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Abnormal residual stress in nanostructured Al thin films grown on Ti/glass substrates
샤르마,김득영 한국물리학회 2013 Current Applied Physics Vol.13 No.9
The residual stress and micro-structural properties of nanostructured Al thin films prepared by electron beam evaporator are studied. The films were grown on Ti/glass substrates at normal and oblique angles of inclination. The average aspect ratio of Al nanorods produced at an oblique angle of incidence of 85,increased from 2.2 to 6.0, as the thickness of the films increased from 100 nm to 600 nm. The column tilt angle of Al nanorods was observed to be in close agreement with the theoretical value. The XRD pattern of nanostructured Al thin films showed (111) planes oriented parallel to the substrate surface. The crystallite size was observed to be w9 nm for all the films produced at oblique angle deposition (OAD). Abnormal residual stresses were determined in the films produced at OAD. The nanocrystalline films produced at normal angle, exhibited tensile residual stress, while, the residual stresses in the films produced at oblique angles of inclination (a¼65, 75), were observed to be compressive. Residual stress-free nanocolumnar Al films (Al nanorod films) were observed, when they were grown at an oblique angle of inclination of 85.
샤르마,김득영,R.M. Mehra 한국물리학회 2013 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.62 No.9
We studied the effect of annealing on the dark and photo conductivity of Se- and S-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin films. The films were prepared on corning glass by using conventional plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD). The samples were subsequently annealed in a vacuum (1 × 10−6Torr) at an annealing temperature of 300 ◦C for an hour. The conductivity was measured in the temperature range of 300 - 470 K, which exhibited two different transport mechanisms. In the high-temperature range (370 - 470 K), the conduction was found to be an activated type while in the low-temperature range (less than 370 K), it was observed to follow variable range hopping. Arrhenius plots of the conductivities for S- and Se-doped a-Si:H films revealed that the activation energy was lower after annealing, owing to the removal of the surface defects created during deposition. The characteristic energy, EMN, was lower in the annealed films for both types of dopant concentrations, which suggests a reduction in the number of traps. The photoconductivity was increased by vacuum annealing at 300 ◦C by a factor of more than 10.
Microstructural, Optical, and Electrochemical Properties of Nanostructured Al Thin Films
샤르마,김득영 한국물리학회 2014 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.64 No.5
In the present work, the microstructral, optical, and electrochemical properties of nanostructuredAl thin films were studied. Nanostructured Al thin films were prepared on Ti/glass substrates inan e-beam evaporator by using normal and oblique-angle deposition (OAD) techniques. The X-raydiffraction (XRD) pattern showed the (111) peak for all the films regardless of the deposition angle. The crystallite size was calculated to be 25 nm for the sample prepared using OAD at 70 C. The surface roughness increased from 5.32 to 28.65 nm as the substrate was tilted from 0 to 80. The highest absorbance was observed for the nanocolumn thin films grown using OAD at 70, andthe best performance was achieved for charging-discharging when the films were used as anodes forLi-ion batteries. The coulombic efficiency was observed to be > 98%.
Influence of growth temperature and post-annealing on an n-ZnO/p-GaN heterojunction diode
샤르마,허성은,이병호,이황호,김창민,김득영 한국물리학회 2014 Current Applied Physics Vol.14 No.12
We report on an n-ZnO/p-GaN heterojunction diode fabricated from zinc oxide (ZnO) films at various growth temperatures (450, 500, 550, and 600 C) by RF sputtering. The films were subsequently annealed at 700 C in N2 ambient. To investigate the influence of the growth temperature of n-ZnO films, the microstructural, optical, and electrical properties were measured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL), and Hall measurements. The XRD pattern showed the preferred orientation along the c-axis (002) regardless of growth temperature. The PL spectra showed a dominant sharp near-band-edge (NBE) emission. Currentevoltage (IeV) curves showed excellent rectification behavior. The turn-on voltage of the diode was observed to be 3.2 V for the films produced at 500 C. The ideality factor of ZnO film was observed to be 1.37, which showed the best performance of the diode.
샤르마,김보균,Heang-Seuk Lee,최치규,INAMDARAKBAR IBRAHIM,임현식 한국물리학회 2012 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.60 No.10
Nanocrystalline and nanocolumnar aluminum thin films were deposited on glass and Ti/glass substrates at normal and oblique angles of incidence in vacuum (1.0 × 10−6 Torr) by using an electron-beam evaporator. The average grain size of the Al thin films produced at a normal angle of incidence increased from 25 nm to 50 nm when the substrate was changed from glass to Ti/glass. The average aspect ratio of the aluminum nanocolumns (Al nanorods) grown on the glass substrate increased from 1.65 to 3.65 as the deposition angle increased from 65° to 85° while the aspect ratio of Al nanorods grown on Ti/glass substrates increased from 1.80 to 4.00 as the deposition angle increased from 65° to 85°. The X-ray diffraction pattern showed a broad baseline in nanocrystalline and nanocolumnar thin films. In the case of Al thin films on glass, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) was observed to be 14.34 for all depositions while in the case of Al thin films on Ti/glass, the FWHM was decreased from 17.66 to 14.02 as the deposition angle increased from 0° to 85°. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirmed that the peak for Al nanorods was observed at a binding energy of 74.44 eV.
3T3-L1 지방세포와 db/db 마우스에서 옥수수수염 물 추출물의 지방생성 억제 및 혈당 저하효과
류동영,민오진,샤르마베스라지,박철민 한국생약학회 2011 생약학회지 Vol.42 No.2
Obesity occur from the imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Obesity is a complex chronic disease that is suggested to cause other metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and arteriosclerosis. In this study, our purpose is to investigate the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-obesitic effects of Maydis stigma water extract in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and db/db mice. Maydis stigma water extract at dose of 100 and 500 μg/ml slowly inhibited cell viability as compared to that of control in mature adipocytes. Also, the additions of 50 and 250 μg/ml of Maydis stigma water extract significantly inhibited the lipid accumulations and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein(C/EBP) α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR) γ expressions with dose-dependent manner in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Maydis stigma water extract at 250, 500, and 1000 μg/ml only showed the increasing pattern on lipolysis activity. The oral treatment of Maydis stigma water extract (100 or 400 mg/kg body weight) in db/db mice only showed tendency to decrease body weight, food efficiency ratio (FER), HbA1c, blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and the adipocyte size of in db/db mice. However, Maydis stigma water extract increased the insulin level in a dose dependent manner. Thus these results indicate that Maydis stigma water extracxt inhibits adipogenesis through regulation of C/EBPα and PPARγ expressions in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and shows anti-hyperglycemic effect through increase of insulin secretion in db/db mice.
샤르마 샤라드 쿠마 건국대학교 법학연구소 2022 一鑑法學 Vol.- No.52
This paper attempts to put forward a critique of the Nepalese socio-political situation and its future direction. The underlying premise is that Nepal, much like any other state, strives to achieve economic prosperity and development while maximizing its population’s welfare. The direction to achieve that is the question that is inquired upon in this paper. The paper compares Swedish and Austrian welfare models by understanding the political context behind the current Nepalese political situation. The Swedish and Austrian welfare models are notably different – yet widely considered successful worldwide. Specifically, I analyze the social security safety nets available to citizens. Swedish and Austrian systems have been known to have a high level of protection for their citizens in terms of social security. The paperanalyzes whether such protections are available for Nepalese citizens and the adequacy of such provisions based on their effectiveness in providing meaningful support to the people. Of course, at the outset, the difference in economic capacities of the three countries needs to be understood. Nepal’s GDP is considerably lower than Sweden or Austria. The difference is reflected in the analysis. Further, the weight of research among the countries is considered due to the differential political history and geographical locations. The article covers major social welfare schemes governments tend to offer their residents/ citizens. These schemes include health insurance, accidental insurance, old age allowances/ pensions, family benefits, unemployment alleviation schemes, and parental insurance.