Are Poverty and Illiteracy to Blame for Forests Degradation? A Case Study of Mbeya Range Forest Reserve. Mbeya-Tanzania

Issakwisa Bernard Ngondya,Rashid Ismael Hag Ibrahim,Gab-Chul Choo 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2011 Journal of Forest Science Vol.27 No.2

In this study, a total of 350 households contained 700 individuals in Iganzo village were surveyed to study their literate and poverty levels and their impacts to conservation of the Mbeya Range Forest Reserve. The study included 350 women and 350 men. The majority of respondents were between the ages of 31-40 years old (53%), while the rest were between 41-50 years old (25%) and 21-30 years old (22%). The total income per day per household was calculated and averaged to 4,570 Tanzanian shillings that is equal to about 3 U.S. dollars. The average number of members per household was seven. It was reported that, there is a tremendous decrease in biodiversity composition of the reserve mainly due to poverty (80%) and ignorance (76%) of the people on the importance of the reserve. Other causes for this decrease were reported to be grazing of livestock in the reserve (23%), poor farming systems (68%), which resulted in soil erosion, encroachment (64%) through expansion of farms towards the reserve boundary and charcoal burning (34%). Respondents from Mbeya Urban Water Supply Authority and District Forest Office mentioned lack of funds (49%) and lack of experts (56%) as challenges that face the conservation of the reserve. It was revealed that 25% of respondents had never gone to school, 53% had primary level of education as their highest level of education, 20% had secondary education and 2% had first degree. The null hypothesis that poverty and illiteracy have a positive correlation to forest degradation was accepted based on these findings at a probability of p >0.85. Thus, it was concluded that poverty and illiteracy among Iganzo village residents are the main causes for the degradation of biodiversity in Mbeya Range Forest Reserve.

Are Poverty and Illiteracy to Blame for Forests Degradation? A Case Study of Mbeya Range Forest Reserve. Mbeya-Tanzania

Ngondya, Issakwisa Bernard,Ibrahim, Rashid Ismael Hag,Choo, Gab-Chul Institute of Forest Science 2011 Journal of Forest Science Vol.27 No.2

In this study, a total of 350 households contained 700 individuals in Iganzo village were surveyed to study their literate and poverty levels and their impacts to conservation of the Mbeya Range Forest Reserve. The study included 350 women and 350 men. The majority of respondents were between the ages of 31-40 years old (53%), while the rest were between 41-50 years old (25%) and 21-30 years old (22%). The total income per day per household was calculated and averaged to 4,570 Tanzanian shillings that is equal to about 3 U.S. dollars. The average number of members per household was seven. It was reported that, there is a tremendous decrease in biodiversity composition of the reserve mainly due to poverty (80%) and ignorance (76%) of the people on the importance of the reserve. Other causes for this decrease were reported to be grazing of livestock in the reserve (23%), poor farming systems (68%), which resulted in soil erosion, encroachment (64%) through expansion of farms towards the reserve boundary and charcoal burning (34%). Respondents from Mbeya Urban Water Supply Authority and District Forest Office mentioned lack of funds (49%) and lack of experts (56%) as challenges that face the conservation of the reserve. It was revealed that 25% of respondents had never gone to school, 53% had primary level of education as their highest level of education, 20% had secondary education and 2% had first degree. The null hypothesis that poverty and illiteracy have a positive correlation to forest degradation was accepted based on these findings at a probability of p>0.85. Thus, it was concluded that poverty and illiteracy among Iganzo village residents are the main causes for the degradation of biodiversity in Mbeya Range Forest Reserve.

Life on Leaves: Which Type of Domatia in Cornus Species is Most Preferred by Foliar Mites?

Issakwisa Bernard Ngondya,김봉규,Rashid Ismael Hag Ibrahim 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2011 농업생명과학연구 Vol.45 No.3

In this study three types of domatia; Tuft (T), Pocket-Tuft (PT) and Pocket (P) were observed on some species of the genus Cornus. Cornus officinalis Sieb & Zuee and C. florida Linnaeus possess T type, C. controversa Hemsl and C. walteri Wangerin possess PT type while C. alba Linnaeus possess P type. A total of 120 leaves were investigated for foliar mite’s population. T type domatia was the habitat of 329 mites (48.89%), followed by PT type where 198 mites (29.41%) were found, and the least favored was the P type domatia that accommodated 146 mites (21.70%) out of 673 mites in total. The mean number of mites per domatia was 8(±0.22), 4(±0.95) and 3(±0.70) for T, PT and P type, respectively. The alternative hypothesis that foliar mites prefer T type domatia as a habitat than PT and P type domatia was accepted based on these findings at a probability of P>0.05. Thus, it was concluded that foliar mites prefer T type domatia than the other two types. This could be due to the nature and efficiency of T type domatia in ensuring mites protection from predators and unfriendly environmental conditions. Therefore, the presence of denser tufts lowers the risks of predation and unfriendly environmental conditions and results in a higher number of mites.

Phylogeny of the selected members of family Cornaceae as inferred from PCR-RFLP analysis of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS)

Issakwisa Bernard Ngondya,추갑철,RASHID ISMAEL HAG IBRAHIM 한국산림과학회 2013 Forest Science And Technology Vol.9 No.1

PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis of cpDNA and PCR-RFLP of rDNA were performed to assess the phylogenetic relationship in seven species of the family Cornaceae. Four pairs of primers, trnD/trnT, trnH/trnK, psaA/trnS and rbcL/ORF106, and one restriction enzyme (HinfI) were used for RFLP-PCR of cpDNA, and two primer pairs ITS5/ITS2 and ITS3/ITS4 with one restriction enzyme (HhaI) were used for ITS1 and ITS2 regions of rDNA, successively. Restriction products produced by trnH/trnK-HinfI and psaA/trnS-HinfI for cpDNA and ITS5/ITS2-HhaI and ITS3/ITS4-HhaI for rDNA, generated very informative bands from all of the seven species studied. A total of 147 scores were recorded and used in PHYLIP (phylogeny inference package) to generate a combined phylogenetic tree. The family was divided into two clades: the Aucuba clade and the cornaceous clade. The cornaceous clade further divided into two subclades: the previously suggested blue- or white-fruited dogwoods (C. walteri and C. macrophylla) and the Cornelian cherries (C. officinalis), and the big-bracted dogwoods (C. kousa and C. florida). The opposite-leaved blue- or white-fruited dogwoods were found to be close sisters to the alternate-leaved blue- or white-fruited dogwoods and all sisters to the Cornelian cherries. C. kousa and C. florida were found to be close sisters under big-bracted dogwoods. Based on the topology portrayed by the phylogenetic tree obtained, it is possible to conclude that big-bracted dogwoods are the most primitive member followed by the intermediates – the cornelian cherries, and the blue- or white-fruited dogwoods are the most advanced members, while the Aucuba clade is the most primitive in the family.

Effects of Dietary Fermented Persimmon Diet on the Meat Quality of Fattening Pigs

추교문,강석남,남정만,김휘연,하지희,RASHID ISMAEL HAG IBRAHIM,박재홍,김일석,송영민 한국축산식품학회 2012 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.32 No.5

The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of fermented persimmon diet on the meat quality of fattening pigs. Pigs (75 kg) were grouped and housed as 15 animals per pen and 3 replications per treatment. The basal diet (C) was substituted with 3% (T1), 5% (T2) and 10% (T3) of fermented diet. The 180 pigs were fed experimental diet for 42 d and 10 longissimus dorsi (LD) per treatment were collected when each swine reached 105.6 kg of body weight. The crude fat concentration of LD was lower (p<0.05) in treatments, but the pH value of T3 and the shear force values of T2 and T3 were higher (p<0.05)than those of C. The CIE L *value (lightness) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T2 and T3 than C, but the CIE b* (yellowness)of T2 and T3 was significantly (p<0.05) lower than C. The composition of myristic acid and oleic acid was significantly (p<0.05) higher in treatments than in C, while the composition of palmitic acid and stearic acid of treatments were significantly (p<0.05) lower than C in LD. Sensory evaluation of cooked meat as scores of aroma, taste, juiciness and overall acceptability showed higher (p<0.05) in treatments than in C. In conclusion, the dietary of fermented persimmon diet decreased the crude fat concentration, improved the fatty acids composition (increased composition of unsaturated fatty acid and decreased composition of saturated fatty acid) and improved the sensory evaluation of pork meat from fattening pigs.

Genetic diversity in six natural populations of Taxus cuspidata from Baekdu trail and Jeju Island in South Korea analyzed by RAPD-DNA markers

추갑철,안종빈,박정근,Issakwisa Bernard Ngondya,RASHID ISMAEL HAG IBRAHIM,신승호 한국산림과학회 2012 Forest Science And Technology Vol.8 No.4

RAPD markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity among six populations of Taxus cuspidata collected from natural forests along the Baekdu trail in South Korea. Six of 10-mer primers were selected based on primary screening from group OPA01–OPA20 as single primers for PCR amplification. The primers OPA11 and OPA16 gave the fewest and the highest number of bands, respectively. A total of 93 bands were scored and 44(47.31%) were polymorphic with polymorphism level ranging from 42.86% to 52.94% depending on the individual’s origin and a mean of 48.11%. Shannon’s information indices ranged from 0.368 (Deog yu Mt) to 1.342 (Jiri Mt), while the genetic diversity ranged from 70.141 (Deog yu Mt) to 0.328 (Jiri Mt and So baek Mt). Nei’s genetic distance (D) varied from 0.182 (Ga chil Mt/Deog yu Mt) to 1.099 (Ga chil Mt/Tae baek Mt and So baek Mt/Tae baek Mt), which suggested a high level of genetic differentiation among pairs of populations. A dendogram revealed that the six populations were separated into two clusters. One cluster included two of the northern populations (So baek Mt and Ga chil Mt), one of the southern population (Deog yu Mt), and the other cluster included two of the southern populations (Jiri Mt and Halla Mt) and one from northern areas of South Korea (Tae baek Mt).

Life on Leaves: Which Type of Domatia in Cornus Species is Most Preferred by Foliar Mites?

Issakwisa Bernard Ngondya,Bong-Gyu Kim,Rashid Ismael Hag Ibrahim 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2011 농업생명과학연구 Vol.45 No.3

In this study three types of domatia; Tuft (T), Pocket-Tuft (PT) and Pocket (P) were observed on some species of the genus Cornus. Cornus officinalis Sieb & Zuee and C. florida Linnaeus possess T type, C. controversa Hemsl and C. walteri Wangerin possess PT type while C. alba Linnaeus possess P type. A total of 120 leaves were investigated for foliar mite’s population. T type domatia was the habitat of 329 mites (48.89%), followed by PT type where 198 mites (29.41%) were found, and the least favored was the P type domatia that accommodated 146 mites (21.70%) out of 673 mites in total. The mean number of mites per domatia was 8(±0.22), 4(±0.95) and 3(±0.70) for T, PT and P type, respectively. The alternative hypothesis that foliar mites prefer T type domatia as a habitat than PT and P type domatia was accepted based on these findings at a probability of P<0.05. Thus, it was concluded that foliar mites prefer T type domatia than the other two types. This could be due to the nature and efficiency of T type domatia in ensuring mites protection from predators and unfriendly environmental conditions. Therefore, the presence of denser tufts lowers the risks of predation and unfriendly environmental conditions and results in a higher number of mites.

연구보문 : 자연과학 ; 옥수수 생육초기 수분 stress 처리에 따른 교잡종들의 생육특성 비교

조영손 ( Young Son Cho ),이병진 ( Byeong Jin Lee ),손다니엘 ( Daniel Son ),( Rashid Ismael Hag Ibrahim ),손범영 ( Beom Young Son ) 한국국제농업개발학회 2012 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.24 No.3

A pot experiment was conducted in a phytotron to evaluate and select wet-resistant silage corn from 111 corn hybrids (CHs) under simulated heavy rain falls (80 mm for the 1st day and 50 mm from the 2nd till 11th day at 21±3oC) started at the 3rd leaf stage or 28 days after seeding. Growth related characteristics including dry weight of shoot, root, and leaf blade as well as leaf area, plant weight balance, and culm diameter were evaluated. Corn hybrid (CH) no.62 showed the tallest plant height and no.96 was the shortest. CH no.96 expressed the highest weight balance and no. 88 was the lowest. CH no. 59 gave the highest dry weight of shoot and no. 25 was the lightest. CH no.91 measured the thickest culm diameter at the basal 10 cm but no.24 was the thinnest. Dry weight of the basal 10 cm from culm was heaviest in no. 42 and lightest in no.25. Dry weight of root was highest in no.113 and lowest in no. 16. Dry weight of leaf area was heaviest in no.85 but lightest in no. 25. Analysis of coefficient of correlation positively connected culm diameter, plant height, and root weight to leaf area as well as culm diameter and plant height to root weight, while plant height and weight balance were negatively correlated. Weight balance to culm diameter or leaf area and culm diameter to root weight was not related.

Selection and Relationships between Growth Characteristics of Silage Corn after Excess Water Treatment in Early Growth Stage

Young-Son Cho,Byeong-Jin Lee,Daniel Son,Rashid Ismael Hag Ibrahim,Beom-Young Son 한국국제농업개발학회 2012 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.24 No.3

옥수수 교잡종 111종의 습해저항성과 생육특성을 규명하기 위하여 인공기상동에서 3엽기에 인공강우 조건(1일차 80 mm, 이후 50 mm, 온도 21±3oC) 에서 본 시험을 수행하였다. 조사항목은 생육특성으로서 지상부, 뿌리, 엽신의 건물중을 조사하였으며 식물체의 중심고, 간직경을 측정 하였다. 교잡종 중에서 62번이 간장이 가장 길었으며 96번이 가장 짧았다. 무게중심고는 96번이 가장 컸으며 88번이 가장 짧았다. 건물중은 59번이 가장 무거웠으며 25번이 가장 낮았다. 간직경은 91번이 가장 두꺼웠으며 24번이 가장 가늘었다. 엽신건물중은 42번이 가장 컸고 25번이 가장 낮았다. 뿌리 건물중은 16번이 가장 높았고 24번이 가장 낮았다. 엽신건물중은 85번이 가장 높았고 25번이 가장 낮았다. 각 항목별 상관을 구한결과 간직경, 초장, 뿌리건물중은 엽신건물중과 정상관을 나타냈고 간직경과 초장은 뿌리건물중과 정상관을 보였으나 초장과 무게중심고는 부의 상관을 보였다. 무게중심고와 간직경 또는 간직경은 뿌리건물중과 상관을 보이지 않았다. A pot experiment was conducted in a phytotron to evaluate and select wet-resistant silage corn from 111 corn hybrids (CHs) under simulated heavy rain falls (80 mm for the 1st day and 50 mm from the 2nd till 11th day at 21±3oC) started at the 3rd leaf stage or 28 days after seeding. Growth related characteristics including dry weight of shoot, root, and leaf blade as well as leaf area, plant weight balance, and culm diameter were evaluated. Corn hybrid (CH) no.62 showed the tallest plant height and no.96 was the shortest. CH no.96 expressed the highest weight balance and no. 88 was the lowest. CH no. 59 gave the highest dry weight of shoot and no. 25 was the lightest. CH no.91 measured the thickest culm diameter at the basal 10 cm but no.24 was the thinnest. Dry weight of the basal 10 cm from culm was heaviest in no. 42 and lightest in no.25. Dry weight of root was highest in no.113 and lowest in no. 16. Dry weight of leaf area was heaviest in no.85 but lightest in no. 25. Analysis of coefficient of correlation positively connected culm diameter, plant height, and root weight to leaf area as well as culm diameter and plant height to root weight, while plant height and weight balance were negatively correlated. Weight balance to culm diameter or leaf area and culm diameter to root weight was not related.

Effects of Dietary Fermented Persimmon Diet on the Meat Quality of Fattening Pigs

Chu, Gyo-Moon,Kang, Suk-Nam,Nam, Jung-Man,Kim, Hoi-Yun,Ha, Ji-Hee,Ibrahim, Rashid Ismael Hag,Park, Jae-Hong,Kim, Il-Suk,Song, Young-Min Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resource 2012 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.32 No.5

The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of fermented persimmon diet on the meat quality of fattening pigs. Pigs (75 kg) were grouped and housed as 15 animals per pen and 3 replications per treatment. The basal diet (C) was substituted with 3% (T1), 5% (T2) and 10% (T3) of fermented diet. The 180 pigs were fed experimental diet for 42 d and 10 longissimus dorsi (LD) per treatment were collected when each swine reached 105.6 kg of body weight. The crude fat concentration of LD was lower (p<0.05) in treatments, but the pH value of T3 and the shear force values of T2 and T3 were higher (p<0.05) than those of C. The CIE $L^*$ value (lightness) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T2 and T3 than C, but the CIE $b^*$ (yellowness) of T2 and T3 was significantly (p<0.05) lower than C. The composition of myristic acid and oleic acid was significantly (p<0.05) higher in treatments than in C, while the composition of palmitic acid and stearic acid of treatments were significantly (p<0.05) lower than C in LD. Sensory evaluation of cooked meat as scores of aroma, taste, juiciness and overall acceptability showed higher (p<0.05) in treatments than in C. In conclusion, the dietary of fermented persimmon diet decreased the crude fat concentration, improved the fatty acids composition (increased composition of unsaturated fatty acid and decreased composition of saturated fatty acid) and improved the sensory evaluation of pork meat from fattening pigs.