding depth until 11 days after seeding except high temperature treatment. Germination percentage increased with increasing soil water percentage in low temperature, however it was greatest in 45% in high soil moisture level between 25% to 65% in low temperature. Seed germination percentage and seedling length were not significantly different among the soil water level in mid- and high temperature levels. In conclusion, red rice could germinate in top soil (<6 cm) in mid- and high temperature range, so we might be control red rice by spraying herbicide after germination of red rice combined with delayed rotary cultivation.

콩의 색차와 종자크기에 따른 종실의 isoflavone 함량변이

조영손,송진,구본철,서종호,김석동,최인수,신진철,양원하,하태정 한국작물학회 2007 한국작물학회지 Vol.52 No.4

Isoflavone concentration(daidzein, glycitein, and genistein) of soybean(Taekwangkong and Sowonkong) were analyzed for studying the relationship between seed size and isoflavone concentration and seed coat color and isoflavone concentration. The isoflavone concentration was the greatest in daidzein then followed by genistein, however glycitein was the smallist of all. The isoflavone concentration was increased with the increasing of the ripening degree and seed size.

보리 대용차 소재 개발을 위한 식이유황(MSM) 시용방법에 따른 생육 및 수량특성

조영손,채세은,오승가,심두보,전승호 한국차학회 2022 한국차학회지 Vol.28 No.3

본 연구는 국산 보리의 대용차 저변확대를 위해 보리 재배시 식이유황 시용 방법에 따른 보리의 생육 및수량특성을 알아봄으로써, 보리차의 생산성 향상 및 품질 특성을 위한 기술개발의 기초자료로 활용하고자 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 식이유황 추비전인 분얼기 생육특성 조사에서는 기비한 처리구에서 초장, 엽색도, Fv/Fm 값이 높게 나타났으며, 추비 시용 횟수에 따른 수확기 생육특성 조사에서는 추비 횟수가 가장 많았던 기비+추비3회 처리구에서 간장과, 분얼수가 74.9 cm, 5.60으로 무처리구 대비 가장 길고 많았다. 또한, 식이유황 처리방법에 따른 보리 수량구성요소 및 수량에서도 추비 시용 횟수가 가장 많았던 기비+추비3회 처리구에서 이삭수가 448개로 가장 많았으며, 가장 적은 무처리구 대비 28.0% 더 많았다. 이에 수량에서도 이삭수가 가장 많고, 추비 횟수가 가장 많았던 기비+추비3회 처리구에서 254 kg/10a로 가장 많았고, 수량이 가장 적은 무처리구 대비16.5% 증수로 식이유황 처리방법에서 가장 높은 수량성을 보였다. 따라서, 대용차 소재인 보리 재배시 기비+추비3회 처리 할 경우 수량 증대에 유리할 것으로 사료된다.

미국 자포니카 벼 재배 방법과 현황

조영손 한국국제농업개발학회 2005 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.17 No.1

1. California에서 벼 재배 가용면적은 약 250,000ha로 추정되고 대체로 180,000-200,000ha 정도를 매년 재배하고 있으며, 매년 쌀 소비량도 증가 하는 추세에 있다. 매년 쌀 가격에 따라서 재배면적이 20,000-40,000ha정도 차이를 보이고 있다. 2. 미국 내에서 Californiaqu 생산량은 약 20%를 차지하고 ha당 9톤이상을 생산하고 있는데 이는 미국 내에서 가장 높은 수랑이며. 주요 재배 품종은 중립종인 M-202가 45%, M-205가 14%, M-104가 13%정도 재배되고 있는데 대부분이 Japonica형인 중립종이 대부분을 차지하고 있다. 3.논토양은 점토함량이 50% 이상 되는 식질 토양에 벼를 재배하는 것이 일반적인데, 경운 및 정지비용이 투입비용 전체의 절반이상을 차지할 만큼 경운은 중요하고 필수적인 부분이다. 4. 벼재배는 100% 직파재배에 의존하는데, 그중에서 담수직파 면적이 대부분을 차지하고 있다. 과다한 물 소비량과 Clay-fish와 Tadpole shrimp의 가해와 앵미의 출현이 또 하나의 문제로 대두되고 있으며, 잡초방제를 위해서 2-3회에 걸쳐 살포하는 제초제와 병해충 방제를 위하여 살포하는 농약등은 하천이나 강물등을 오염시키는 등의 2차적인 심각한 문제점들이 대두되고 있다. 이에 필자는 한국에서는 친환경 벼 재배법 개발이 절실히 요망된다는 점을 강조한다. Rice in U.S. is produced in three principal areas: the Grand Prairie and Mississippi River Delta; the Gulf Coast of Florida; and the Sacramento Valley of California. In California, where the rain-free environment and high latitude provided maximum solar radiation and low disease pressure, farm yields average 9,220 ㎏/ha. Water seeding with pregerminated seed is the primary seeding method in California. The grower purchases the majority of the irrigation water and it cost is $130/ha/year. For field preparation, farmers begin to prepare fields are carefully with precision, laser-guided grading equipment. Flat fields allow rice farmers to conserve water. For fertilization, Aqua ammonia is applied preplant with aqua fertilization injector and at the same time, a "Starter" fertilizer, ammonium phosphate (16-20-00) is applied by air and incorporated with the aqua rig or roller. In most recently, emerging of weedy rice is new problem and seedling damage of cray-fish and tadpole shrimp is very serious problem. Most rice farming systems are herbicide dependent rice cropping system.