임진왜란기 조선 수군 진영 전염병의 발생 실태와 영향

나승학 육군군사연구소 2017 군사연구 Vol.- No.144

Since the beginning of human history, various infectious diseases have been rampant. And During the war, casualties and property damages were accompanied by famine and infectious diseases. The Imjin War was an international war, in which Joseon, Japan, and Ming entered for about 7 years. Focusing on how was the Joseon Dynasty, which is located in the middle of the Ming Dynasty and Japan, and experienced war for a long time, I consider the real condition of infectious diseases's outbreak in Joseon naval forces camp. The types of disease during the Imjin war classified into internal and external factors, I examined the effects of infectious disease on Jeseon naval forces in terms of military. Infectious diseases are spread by environmental factors and contact between combatant nations, and there is a correlation between war and infectious diseases. That is, It is great threat that epidemic caused by unfamiliar climate and strange environment and disease occurred in groups, rather than loss of military power. In particular, there was a high rate of infection due to the fact that fighting boats are dirty and the inside of the turtle ship is quite narrow and enclosed. This article shows that the spread of infection in the narrow military space was quickly and the damage was serious. So, prevention of infection was an important factor of fighting power. An outbreak of infectious disease could have been an influential factor in determining the fate of the war. 인류 역사 이래 각종 전염병이 창궐하였으며, 전쟁기에는 인명 살상과 파괴 등 물적 피해와 기근과 전염병들이 수반되어 왔다. 임진왜란은 7여 년 동안 조선, 일본, 명나라까지 참전했던 국제전이었다. 지정학적으로 명나라와 일본의 중간에 위치하였고, 장기간 임진왜란을 겪은 “조선은 어떠하였을까?”에 초점을 두고 임진왜란의 주역인 조선 수군 진영에서 전염병의 발생 실태를 고찰하였다. 임진왜란 기간 중 질병의 발생 유형을 대내외적 요인으로 구분하여 논하고, 조선 수군 진영의 군사적 측면에서 전염병이 미친 영향에 대하여 연구하였다. 전염병은 환경적인 요인과 참전국끼리 접촉에 의해 확산되었음을 도출하였고, 전쟁과 감염병과의 상관관계가 있음을 입증하였다. 즉 전쟁에서 적의 무기에 의한 전투력 손실보다는 익숙하지 않은 기후나 水氣와 토질 등의 환경으로 인한 역병과 같은 전염병, 학질, 이질 등 집단으로 발병할 수 있는 질병에 의한 요인이 큰 위협임을 알 수 있다. 특히, 조선 수군의 주생활 공간인 戰船과 거북선이 불결했고, 내부가 상당히 좁아 밀폐된 공간이기 때문에 감염률이 높았다. 본고에서는 좁은 공간의 병영 체제 속에서의 감염은 확산이 급속도로 이루어졌고, 이에 대한 피해도 심각하였다는 것을 보여준다. 그래서, 전염병 예방은 전투력의 중요한 요인이며, 전염병이 발생하면 전쟁의 승패 판도를 바꾸기까지 할 정도로 영향력이 큰 요인임을 확인할 수 있었다.

탈냉전 이후 한미동맹의 쇠퇴요인에 관한 연구 : Stephen M.Walt 동맹이론의 비판적 고찰

나승학 한국동북아학회 2015 한국동북아논총 Vol.20 No.3

This study aims to make a suggestion on the direction of the alliance between Korea and the United States in the future and provide useful guidance on the situation in Korean Peninsula by examining factors that have made the alliance decline based on the theory of alliance by Stephen M. Walk and drawing results. For factors that make alliance decline, Walt suggested the following causes: changes in risk awareness, decreased reliability, and changes in domestic politics in his theory of alliance. However, as his theory alone cannot explain the unique situation of the Korean peninsula, the author expanded these factors, reflecting special causes and categorized these causes into internal factors and external factors. In terms of internal factors, changes in risk awareness, decreased reliability, changes in domestic politics, weakening of shared identity, and weakening of the level of security awareness are systemized to analyze while for the external factors, unilateral strengthening of the U.S.-Japan alliance and the advent of countries that could substitute new alliances. To examine the effectiveness of declining factors, the author applied an evaluation index to estimate the main declining factors. The results of estimating the main declining factors in the alliance between Korea and the United States are, first of all, that the changes in risk awareness, second, changes in domestic politics, third, level of security awareness, and fourth, the advent of countries that can substitute new alliances. If we switch the declining factors into continued factors, the alliance between Korea and the United States can last. In other words, if we cannot control and minimize declining factors, and conflicts deepen, the alliance may go down the irreparable declining road. 이 글은 탈냉전 이후 한미동맹의 쇠퇴요인에 관한 연구로 월트(Stephen M. Walt, 1987)의 동맹이론을 중심으로 쇠퇴요인을 분석하고 결과를 도출하여 미래의 한미동맹 향방에 관한 정책 제언함으로써 한반도 상황에 매우 유용한 지침들을 제공하고자 한다. 월트의 동맹이론인 동맹의 쇠퇴요인으로는 위협인식의 변화, 신뢰성의 감소, 국내정치의 변화 요인들을 제안하였다. 그러나 한미동맹에서 월트의 이론만으로 한반도의 특수한 정세를 설명할 수 없어 그 요인들을 확장해서 연구한 것과 특수사항을 반영한 뒤 이들 요인들을 내부적 관계요인과 외부적 관계요인으로 구분하여 체계화하였다. 쇠퇴요인의 내부적 관계요인으로 위협인식의 변화, 신뢰성의 감소, 국내정치 변화, 공유된 정체성 약화, 안보인식 수준의 약화이고, 외부적 관계요인으로 미일동맹의 일방적 강화, 새로운 동맹대체 가능국가 등장으로 구분 및 체계화하여 분석하였으며, 쇠퇴요인의 유효성을 검증하기 위해 평가지표를 적용하여 핵심적 쇠퇴요인을 산정하였다. 한미동맹관계에서 쇠퇴하는데 결정적 요인으로 작용되는 핵심적 쇠퇴요인을 산정한 결과와 결정되는 순서는 첫째, 위협인식의 변화 둘째, 국내정치 변화 셋째, 안보인식 수준의 약화 넷째, 새로운 동맹대체 가능국가 등장 요인의 순으로 도출하였다. 확장 및 연구한 쇠퇴요인들을 지속요인으로 전환시킨다면 한미동맹관계가 지속될 수 있다. 즉 쇠퇴요인을 제어하고 최소화하지 못하여 갈등이 심화된다면 동맹은 회복 불가능한 쇠퇴의 길을 갈 수 있다.

한국 접경지역의 지정학적 인식 연구: 군사적 측면을 중심으로

나승학 한국접경지역통일학회 2023 접경지역통일연구 Vol.7 No.2

Since the Armistice Agreement of 1953, the border area between North and South Korea has been considered a region where economic and cultural development has stagnated due to its division and standoff for military purposes. In the current international situation, the military importance of this border area is becoming increasingly prominent, significantly influencing international politics and military strategies. The border area encompasses various geographical characteristics such as terrain, border lines, population distribution, and natural barriers, deeply linking it to military strategy. This study aims to analyze the geopolitical perception of the Korean border area from a military perspective. The study results confirm that the Korean border area is significantly influenced by its strategic location, the security situation between North and South Korea, and military relations with neighboring countries. In particular, the geopolitical perception of the Korean border area encompasses the recognition of military threats, geographical features, economic importance, and natural elements, playing a vital role in the military, political, and economic sectors. Therefore, the geopolitical perception of the Korean border area is crucial in understanding the impact on national security and regional stability and recognizing the importance of changes in the international situation and cooperation. Based on these findings, there is an urgent need for research on tension reduction and international cooperation measures in the border area.

나당(羅唐) 동맹의 결속력 변화 요인: 군사적 측면을 중심으로

나승학 한국동북아학회 2018 한국동북아논총 Vol.23 No.3

If diplomatic relations between Silla and Tang are approached only with allies, which is a modern Western theory, there will be a danger of simplification because the times are different. So, the alliance in this paper was studied from a military perspective, which included the movements of envoys, investiture, and military relations. Focusing on the causes of alliance reinforcement and destruction, the factors for changing the alliance's solidarity are derived to evaluate the effectiveness of the alliance. There are the situational awareness of threat, responsibility for performance of security commitment, military cohesion in the factors of changing solidarity, which are projected into the Na-Tang alliance. It is limited to quantify the level of the alliance solidarity through these measurement variable. So, the research has been as objective as possible in determining the solidarity of the NaTang alliance by "reinforcement", "maintenance", and " destruction". 고대 나당 간의 외교관계를 근대 서구의 이론인 동맹으로만 접근하면 시대적 상황이 달라서 단순화 시킬 우려가 있기에, 동맹을 사신의 왕래, 책봉, 군사 관계까지 포괄하여 군사적인 측면을 중점으로 연구하였다. 어떤 이유로 동맹이 강화 또는 파기되었는지에 대해 초점을 맞추어, 동맹의 실효성을 평가하기 위해서 동맹의 결속력 변화 요인을 도출하였다. 결속력 변화 요인으로 위협의 상황인식, 안보 공약 이행의 책무, 군사적 결속력이 있으며, 이를 나당 동맹에 투영하였다. 동맹 형성시 신라와 당은 서로 다른 생각을 갖고 동맹을 체결했으나 나당전쟁으로 동맹이 파기되었는데, 나당전쟁의 주원인은 당의 한반도 지배 의도와 신라의 영토 확장 의지가 상충하여 발생하였다. 이러한 결속력 측정 변수를 통해 동맹의 결속력 수준을 수치화하는 것은 제한되므로, 최대한 객관화하여 나당 동맹의 결속력을 ‘강화’, ‘유지’, ‘파기’ 등으로 판단해 보았다.

4차 산업혁명시대 중국의 군사 현대화를 통한 지능화 전의 추동과 함의

나승학 ( Seunghak Na ) 사단법인 아시아문화학술원 2021 인문사회 21 Vol.12 No.4

Considering the COVID-19 pandemic and the strategic competition between the US and China to realize a global power, we would like to examine how China is applying the 4th industrial revolution technology to military modernization. The research method is a literature analysis, which anaylzes the actual state and implications of China’s intellectual war. The analysis factors were analyzed as military policies and strategies according to the security environment, internal factors such as military modernization, and external factors such as US-China strategic competition and 4th industrial revolution technology, and implications were derived. China is pushing for future war patterns into an intelligent war supported by mass production of AI technology. The study was found that the war was being promoted to become an intelligent war through the following three things: First, maintaining the increase rate of the budget for weapon system modernization, second, reorganization such as the creation of strategic support units, and third, analysis of industries related to the defense sector. However, it was analyzed through logical reasoning as an undisclosed AI technology field related to defense, but, it is necessary to quantify research in the future.

임진왜란 전후 조선 수군의 군사체제 비교 연구

나승학(Na Seung-hak) 국방부 군사편찬연구소 2015 군사 Vol.- No.97

The organization and military training of the Navy before and after the Imjin Japanese Invasion have been compared and studied in order to take a look at the military systems of Joseon in the same period of that dynasty. The Navy of Joseon dynasty prior to the Imjin Japanese Invasion was organized by limiting the jurisdiction in the coastal regions, an action that was done in the 7th year of King Tae-jo. This was necessary, since it became harder for the coastal people to take the burden of military service upon themselves locally. It was subsequently changed into a nationwide general military category in order not to impose a harsh burden on locals. In addition to that, the number of the navy troops were increased, and military shipbuilding and improvement had been developed during the era of King Jeong-jong. However, the contradiction and weaknesses of the effectiveness of the Navy in Joseon Period had been displayed. Existing tactics were far inferior to match a proper response to the Japanese forces, so the Joseon military forces had to go through a process of overhauling maintenance and revision of the Joseon"s military strategies and tactics. The overall findings in this study indicate that the military system of the Joseon Navy went through significant changes. In particular, the strategy was highly organized with a change in organizational formation, and there was specialization in military training aspects. A lesson can be learned by comparing the military system of the Joseon Navy before and after the Imjin Japanese Invasion, namely, that the Korean society makes incessant changes, and strategic tactics have to be newly established in order to meet the changes of times and in society. That is to say, it is essential to correctly understand the demand of the environmental changes, in order to establish and apply strategic tactics for appropriate organizational formulation and military training.

한중 접경지역의 경계 형성과 상인의 활동: 조선의 만상과 중국의 진상을 중심으로

나승학 ( Na Seung-hak ) 한국접경지역통일학회 2017 접경지역통일연구 Vol.1 No.1

본 논문은 중국의 민간 자유 상인으로서 최대의 상인 집단인 진상(晉商)과 조선의 의주 만상(灣商)을 중심으로 접경지역에서의 역사적 의미에 대한 史的 연구다. 중국과 조선의 두 집단 상인들은 접경지대에서 국경의 경계를 넘어 교역활동을 하였다. 명나라의 진상은 상인으로서 조정에 경제적인 지원과 접경지역에 주둔하는 군사들에게 군수물자를 조달하였다. 그러나 조선의 만상은 상인으로서의 역할만 하였다. 역사적 교훈에서 보면 각 시대의 사회적 맥락에 따라 국경을 바라보는 시선은 상반되어 왔지만 접경지대의 국경은 국제 무역의 활성화와 같이 단순히 물리적 국경에 머물지 않고 기능적으로 확장되는 차원으로 발전하는 것이 바람직하다. This paper is about historical significance on the border area, centering on Jin Shang, the greatest merchant group as China`s free civilian trader, and Mansang in Joseon Dynasty`s Uiju. The period of the research is the Ming·Qing and Joseon Dynasty, when Jin Shang and Mansang were active. And the main topic is the activities of two merchant groups, especially focusing on international trade which were cross the boundary of region and people, and how they formed boundary and worked as a merchant. As the results of the study, both merchant groups in China and Joseon traded beyond the boundary on the border area. Ming`s Jin Shang provided financial aids to Royal court, and procured military supplies to the military of border area as a merchant, while Joseon`s Mansang acted only as a merchant. Looking back upon history, the view of the borders has been contradictory according to the social contexts of each era. However, the boundary of border area is not the farthest point from the center of Korea, but should be a starting point for the development of international trade and procuring provisions and military materials to the military camp near the border area. The implication of the research is that border area should be the extended ideational boundary, not physical boundary.

러일전쟁 시기 일본의 독도 지리적 인식 고찰-군사 전략적 측면으로-

나승학 ( Seung-hak Na ) 대한정치학회 2021 大韓政治學會報 Vol.29 No.3

일본의 독도 고유 영토설을 주장하는『은주시청합기』, 『원록각서』 등의 사료를 통해서 일본의 독도 지리적 인식을 고찰하고, 러일전쟁 시기에 일본은 독도를 영유화하려고 했던 이유를 분석하였다. 연구 결과로는 첫째, 조선시대 이후 울릉도 주민 쇄환 정책으로 일본이 불법 도해하면서 일본인은 울릉도에 인식을 갖기 시작하였다. 그러나 독도에 대한 인식은 없었다. 1696년 울릉도 도해 중단으로 두 섬에 대한 지형 정보와 영토 경계 인식 부족으로 울릉도에 대한 명칭을 다케시마, 마쓰시마라는 이름으로 혼용하여 사용하였다. 둘째, 일본은 러일전쟁을 통하여 독도의 군사 전략적 가치를 인식하였다. 즉, 해상 교통로이고, 해상기지 건설이 가능한 지역으로 인식하였고, 해전에 대비하여 동해안, 울릉도, 독도에 망루, 통신선을 설치하였다. 일본은 러일전쟁 중 대마도 해전을 통해 독도에 대한 지정학적 및 군사 전략적 가치가 입증되어, 독도를 불법 편입 및 영유화하려고 하였다. 본 연구는 현재 미중 패권 경쟁이 심한 상황에서 군사 전략적 측면에서 다루었다는데 매우 중요한 의미가 있을 것으로 기대한다. The Study examined Japan’s geographical perception of Dokdo through historical documents such as Onshu Shicho Goki and Wonrokgakseo ,which claim Japan’s unique territorial theory of Dokdo, and analyzed the reasons why Japan tried to territorialize Dokdo during the Russo-Japanese War. The results of this study are as follows: First, after the Joseon Dynasty, Japanese people began to have an awareness of Ulleungdo as Japan illegally traveled to Ulleungdo due to the repatriation policy of Ulleungdo residents. However, there was no awareness of Dokdo. In 1696, due to the suspension of the Ulleungdo Island, the name of Ulleungdo was mixed with Takeshima and Matsushima for lack of geographical information and territorial boundary recognition for the two islands Second, Japan recognized the military and strategic value of Dokdo through the Russo- Japanese War. In other words, it was recognized as a maritime traffic route and an area where sea base construction was possible, and watchtowers and communication lines were installed on the east coast, Ulleungdo, and Dokdo in preparation for naval battles. Japan tried to illegally transfer and perpetuate Dokdo by proving the geopolitical and military strategic value of Dokdo through the Battle of Tsushima during the Russo-Japanese War. This study is expected to be very important in that it deals with the military strategic aspect in the situation where the US-China hegemony is currently in severe competition.

군 리더의 위기관리 역량 강화 방안 연구: 4차 산업혁명시대 특징을 중심으로

나승학 ( Seunghak Na ) 사단법인 아시아문화학술원 2021 인문사회 21 Vol.12 No.2

현시대는 4차 산업혁명시대와 포스트 코로나19로 인하여 사회, 경제 등 변화에 대응해야 하는 위기관리의 시대이다. 특히 군 리더는 전투 현장에서 불확실성에 적극 대처하고 다양성과 역동성으로 가득한 디지털 시대를 주도할 수 있는 역량을 배양해야 한다. 연구 방법으로는 군 리더의 환경적 요인, 미래 전장 양상의 특성 요인과 4차 산업혁명시대의 특성인 IT를 활용한 속도 증가, 전장 확대로 지휘 폭 신장, 급변하는 무기체계 요인들을 고려하여 핵심 역량 요소를 도출하여, 범주(範疇)를 자질과 역량으로 구분하였다. 연구결과로 4차 산업혁명시대의 군 리더 역량으로 임무 완수, 소통 및 신뢰구축, 자기 역할 이해 능력을 제시하고, 이에 맞는 역량에 대한 강화 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 그러나 본 연구는 4차 산업혁명시대의 특성 요인을 선행연구를 토대로 도출했다는 한계점을 지니므로, 향후 사례를 중심으로 연구할 필요가 있다. The current era is the era of crisis management in which society and the economy must respond to changes due to the Fourth Industrial Revolution and post-Covid-19. In particular, military leaders should actively cope with uncertainties at battle sites and foster capabilities to lead the digital era full of diversity and dynamism. As a research method, the core competency factors were derived by considering a number of factors, and the categories were divided into qualities and competencies. In consideration of the environmental factors of the military leader, the characteristics of the future battlefield, and the characteristics of the Fourth Industrial Revolution such as increasing the speed of IT, expanding the scope of command in battlefield, and rapidly changing weapons systems. As a result of the research, the capabilities of the military leaders in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution include completion of their duties, communication and trust building, understanding their own roles, and suggesting measures to strengthen their capabilities. However, since this study has the limitation that characteristic factors in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution were derived based on prior research, it is necessary to focus on future examples.

한미동맹의 지속요인에 관한 연구

나승학(Na, Seung Hak) 동아시아국제정치학회 2016 국제정치연구 Vol.19 No.2

Formed in 1953, the Alliance between Korea and the U.S. has continued until today through the post-cold war periods. It has continued going through changes in conflicts and has contributed to maintain peace in the Korean peninsula and in Northeast Asia. However, since September 11, 2011, the United States has adopted a military transformation strategy to address a new security environment. Its security directions have become a new variable to the alliance. The Korean government showed a different opinion on the U.S." security policies considering threats to North Korea, implications on domestic politics, identity and security culture. This is why the author finds it incumbent to study and investigate factors that have continued in the midst of changes in the alliance between the two countries during the cold war and the post-cold war periods and what have made different and similar factors persist by periods. The results of this study suggest that as for differentiation among continued factors, the North Korean nuclear issue was a factor that made the continuity of the alliance during the cold war. Factors similar both in the cold war and the post-cold war are domestic political influences, reliability preservation, hegemonic leadership, and institutionalization. Such continued factors have made the alliance continue relatively without troubles during the cold war, whereas during the post-cold war, there have been a series of conflicts in accordance with the changes in paradigms, which made the alliance policies selectively accept policies under the securities environments of the two countries. It is expected that the alliance between Korea and the U.S. will continue considering environments surrounding securities and the two countries will selectively accept, adjust, and develop the alliance.