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2000년 이후 미국의 對 베네수엘라 석유 정책의 질적 고립과 양적 고립 정책
남순호(Nam, Soon-Ho),송영복(Song, Young-Bok) 한국외국어대학교 중남미연구소 2019 중남미연구 Vol.38 No.2
베네수엘라를 이야기할 때 포퓰리즘의 몰락, 부패한 정부의 한계 등과 같은 수식어와 함께 석유에 대한 과도한 의존과 같은 문제들이 주로 지적된다. 그러나 이 논문에서는 베네수엘라가 겪는 오늘날의 문제점 중에 석유에 대하여 주목하였다. 그리고 베네수엘라의 석유 산업과 관련되어 미국이 어떤 분야에서 얼마만큼 영향을 미쳤는지 관찰하였다. 미국은 베네수엘라에 경제 제재를 포함하여 그들의 석유산업에 대한 재정적 투자 및 기술적 지원을 줄여나감으로써 관련 산업 전반에 대한 위축을 조장하였다. 또한, 미국 석유산업의 변화를 통해 석유 자급 능력을 향상함으로써 베네수엘라産 석유의 의존도를 낮추게 되었는데 이는 베네수엘라 석유산업의 양적 위축의 중요 부분을 점한다. 한편 미국은 중남미에 대한 자신들의 영향력을 이용하여 Petrocaribe, ALBA 그리고 Mercosur와 같은 중남미 공동체에서의 베네수엘라産 석유의 고립을 유도하였다. OPEC과 같은 국제기구에서 베네수엘라가 가진 지위의 약화와 이에 따른 경제적 타격도 베네수엘라의 오늘날 경제 위기를 설명하는 중요한 부분이 아닐 수 없다. 이와 함께 미국과 캐나다의 Keystone XL 파이프 프로젝트 등에서 보여준 결과는 베네수엘라의 석유가 더는 아메리카 대륙에서 경쟁력 있는 공급원이 아니란 것을 보여준다. 이러한 미국에 의하여 만들어진 일련의 對 베네수엘라 석유 관련 정책은 오늘날 베네수엘라가 겪고 있는 경제 위기의 주요 원인이다. Excessive dependence on oil in Venezuela economic fundamental problems are pointed out, also populism and the government corruption for discussing today’s crisis of country of Bolivarians. But, in fact, U.S. influence in this situation is involved intimately. The U.S. encouraged Venezuela to recess the overall industry by discontinuing financial investment and technical support for the oil industry, including economic sanctions. Also, The United States has reduced its dependence on Venezuelan oil by improving its ability to self-sufficiency through changes in its oil industry. Meanwhile, The United States exerted its influence on Latin American communities such as Petrocaribe, ALBA, and Mercosur to induce the isolation of Venezuelan oil. Venezuela’s influence in international organizations such as OPEC is descending, and it also explains the current economic crisis in Venezuela. The results of the Keystone XL pipeline project in the U.S. and Canada show that Venezuela’s oil is no longer a competitive energy source in the American continent. As a result, the United States economic policy related to the oil industry to Venezuela is an important issue for the economic crisis of the Republic of Bolivarian Venezuela.
임상연구 : 간엽 절제술 시 중심정맥압이 출혈량에 미치는 영향
최승호 ( Seung Ho Choi ),반소영 ( So Young Ban ),전나형 ( Na Hyung Jun ),전동병 ( Dong Byeong Jun ),남순호 ( Soon Ho Nam ),길혜금 ( Hae Keum Kil ),김경식 ( Kyung Sik Kim ) 대한마취과학회 2007 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.52 No.6
Background: Some studies reported that lowering central venous pressure (LCVP) during liver resection could significantly reduce the intra-operative blood loss, however it is still controversial concerning LCVP induced renal dysfunction, hypovolemia, hemodynamic instability. This study evaluated the association of low central venous pressure with blood loss during liver resection comparing the control group. Methods: A total 62 patients aged 20 to 70 underwent hepatectomy by the same group of surgeon were randomized into group L (CVP<10 mmHg, n = 30) and control group C (CVP>10 mmHg, n = 32) during dissection and lobectomy period. Data such as age, sex, concurrent disease, liver resection site (right or left), pre-, intra- and postoperative day 3 hemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, bleeding time, prothrombin time, activated partitial thromboplastin time, intraoperative blood loss, urine output, transfusion volume, length of hospital stay were collected and compared between the two groups and t-test was used for comparison of results. Results: The difference of total blood loss between two groups was 193.6 ± 432.2 ml (group L; 589.1 ± 380.8 ml, group C; 782.7 ± 316.7 ml), however statistically insignificant (P value = 0.1243). Additionally, there were no significant differences in other data including the length of hospital stay. Conclusions: Our results suggest maintaining CVP under 10 mmHg is not effective in reducing blood loss during liver resection. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2007; 52: 663~8)
임상연구 : 체외순환 없는 관상동맥우회술을 시행 받는 환자에서 수술 전 안지오텐신 전환효소 억제제 중단이 혈역학에 미치는 영향
이용경 ( Yong Kyung Lee ),나성원 ( Sung Won Na ),남순호 ( Soon Ho Nam ),남성범 ( Sang Boem Nam ),채영근 ( Young Keun Chae ),송하나 ( Ha Na Song ),곽영란 ( Young Lan Kwak ) 대한마취과학회 2007 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.52 No.1
Background: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) have been widely used for cardiac patients. This study investigated the effect of omitting ACE-I medication on hemodynamics during induction of anaesthesia and operation in patients chronically treated with ACE-I undergoing off pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery (OPCAB). Methods: Sixty patients scheduled for OPCAB were included in this study. Patients not treated with ACE-I were included in control group (Group I, n = 20). And then, patients treated with ACE-I more than 4 weeks were randomly divided into two groups: continuing group including patients who continued ACE-I medication until the morning of surgery (Group 2, n = 20) and discontinuing group including patients who discontinued ACE-lone day before the surgery (Group 3, n = 20). Norepinephrine (8㎍/ml) was infused when systolic blood pressure decreased below 90 mmHg during induction and operation. Amount of norepinephrine infused and hemodynamic data were recorded. Results: Significantly larger amount of norepinephrine was infused in Group 2 than in other two groups during obtuse marginal artery anastomosis. Total amount of norepinephrine infused during the all coronary anatsomosis was significantly larger in Group 2 than those values in other two groups. Conclusions: Continuing ACE-I treatment until the morning of surgery significantly increased the use of norepinephrine during the anastomosis. In contrast, there was no significant difference in the use of norepinephrine between Group I and Group 3. Discontinuing ACE-I before the surgery may helpful to maintain hemodynamics stable during coronary anastomosis in OPCAB. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2007; 52: 34~41)
남순호,최윤영,홍정숙 대한마취과학회 1995 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.29 No.6
Dextran are used as distension media to help visualize the uterine cavity during diagnostic and operative hysteroscopy and are also used for volume expansion and their antithrombogenic effect. But dextran have significant side effects including pulmonary edema, coagulation defects, anaphylaxis and acute renal failure. We experienced a case of pulmonary edema following hysteroscopic guided endometrial resection. A 41-year-old female was performed the operation under general anesthesia, and the time of tion was approximately 90 minutes, and 1000 ml of rheomacrodex(10% dextran 40 in 5% dextrose in water) was instilled during the procedure. At the end of the operation, we noted a drop in oxygen saturation, engorgement of neck vein and watery pink tinged sputum in the endotracheal tube. Chest x-ray was taken and showed pulmonary edema. The patient was transferred to the intensive care unit where therapy was instituted including positive pressure mechanical ventilation and negative balanced fluid therapy with intravenous push of furosemide. The patient was extubated after 1 day with ventilator care and transferred to general ward on 2nd postoperative day and discharged on 5th postoperative day without any complication.
남순호,안은경,배선준,조범준,이행철 대한마취과학회 1998 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.35 No.1
Background : Opioids can produce potent antinociceptive effects by interacting with local opioid receptors in inflamed peripheral tissue. However, reports on pain relief with intra-articular morphine after arthroscopic knee operations are conflicting. In this study we examined the analgesic effects of the intraarticular administration of morphine after knee surgery. Methods : In a double-blind, randomized trial, we studied 26 patients who had received one of two injections at the end of surgery. The patients in group M(n=11) received 3 mg of morphine intraarticularly; those in group P(n=15), saline 20 ml intraarticularly as a placebo. Results : Patients in the morphine group had significantly lower pain scores throughout the 24-h postoperative period compared with those in the placebo group(P<0.05). There was less requirement for supplementary analgesics in the morphine group. Conclusions : Low doses of intraarticular morphine can significantly reduce pain after knee surgery without any systemic side effect (Korean J Anesthesiol 1998; 35: 120∼124)