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Effects of cuticular waxes on permeation of fungicides azoxystrobin and chlorothalonil into apples
황정인,석다롱,김장억 한국응용생명화학회 2019 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.62 No.3
Time-dependent permeation characteristics of two fungicides azoxystrobin and chlorothalonil into apples were investigated in the presence and absence of the cuticular waxes. Either apple samples which were subjected to waxremoving treatment or not (raw) were individually submerged in each dilution solution of the tested fungicides for a short time, and some of each submerged sample were then washed in running tap water. All apple samples were incubated under controlled conditions and collected sequentially after 1, 24, and 48 h. The collected apple samples were divided into four tissue parts before fungicide residue analysis: peel, pulp-1, pulp-2, and pulp-3. Most residues of azoxystrobin (70.7‒86.4%) in apples were present in the peel, and the residual extents in the pulps increased by removal of cuticular waxes. By washing treatment, 52.3–69.2% of azoxystrobin residues in raw apples were removed. Meanwhile, all chlorothalonil residues were determined in the peel of apples, and their concentrations slightly increased by wax removal. However, significant chlorothalonil residues (84.5–91.1%) were removed by washing the apple surface. Results in this study may be extensively utilized as basic data to understand characteristics of cuticular permeation and translocation of fungicides applied on fruit crops.
국내 유통 약용식물 중 잔류농약 모니터링 및 위해성 평가
안지운,김장억,전영환,황정인,김정민,석다롱,이은향,이성은,정덕화 한국식품위생안전성학회 2013 한국식품위생안전성학회지 Vol.28 No.1
약용식물 중 잔류농약의 안전성을 평가하고자 2012년전국 9개 도시에서 유통되고 있는 인삼과 도라지에 대하여전체 112점의 시료를 수거하여 잔류농약을 분석하였다. 122종의 농약에 대해 GC-ECD, GC-NPD 및 HPLC-UVD를이용한 다종농약 다성분 분석법으로 잔류농약을 분석하였고, 분석 결과 12점의 시료에서 7종의 농약이 검출되어10.7% 검출률을 보였다. 농약 성분별 검출 빈도는procymidone, kresoxim-methyl, endosulfan, cypermethrin,tralomethrin, tetraconazole, chlorfluazuron 순이었다. 농약이 검출된 시료 중 잔류허용기준을 초과한 시료는 2점으로 1.8% 검출률을 보였으며, 도라지 1점에서 tetraconazole,인삼 1점에서 cypermethrin이 검출되었다. 해당 작물에 대한 잔류허용기준이 설정되어 있지 않거나 품목고시 되어있지 않은 시료는 10점에서 5종의 농약이 검출되어 8.9%검출률을 보였다. 본 연구에서 검출된 농약이 해당 약용식물의 섭취로 인체에 유입될 일일섭취허용량 대비 일일섭취추정량은 최저 0.006%에서 최고 0.333%로 낮은 %ADI값을 보여 인체 위해도는 낮은 것으로 판단되었다. This study was conducted to monitor residual pesticides in ginseng and balloon flower roots and to assess their risk to human health. All of 112 samples consisted of ginseng and balloon roots were purchased from traditional domestic markets and supermarkets in nine provinces of Korea in 2012. Multi-residue analysis of 122 pesticides was conducted and the analysis was performed by gas chromatography-electron capture detector, gas chromatography-nitrogen/phosphorus detector, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Seven pesticides were detected in 12 root samples and the detection rate was 10.7%. The detected twelve root samples were 10 ginseng root samples and 2 balloon root samples. Pesticides detected in root samples were procymidone, kresoxim-methyl, endosulfan,cypermethrin, tralomethrin, tetraconazole and chlorfluazuron. Among them, two pesticides as tetraconazole in a balloon flower root and cypermethrin in a ginseng root exceeded the recommended maximum residue limit set by Korea Food and Drug Administration. Five pesticides detected from 10 root samples were identified as unregistered pesticides in Korea. In order to do risk assessment with Korean medicinal plant consumption, estimated daily intake of residual pesticides were determined and compared to acceptable daily intake, referring to %ADI values. The range of %ADI values was from 0.006% to 0.333%. Taken together, it demonstrates the pesticides found in the two root samples were below the safety margin, indicating no effect on human health.
농산물에 대한 LC-MS/MS를 이용한 농약의 다성분분석법 확립
전영환 ( Young Hwan Jeon ),황정인 ( Jeong In Hwang ),김정민 ( Jung Min Kim ),석다롱 ( Da Rong Seok ),이은향 ( Eun Hyang Lee ),전상오 ( Sang Oh Jeon ),도정아 ( Jung Ah Do ),오재호 ( Jae Ho Oh ),홍진환 ( Jin Hwan Hong ),이영득 ( You 한국환경농학회 2013 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2013 No.-
Pest control is major problem in front of farmer worldwide, an enormous economic loss is observed due to pest every year. There are several chemical pesticides available for controlling agricultural pests. Studies have shown chemical pesticides can cause significant health risks to humans, contaminate water supplies, and to plant itself. To come through this problem, we previously developed some natural pesticides i.e. oak pyroligneous liquor, rice bran and phytic acid which were tested against Perilla frutescens rust disease. We found good pesticide capacity of these natural extracts, so we were veracious to know whether it has toxic effect or not for that we designed the present investigation. In the present study we have determined toxicity on the basis of fish survival assay, seed germination assay and mice feed assay. Briefly, a concentration of 50 and 100μg\ml of all pesticides were supplied in water of fishes for 96hrs. We have taken two kind of fishes for this experiment Misgurnus anguillicaudatus(10) and Cyprinus carpio(10). After completion of the incubation period number of dead fish were calculated. Simultaneously, we determined seed germination test on four types of seed Cabbage, Radish, Black beans and Red kidney beans. A number of 20 seeds in case of red kidney beans 5 seeds were kept in sterile Petri dishes bedded with layer of tissue papers (Kimtec) which were wet with autoclaved distilled water. Treatment of pesticides was done with a concentration of 50 and 100μg\ml for 48 to 96 hrs. The number of non-germinated seeds was counted after the incubation period. In the case of animal toxicity test we supplied pesticides in the drinking water of mice and they were kept under investigation of body weight and death of mice. The results obtained from fish experiment suggest no toxicity of oak and rice bran but at a higher concentration one fish was found dead. In the case of seed germination assay all the seeds were observed to be germinated at both concentrations for all pesticides. No decrease in body weight was found in mice experiment as well as all mice were live. In accordance with all data, we concluded that the use of Oak, Rice bran and Phytic acid as a pesticide is safe and effective especially in the case of Perilla rust disease.
Glutathion S-Transferase에 의한 Tolclofos-Methyl의 Biotransforation
김정민 ( Jung Min Kim ),전영환 ( Young Hwan Jeon ),황정인 ( Jeong In Hwang ),석다롱 ( Da Rong Seok ),이은향 ( Eun Hyang Lee ),전상오 ( Sang Oh Jeon ),김장억 ( Jang Eok Kim ) 한국환경농학회 2013 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2013 No.-
Tolclofos-methyl(TM) is a fungicide of thiophosphate group which is widely used to control of soil born diseases and damping-off. However, its excessive usages are lead to the accumulation of this compound on soil and crops. The major TM metabolic pathways are oxidative desulfuration of TM to oxone and related derivatives, oxidation of the 4-methyl group to alcohols and acids, cleavage of P-O-aryl and P-O-methyl linkages and conjugation of the resultant acid with glycine. Glutathione S-transferases(GSTs) are the enzymes that detoxify natural and exogenous toxic compounds by conjugation with glutathione(GSH). The objective of this study was to know the fate of TM in crops through the GST dependant biotransformation for detoxification. First of all, We liked to present the possibility for conjugation between TM and GSH by GST in extracts of pig liver in vitro. We verified our result by specific GST activity assay using dinitrochlorobenzene and found that enzyme activity of pig liver extract is the highest among several sample such as crops. Recoveries for TM analysis at two fortification levels of 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg were 93.1 ± 1.8% and 96.8 ± 4.7%, respectively. Removal ratio of TM were 15.6∼28.5% in buffer with extract of pig liver for 2day, at 30℃. The results suggested that the GST isolated from pig liver might have a role in the protection mechanism against toxic materials such as a TM.
구두 발표 : 구두발표(OC) - 농업화학 및 생태,식품분야 ; 토양 유기물 함량에 따른 유기염소계 살충제 Endosulfan의 흡착 특성
황정인 ( Jeong In Hwang ),전영환 ( Young Hwan Jeon ),김정민 ( Jung Min Kim ),석다롱 ( Da Rong Seok ),이은향 ( Eun Hyang Lee ),전상오 ( Sang Oh Jeon ),이성은 ( Sung Eun Lee ),김장억 ( Jang Eok Kim ) 한국환경농학회 2013 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2013 No.-
A study on fate and behavior of endosulfan, which is an organochlorine insecticide detected mainly in Korean soil, is important due to its toxicity and persistence in soil environment. To estimate isotherms for the adsorption of endosulfan isomers (α-, β-) and their metabolite (-sulfate) in soil, their adsorption amounts were investigated in various soils containing different organic matter contents. The tested soils were collected at Ansim and Gunwi, and some of them were prepared as organic matter-removed (OMR) samples using H2O2. As time-dependent adsorbed amounts of endosulfan reached to their equilibrium after 6 h in Ansim, Gunwi and OMR Ansim soils, OMR Gunwi soil did not adsorb the pesticide within 24 h. The adsorption isotherms of endosulfan isomers and their metabolite fitted to Freundlich adsorption isotherms for three equilibrated soil samples. The correlation coefficients (R2) of the isotherms were greater than 0.964. Freundlich adsorption coefficient (Kf) ranged from 8.66 to 19.20 for α-endosulfan, from 7.08 to 20.49 for β-endosulfan and from 8.62 to 17.98 for endosulfan-sulfate, respectively. The difference of Kf values of endosulfan indicated that the adsorption amount of endosulfan was dependent on the contents of organic matter. Therefore, the behavior of endosulfan in soil environment is definitely affected by the amount of organic matters in soil.
식품의약품안전처 SESSION : 고감도 신속 다종농약 다성분 검색/검사법 개발 연구-LC-MS/MS법
전영환 ( Young Hwan Jeon ),황정인 ( Jeong In Hwang ),김정민 ( Jung Min Kim ),석다롱 ( Da Rong Seok ),이은향 ( Eun Hyang Lee ),전상오 ( Sang Oh Jeon ),김장억 ( Jang Eok Kim ) 한국환경농학회 2013 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2013 No.-
현재 세계적으로 자유무역협정(FTA: Free Trade Agreement)으로 인하여 수입식품의 양과 종류 도 매년 지속적으로 증가하여 시중 어디서든지 손쉽게 수입농식품을 구할 수 있다. 수입농산물의 양이 점점 늘어감에 따라 수입농산물의 안전성 평가가 주요한 현안으로 등장하고 있다. 따라서 식 품 안전에 대한 국내외적 경쟁력 확보를 위하여 잔류농약관리의 PLS 체계 도입 필요하다. 본 연구 는 LC-MS/MS를 이용하여 PLS 체계용 고감도 신속 다성분 검색법 개발하고자 한다. 국내에 등록 된 91종 농약의 다성분 동시분석법을 개발하기 위하여 식품공전상의 "다종농약다성분 동시분석법-제2법"에 적용하였다. 현미, 오렌지와 고추시료를 acetonitrile 로 추출한 후, 이를 감압여 과 한 후 여액에 sodium chloride을 넣어주었다. 여과액을 흔들어 섞어 주고 정치하여 acetonitrile층과 물층을 분리시켰다. 상등액인 acetonitrile층 취하여 감압 농축한 후 잔류물을 재용해하여 이를 정제 하였다. SPE cartridge를 이용하여 정제한 후 재용해하여 LC-MS/MS로 분석하였다. 국내미등록 농약 91종 대한 잔류분석법의 벨리데이션을 실시한 결과 대상 분석성분 부근에 시료 중 불순물에 의한 간섭은 관찰되지 않았으며, 검량선의 matrix-matched법으로 사용하였다. 본 연구 에서 확립된 시료조제 및 기기분석과정을 수행하여 얻은 회수율을 산출한 결과는 55∼162%(n=6) 로 나타났으며, 분석오차는 25% 이내로 나타났고, 정량한계는 0.01 mg/kg 이하였다. 본 시험에 의해 확립된 91종에 대하여서는 간단한 모니터링으로는 사용이 가능할 것으로 생각되 며, 앞으로도 나머지 농약에 대하여서 PLS체계를 위한 다성분 분석법 대한 연구가 지속적으로 수행되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.