토크빌의 귀족적 자유주의의 정체성을 찾아서 : 이중성의 지적기원을 중심으로 on the Focus of the Intellectual Origins for His Ambivalence

방문숙 이화사학연구소 2003 梨花史學硏究 Vol.0 No.30

This study is intended to contribute to the task of defining the complicated and various features of Alexis de Tocqueville(1805-1859)'s Aristocratic Liberalism. He accepted enough the coming of the Democratic era and called it "the era of the Equality" (the equality of the all conditions). He recognized the transition of the Aristocratic age and Democratic(or Modern) age. He stated his dislike of the mass, the despise of the bourgeoisie, specially their selfish and material tastes. He confessed once he was 'an aristocrat of instinct', at once he emphasized he had the balence between the aristocratic and democratic ages. Besides he wanted to distinguish himself from the other liberals in the 19^(th) Centuries. So he called himself, 'a liberal of a new kind' This study is to analyze Tocqueville's Ambivalences of aristocratic liberalism, especially it will be focused on the intellectual origines its multiple meaning. That's why the influences of the Humanism, namely the two humanisms' currencies are the classical humanism (the Greek) and the civic humanism (the Renaissance). Tocqueville connected the humanism and the liberalism with some pains and his aristocratic liberalism came to contain the lament and the pessimism for the modem society. But in this point he showed himself he was a humanic liberal with agonies and he was not dogmatic and narrow-spaced such as the other liberals defending the bourgeoisie all the time.

초콜릿에 녹은 '달콤한 문화사' : 소피 D. 코 & 마이클 D. 코, 서성철 옮김, 《초콜릿-신들의 열매》(지호, 2000)

방문숙 문화사학회 2000 역사와 문화 Vol.2 No.-

연이은 방향족고리 화합물의 합성법

방문숙,박은미,박현숙 全北大學校 學徒護國團 1983 全國大學生學術硏究發表論文集 Vol.8 No.-

· 연이은 방향족고리 화합물의 새로운 합성법(A NEW SYNTHETIC METHOD FOR ANNELATION OF AROMATIC RING SYSTEM) · EXPERIMENTAL SECTION · Methyl O- Dibromomethylbenzoate(2) · 2-Carboxybenzaldehyde(3) (Phthalaldehydic acid) · 3-(Phenylthio)-1(3H)- isobenzofuranone(4) · 3-(Phenylsulfonyl)-(3H)- isobenzofuranone(5) · Methl-3-methyl-1,4-dimethoxy-2-baphtthoate(10) Aromatic rings 를 regiospecific 한 방법으로 만드는 효과적인 합성법이 얻어졌다. 이 Aromatic ring 합성법의 우수성이 Phenyl-Sulfonylisobenzofuranon(5) anion을 Michael acceptor methyl crotonate으로 연결시킴으로 이루여졌다. 이 반응에 있어서 anion은 LDA에 의해서 -76℃에서 만들어졌는데 얻어진 product는 functional group이 여러개 들어왔으며 1.4-Position에 functional group이 치환되어 있는 naphthalene의 유도체를 높은 yield로서 얻었다. 3-(Phenyl sulfonyl)-(3H)-isobenzo-furanone(5)는 methyl O-toluate(1)을 Starting material로해서 4Step을 거쳐 만들어졌다. 그래서 methyl O-toluate은 NBS을 이용한 광학적반응에 의하여 dibromomethylbenzoate(2)를 82%의 수율로 얻었다. Dibromomethyl Compound 2는 HCL/HoAc 속에서 hydrolysis되어 Phthalaldehydic acid(3)을 80%로 얻었다. Phthalaldehydic aced(3)의 Hydroxyl group을 thiophenyl group으로 대치하는 것은 3을 P-TsoH 를 촉매롤 사용하여 benzenethiol과 reflux 함으로써 얻어졌다. Sulfide 4를 2 equvalent의 m-CPBA로서 산화시켜 Sulfone 5를 얻는데 이때의 수율은 Compound 3에 서부터 5까지 87%였다. 이렇게 하여 얻어진 Sulfone 5를 anion 6으로 만들고 이것을 methyl trans-butenoate(7)와 반응을 시켜서 1.4-dihydroxy-2,3-disubstituted naphthalene 9를 얻는다. naphthalene 9은 공기중에서 unstable하기 때문에 정제를 하기전에 dimethyl ether 10으로 바꾼아. Sulfone5에서 naphthalene 10까지의 yield는 80이었다. 이 새로운 합성법은 functional group이 여려개 대치되는 naphthalene 의 유사체를 손쉽게 제공할 수 있는 것으로 특히 여기서 얻어지는 naphthalene들은 aromatic gring이 여러개 함유되어 항암항생제들의 합성에 사용될 수가 있었다.

토크빌의 평등 사회 비판에 관한 분석

방문숙 이화여자대학교 사학회 1999 梨大史苑 Vol.32 No.-

토크빌과 [ 미국의 민주주의 ]

방문숙 한국미국사학회 2000 미국사연구 Vol.12 No.-

Alexis de Tocqueville(1805, 1859) was born in July 29, 1805, in Paris. His parents tended to long for the old monarchy, the Ancient Regime (before the 1789 Revolution), and his family-surroundings were very religious, moral, conservative and a little bit liberal, especially it clung to the royal powers. Namely, we can say that Tocqueville came from a very long-historied aristocratic background. But Tocqueville did not follow the usual way as so many aristocrats did. When the July Revolution broke our in France (July 1830), he vowed loyalty for the revolutionary regime. Though he suffered from the Bourgecis regime, he was blarned for it by his family and friends, colleagues. Although he was a aristocrat, Tocqueville dared to make an oath of allegiance the July Revolution government reluctantly. After that oath, he resigned his juge-audeteur (lawyer without pay) at Versailles in Paris, and finally decided to go to America. Though the pretext of it was to research the penitentiary system in America, his real goal was to examine the American democracy, which seemed to be very successful case because it could reconcile liberty and equality in the real world. Why is his book, Democracy in America, so popular? The book deals with issues like religion, the press, money, class structure, racism, the role of government, the judicial system, and other issues that are just as relevant today as they were then. Democracy in America had undergone several periods of popularity throughout the century, but it has never been as popular as it is now. Many colleges around the country use the text in political science and history courses, and historians consider it one of the most comprehensive and insightful books ever written about America. Tocqueville used to say to acknowledge himself $quot;a liberal of a new kind$quot; (1837). As we know well, in spite of the famous aristocratic family, he was certain that the aristocratic age would be disappeared and the democratic age as the period of the equalities of all conditions would came like a providential fact. So many researches about Alexis de Tocqueville were made from sociological and political perspectives and their sphere was mostly his first work, Democracy in America(1835/1840). However, Tocqueville was not interested in America, but France's actual political arena, and a mass democratic society in the future. His true concern was how to maintain liberty and reconcile it with equality in a democratic, namely, modern society. Tocqueville also recognized himself as $quot;an aristocrat by instinct$quot; and he disliked the democratic age but he pronounced his balanced stand in the irreversible trends, which would go for an aristocratic or democratic society. The fact that he was born in a famous aristocratic family and his American trip(1831. 4. - 1832. 2.) soon after his oath the July Monarchy constructed his unique liberalism. As a liberal, he pointed out that the aristocratic age should disappear and anticipated the democratic age. At that time, so many liberals and democrats believed that democracy would be identified with a revolution or it would bring about a hopeful picture of the future. But he differed from other liberals in some aspects of liberalism. Tocqueville had a desire for the harmony of two elements, morality and religion, in the political would in defense of the coming of a democratic society. And he stressed that the threat of liberty was within the very democratic society; namely, the taste of material pleasure, selfishness, individualism, and the indifference of political liberty. Tocqueville was assured that the coming of a democratic age meant that equality was superior to liberty. By his famous statement, democracy means $quot;the equality of all the conditions$quot; Democracy is an equalitarian society and a mass society, too. By this reason, Tocqueville could not welcome the coming democratic society, because it contained an acquisitive ethics of self-interest and egoism, which were characteristics of the middle class in power. In his view, the middle class had no wish for a great accomplishment, but sought only to satisfy people with material enjoyments and small pleasures. People began to seek only individualism that the people had not even recognized in the aristocratic age. This study is to examine why Tocqueville visited America in 1831. And what meaning he conceptualized in the word, $quot;democracy$quot; as the $quot;inevitability$quot; and $quot;the irrisistable movement$quot;? What contents were in his $quot;the equality of all the conditions$quot;? What did he describe as his first impressions of America? Through thus theme, we can perceive his inner thought, especially his aristocratic family background and adolescent age before 1830(25 of his age). We can understand why he emphasized the importance of religion and morality in a democratic society. He described the first impressions of America: $quot;instability$quot; and the people's $quot;industrial spirit.$quot; He emphasized Americans' passion of the materials and predicted the prevalence of equality over liberty. We can see from it his real perspective of $quot;a liberal of a new kind,$quot; as compared to the others'. His anticipation to a democratic equalitarian, mass society give us the task of resolving many problems which Tocqueville had so much worried about. This explains why America and other European states still study Tocqueville's Democracy in America.

르네상스와 계몽주의의 역설 : 『여성의 역사』 제3권(상·하)

방문숙 경기사학회 2000 京畿 史學 Vol.4 No.-

서평 : Colin Jones, The Cambridge Illustrated History of France(New York : Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994), 352 pp.

방문숙 한국프랑스사학회 2000 프랑스사연구 Vol.- No.3

토크빌의 귀족주의 논의에 관한 소고

방문숙(Moon Sook Bang) 이화사학연구소 1999 梨花史學硏究 Vol.25-26 No.-

N/A

알렉시스 드 또끄빌과 7 월왕정

방문숙(Moon Sook Bang) 이화사학연구소 1988 梨花史學硏究 Vol.17-18 No.-

N/A

토크빌 사상 연구 - 의정생활을 중심으로 -

방문숙 (Moon Sook Bang) 한국서양사학회 1999 西洋史論 Vol.60 No.1

Alexis de Tocqueville(1805-9) acknowledged himself as liberal of a new kind. Although from a famous aristocratic family, he was certained that the aristocratic age would dissapear and democratic age as equalities of the all conditions would come like providential fact. So many researches about Alexis de Tocqueville were made in sociological and political perspective and most of them dealt with his first work, 『Democracy in America』. However, Tocqueville was interested not in America, but in France`s actual political arena and his true concern was how to maintain liberty and reconcile with equality in democratic, namely, modern society. Tocqueville made an oath of allegiance at the July Revolution Government reluctantly. Also he took participate in political world as member of the Chambers of Deputies from 1839-48 and a legislative member and the minister of Foreign Affairs in 1849-51. This thesis focuses on the nature of Alexis de Tocqueville`s liberalism and survey the genuine looks of his liberal thought as he proudly told in his basic attitude towards the July Monarchy and the Second Republic period. Tocqueville`s basic attitude towards the bourgeois society differentiated him from other contemporary liberals. As a liberal of a new kind, Tocqueville wished the combination of the two elements, morality and religion, in the political world. And he stressed that the threat of liberty was within the very democratic society, namely the taste of material pleasure, selfishness, individualism, and the indifference of political liberty. This is the point which makes Tocqueville different from other liberals.