대화적 함축 : 그 발전과 확장 its development and extension

박선옥 진주여자전문대학 1990 論文集 Vol.13 No.-

Meaning of uttererance has two levels of meaning : one is "what is said" and the other is "what is implicated". Without considering "what is implicated", we often fall into misunderstanding. For instance, when someone (senior to me) said to me 'It's cold in here'. he doesn't want me to response 'Yes, it is.' He wants me to answer 'I'll close the window.' or he just wants me to close the window. This concept of conversational implicature can be related to the cooperative principle and maxims of conversation. Since the participants of talk exchanges should observe the cooperative principle, when we meet with apparent violation of maxim, we'll find that the participants observe the cooperation principle in deeper level. When we suppose this, the hearer finds out conversational implicature and understands "what is implicated" behind "what is said". According to conversational postulates of Gordon & Lakoff, we can formaiize conversational implicature, which explains indirect speech act systematically. Conversational implicature has 5 features ; It is cancellable, defeasible. non-detachable, calculable, non-conversational and non-determinable. It can be calculated from the literal meaning of the sentence under the supposing that speaker observes the maxims of conversation, or at least cooperation principle. Conversational Implicature can be extended to the structures of politeness and 'let's.' As the sentence becomes politer. it has more indirectness and therefore the process of conversational implicature interpretation becomes more complex. And non-literal use of 'let's' has conversational implicature of second-person interpretation. This paper has some limitations. First, it didn't apply the formalization to the data except from Gordon & Lakoff. Second, it didn't collect the Korean data corresponding to the English ones. Further study will compromise these limitations.

結束에 관한 硏究

박선옥 진주여자전문대학 1986 論文集 Vol.8 No.-

This study is to examine the characteristics of binding in trace theory and to find out the generalization of binding theory. Chomsky(1981) proposed the following binding principle. (A) An anaphor is bound in its governing category. (B) A pronominal is free in its governing category. (C) An R-expression is free. Binding is a kind of dependency relation between the bound anaphor and its antecedent. This relation has four properties : obligatoriness, uniqueness of antecedent, locality and prominence (that is c-commandness). Though a pronominal is free in its governing category, it can be coindexed with the argument in the matrix sentence. This argument must c-command the pronominal and it is called indirect binder and this relation is indirect binding. Embedded infinitive complement can get the deleted subject. This deleted subject (PRO) can be indexed in three ways : subject-control, object-control and arbitrary-control. When the matrix sentence has a direct object, the deleted PRO is coindexed with object and otherwise it is coindexed with subject. There are some exceptional verbs like ask and promise, which always let the PRO coindexed with subject. These verbs can have the feature [ +subject control ] in their lexicon. When there are no subject and object in matrix sentence, the PRO gets arbitrary control. The above binding principle can apply to specified subject condition and tensed S condition. Here we find out the generalization of this theory.

유형론적 관점에서 본 일본어와 영어의 격

박선옥(朴善玉, Park, Seon-Ok) 일본어문학회 2009 일본어문학 Vol.46 No.-

本稿は言語類型論的な立場から日本語と英語の格の表現について比較考察したものである。まず、言語は類型論的に格言語と無格言語とに分けられるが、日本語の場合は格言語に含まれて、英語の場合は無格言語に含まれるといえる。そして、中核成分S、A、Oの格標識の形によって言語は大きく4つの類型、つまり対格型言語·能格型言語·三立型言語·中立型言語に分類することができるが、日本語と英語は両方とも対格言語に含まれるという共通点を発見することができる。 それから、格の実現の方法による言語類型としては、大きく語順·名詞句の標識·交差指示の3つの類型に分類されるが、日本語の場合は名詞句の標識によって格が表現されて、英語の場合は人称代名詞でだけ格標識をもち、3人称単数現在形に交差指示が残っているだけであって、語順が格の決定に大きな働きをしていることが分かる。言語の格の表わし方は、また核語標示型と依存語標示型とに分けられるが、日本語の場合は依存語標示型に含まれるといえるし、英語の場合は部分的に核語表示型をもつ依存語表示型といえる。 最後に、言語には非規範的な格標示を観察することができるが、日本語の場合は、中核成分のS, A, Oの非規範的な格標示の例が少なくなく、二重主語構文や格標識を二重、三重に重ねて使う非規範的な標識も用いられる。一方、英語には非規範的な格標示が日本語ほど多くはないが、Sが与格や対格で表現される例が少なくない。

한국인 영어교사와 학생들의 작문에 나타난 관사사용의 분포와 오류유형 분석

박선옥(Sun Ok Park) 언어과학회 2006 언어과학연구 Vol.38 No.-

입사지원서에서의 체면관리와 공손전략

박선옥(Sun Ok Park) 언어과학회 2004 언어과학연구 Vol.31 No.-

Politeness is asymmetric by nature. The utterance which keeps a speaker`s face threatens an addressee`s face. In this view application cover letters are potential face-threatening acts. A speaker needs to maximize his face to achieve his performative goal and to minimize an addressee`s face threatening risk. This paper aims to examine face management and the choice of politeness strategies in application cover letters. The study tries to answer following three questions. Is the degree of politeness equal to the degree of face threatening risk? In application cover letters the values of Brown & Levinson`s three variables, social distance, power and imposition are the same among the applicants. So if there exists any difference in the degree of politeness, what variable makes the difference? In application cover letters the speaker needs to meet his/her positive politeness needs as well as the addressee`s negative politeness needs. How does the speaker manage the conflict, achieve his performative goals, and enact politeness? The research shows that speaker`s gender, age, nationality and the experience in Korea affect the length of sentences, terms of addressee, the expression of application motives, and the types of requests. The research also shows that men, older people, non- American native speakers and the people with more experience in Korea use more indirect and more polite expressions than women, younger people, American native speakers and the people with less experience in Korea respectively. The research also indicates that Asian -American speakers show some limit in the expression of application motives, which seems to be a part of speaker`s mother tongue transfer.

한국, 중국, 인도네시아 영어학습자의 거절전략비교

박선옥(Park, Sunok) 언어과학회 2012 언어과학연구 Vol.62 No.-

This study compares English refusals used by Korean, Chinese and Indonesian college students and aims to investigate the differences in their refusals and any difficulties that Koreans might have in using English refusals compared with others. Refusal strategies can differ according to sociocultural norms and cause pragmatic failure. The pragmatic failure caused by not meeting sociocultural norms can occur repeatedly and be common among the language learners. This study uses Discourse Completion Task composed of 12 refusal situations against requests, invitations, offers and suggestions toward a higher, equal and lower status interlocutor. The study examines the frequency, the order and the content of refusal strategies depending on the situation and the interlocutors` social status. The results show that preferred frequency of refusal strategies is [Excuse]> [Apology]> [Positive opinion] in Korean, [Excuse]> [Wish]> [Apology] in Chinese, and [Excuse]> [Apology]> [Nonperformative statement] in Indonesian data. Koreans are more sensitive to the hearer`s social status than Chinese and Indonesian. Koreans prefer the order of [Apology] [Excuse] in most situations while Chinese use [Wish][Excuse] and Indonesian use [Apology] [Nonperformative statement] following [Apology][Excuse]. The understanding of these differences depending on sociocultural norms will help to reduce the pragmatic failure in using English refusals.

논문 : 뮤지컬 연기자 훈련의 접근 방법 연구 -서울시 뮤지컬 단 훈련 과정을 중심으로-

박선옥 ( Seon Ok Park ) 한국연극교육학회 2010 연극교육연구 Vol.16 No.-

한국과 중국의 영어교육현황과 학습자의 정의적 요인

박선옥(Park, Sunok) 언어과학회 2017 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.80

This study aims to compare English education and learners’ affective factors in Korea and China. The research questions are: (1) is there any difference between the English education environments in Korea and China? (2) is there any difference between learners" affective factors in Korea and China? (3) do the learners" affective factors affect their English fluency? To answer these questions, the study looked into English education in both countries; also, 153 Korean college students and 142 Chinese college students completed questionnaires on learners" affective factors including motivation, attitudes, self-evaluation and anxiety. The findings show that Chinese students receive more English classes and Chinese colleges request more tests for college graduation. The results of T-test, correlation and regression analyses suggest that there are differences in Korean and Chinese learners" affective factors and these differences affect their English fluency.

원씨물어의 혼종어

박선옥 ( Park Seon Og ) 한국일본어문학회 2003 日本語文學 Vol.19 No.-

한국어능력시험의 읽기 문항 분석을 통한 읽기 평가 틀 점검

박선옥(Sun-ok Park) 한국중원언어학회 2013 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.26

The purpose of this study is to set the reading assessment frame category and make low ranks of assessment through a check of the reading assessment frame and through an analysis of the question items. Now, there are no reading assessment base categories. This study made a reading assessment frame and category and reading text in order to gauge the readers" process of understanding. The situational category of low rank items is informational and practical reading, persuasive reading, critical reading, social communicative reading, and reading for literacy. The text category is divided into category system and system type. The category system is continuity, discontinuity, mixed and multiple text. The type system is composed of the text for understanding and utilizing information, the text for persuading and criticizing, the text for category, and the literary text. The reading situation goes together with the text type. At last, the readers" understanding process has a low rank. This process is composed of practical understanding, inference understanding, and critical understanding. The frame was tested through an analysis of the assessment frame. As a result, there are some items which cannot be examined because of the lack of order of rank and connectivity.