마이크로컴퓨터를 이용한 실시간 QRS 검출 알고리즘

김형훈,안재봉,윤형로,이명호 대한전기학회 1985 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.1985 No.7

다수의 편평 소용돌이를 보인 dilated pore

김형훈,이미우,최지호,문기찬,고재경 대한피부과학회 2003 大韓皮膚科學會誌 Vol.41 No.7

Squamous eddy, focal necrosis, focal hemorrhage, and acute and chronic inflammation are common and reliable indicators of irritation. Squamous eddy is most commonly seenin inverted follicular keratosis, but it may be found on occasion in other conditions. Herein we describe a case of dilated pore with the feature of squamous eddies. (Korean J Dermatol 2003;41(7) : 942~944)

한국인 갑상선 수질암 환자에서 RET 원종양유전자 점돌연변이 양상

김형훈,김현진,정윤재,민용기,이명식,이문규,김광원,기창석,김종원,정재훈 대한내분비학회 2003 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.18 No.4

연구배경: 갑상선 수질암의 25∼30%는 유전성으로 발현되는데, MEN 2A, MEN 2B 또는 가족성 수질암의 형태로 나타난다. RET 원종양유전자의 점돌연변이가 유전성 갑상선 수질암의 발생에 중요한 역할을 하므로, 진단 당시의 연령이나 가족력 유무에 관계없이 모든 갑상선 수질암 환자나 또는 RET 변이가 발견된 수질암 환자의 가족 구성원들에서 RET 변이 검색을 하여야 한다. 또한 일부 문헌에서 RET 변이의 양상에따라 임상상이 다르게 표현됨이 보고된 바 있다. 이에 저자들은 한국인 갑상선 수질암 환자에서 RET 원종양유전자의 점돌연변이의 양성률을 알아보고, 변이 양상에 따른 임상상의 차이가 있는지를 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방법: 치근 7년간 본원에서 갑상선절제술을 통해 갑상선 수질암으로 진단받은 29예에서 RET 원종양유전자의 점돌연변이 검사를 시행하였다. 29예의 평균연령은 39세(20∼60세)이었고, 남자 7예, 여자 22예 이었다. 이들의 말초혈액에서 genomic DNA를 분리하고, 특이 시발차를 이용하여 RET 원종양유전자의 exon10, 11, 13, 14, 16부위를 증폭하였다. 증폭된 부위를 자동염기서열분석기를 이용하여 직접 분석하였다. 양성으로 나온 경우는 모든 가족 구성원을 대상으로 RET 변이 유무를 검색하였다. 결과: 대상 환자 29예 중 9예 (31%)에서 RET 원종양유전자 점돌연변이가 발견되었다 RET 변이가 발견된 9예 (남자 3예, 여자 6예)의 평균 연령은 33세 (20∼51세)로 RET 변이가 발견되지 않은 20예의 평균연령 42세(24∼60세)보다 의미 있게 적었다. RET 변이가 발견된 9예 중 MEN 2A가 5예, 가족성 수질암이 1예, 그리고 산발성 수질암이 3예이었고, MEN 2B는단 1예도 진단되지 않았다. MEN 2A 5예 중 4예는 exon 11의 codon 634번(C634R 2예, C634Y 2예)에서, 그리고 나머지 1예는exon 10의 codon 618번 (C618R)에서 변이가 각각 발견되었다. 가족성 수질암 1아는 codon 634번(C634W)에서, 산발성 수질암 3예도 모두 codon 634번 (C634y 2예, C634s 1예)에서 각각 변이가 발견되었다. RET변이 양상 또는 위치에 따른 임상상의 차이는 발견할 수 없었다. 결론: 갑상선 수질암 환자 31%에서 RET 원종양유전자의 점돌연변이를 발견할 수 있었다. 유전성 수질암 중 가족성 수질암 1예를 제외하고 나머지 5예는MEN 2A이었다. 저자들의 5예와 지금까지 국내에서 보고 된 7예를 합친 국내 MEN 2A 12예 중 75% (9/12)는 exon 11의codon 634번(C634R 4예, C634y 4예, C634w 1예)에서, 그리고 나머지 25% (3/12)는 exon 10의 codon618번(C618R 2예, C618s 1예)에서 변이가 발견되었다. 국내에서는 codon 634과 codon 618 두 곳에만 국한된 양상이었고, codon 634에서의 C634R 변이는 1/3에서만 나타났다. 비록 본 연구에서는 제한된 환자 수 때문에 변이 양상과 임상상의 관계를 규명할 수 없었지만, 향후 많은 수의 환자를 대상으로 전향적인 연구를 시행하여 genotype-phenotype 관계 규명을 하는 것이 필요하다. Background: Medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC) have been reported as hereditary in about 25 -30% of cases. The identification of germline mutation in RET proto-oncogene is important in the diagnosis of hereditary MTC, and occurs in three forms: MEN 2A, MEN 2B and familial MTC (FMTC). To evaluate the prevalence of the relationship of RET proto-oncogene mutation and genotype-phenotype was studied in Korean patients with MTC. Methods: Genomic DNA was obtained from 29 patients, with MTC, who underwent a total thyroidectomy, between 1997 and 2003, at the Samsung Medical Center. There were 7 male and 22 female patients, with an average age of 39, ranging from 20 to 60 years. Exon 10, 11, 13, 14 and 16 of the RET proto-oncogene were amplified, with specific primers, using PCR. A sequencing analysis was performed on the PCR product using an automatic sequencing analyzer. Results: Nine of the 29 patients (31%) were identified as having RET mutations. The average age of these 9 patients was 33 years, ranging from 20 to 51, with a female to male ratio of 2. Five patients had MEN 2A and one had FMTC, with the other 3 thought to have non-hereditary (sporadic) MTC. The 4 patients with MEN 2A had RET mutations on codon 634 of exon 11 (2 patients, C634R; 2 patients, C634Y) and the other patient on codon 618 of exon 10 (C618R). One patient with FMTC had a mutation on codon 634 (C634W). Three patients with sporadic MTC had RET mutations on codon 634 (2 patients, C634Y; 1 patient, C634S). However, no genotype- phenotype relationship could be found, due to the limited number of patients. Conclusion: Thirty-one percent (9/29) of the patients with MTC had RET proto-oncogene mutations. Three-quarters (9/12) of the Korean patients with MEN 2A, including another 7 patients reported in 3 papers in Korea, had RET mutations on codon 634 of exon 11 (4 patients, C634R; 4 patients, C634Y; 1 patient, C634W), but a quarter (3/12) had mutations on codon 618 of exon 10 (2 patients, C618R; 1 patient, C618S). Although no relations could be found between the genotypes and phenotypes, extensive prospective studies will be required to verify this (J Kor SOC Endocrinol 18:360-370, 2003).

Fabrication of a Piezoelectric Microcantilever Array with a Large Initial Deflection and an Application to Electrical Energy Harvesting

김형훈,윤성환,고정상,안철희,Shuji Tanaka,Masayoshi Esashi,고상춘,장원익 한국정밀공학회 2012 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.13 No.9

This paper presents a new method to fabricate a multi-layered PZT microcantilever with a large upward initial deflection and the application for energy harvesting. The upward initial deflection is obtained by asymmetrically distributed residual stresses in the thin multilayer. The numerical analysis is carried out to simulate the upward deflection only based on the temperature history of process. In particular, the proposed method using the metal etching of the adhesion layer of tantalum and the plasma ashing of parylene-C is compared with that using the dry etching of polycrystalline silicon as a sacrificial layer to release the microcantilever from the substrate in fabrication simplicity and process time. An experimental evaluation confirmed that the proposed fabrication method is very simple and effective. The feasibility of the electricity generation is also measured on the PZT vibration test bed. A nano-watt electrical output is obtained, much higher than noise level. Also, a large output is obtained at a large length of the microcantilever with a large initial deflection.

경찰관직무집행법 개정 방향

김형훈 경찰대학교 2001 경찰학연구 Vol.- No.1

[초록없음]

政治的 統合에 관한 硏究

金亨勳 건국대학교 1981 論文集 Vol.13 No.1

The Political integration is one of the most important factors of the political development. Then, what is the political integration and its means. They are followings. 1.Integration may refer to the process of bringing together culturally and socially discrete groups into a single territorial unit and the establishment of a national identity. For this integration, the Politics has to use "the detribalization" and establishment of national loyalty to nation-state. 2.Integration is often used in the related sense to refer to the problem of establishing national central authority over subordinate political units or regions which may or may not coincide with distinct cultural or social group. 3.Integration is often used to refer to the problem of linking government with the governed. For this problem, political leader pays to attention "infra-structure". 4.Integration is sometimes used to refer to the minimum value consensus necessary to maintain a social order. For this integration, political leader has to use "self-conscious" and "harmony of individual and group interests". 5.Finally, we may speak of integrative behavior, refferring to the capacity of people in a society to organize for some common purposes politically integrative and disintegrative behavior are relative with men-minds. Generally, when the new nations and developing countries choose means mentioned above, how does political leader carry out them in Korea? First of all, he has to do followings: 1.Groping for political unity. 2.Strive to reform the social trend. 3.Strengthening joint-conciousness among member of society. 4.Applying and developing political sub-structure. 5.Strengthening national education. If we should carry those, the political culture in Korea will be settled.

경찰관 무기사용의 법리와 형사책임 : 2003년 벽두의 창원지법 진주지원 판결 및 전주지법 판경을 지켜보면서

김형훈 경찰대학교 2003 경찰학연구 Vol.0 No.4

[초록없음]

주취자 보호관련 법제도 정비방안

김형훈 경찰대학교 2005 경찰학연구 Vol.0 No.8

There are two points at this study. Firstly, we should reform the law and system to build the organic partnership among the authorities related the intoxicated person who needs emergency care. What is expected to nation or autonomy is substantial care for the intoxicated person in emergency situation. Nevertheless, much to my sorrow, there is no oranic welfare system in autonomy after police first-aid. For that reason, many human lives are barely relying on diagnosis and care done by police, non-medical specialist. Therefore, it's necessary to let the related authorities appropriately take a share in this public service field remaining faithful to their own duty. Secondly, it is another point how we can suppress the intoxicated person who makes a scene. Due to his irrational behavior to easily end up with a accident or crime, people's right of security is prior to freedom of the intoxicated person. For that, we should newly reform the requirement and method of administrative compulsion. According to our emotion, it is not desirable to punish the intoxicated person only for intoxication itself like other country, france, america, england etc. we should make a custody system rather than the criminal punishment to effectively prevent the intoxicated person from provoking the risk against public security and order. Moreover, we should wipe out the controversy of infringement against human being's right by enacting the ground of safety device. How strictly we can cope with the disorder caused by the intoxicated person depends on citizen's recognition about how much uneasiness and demage against our society there is, how much exhaustion of police power due to him there is. On the other hand, it depends on how firmly citizen trust police since considerable discretion is called for in that spot of law enforcement against the intoxicated person. In conclusion, it can be said “the problem of policy decision” rather than “the problem of legal principle” whether the legislation like the above can be done.

일본 유치장 탐방 : 일본 경찰청 홈페이지를 다녀와서

김형훈 경찰대학교 2002 경찰학연구 Vol.0 No.2

[초록없음]

불심검문의 실효성 확보방안

김형훈 경찰대학교 2005 경찰학연구 Vol.0 No.9

It is necessary to prepare the legal control mechanism against abuse of police power in the process of law enforcement and to do activities of lookout for protecting the people’s fundamental rights. However, if there are no delegation of power from the outset with being afraid of abuse, any law enforcement to be expected will not go. On the contrary, we should recognize that if we let them accomplish their responsibility without power, exceeding performance might be happened for the professional sense of duty. There is no problem if police activities of checkup about suspect are nothing but arbitrary actions without no direct target of danger protection or criminal arrest. But if you try to blame the police man not to be able to arrest the wanted who passed in front of the police man, and to say that policeman should a certain whether the man who would like to buy tobacco or alcohol is juvenile or not, you should allow policeman necessary degree of power going side by side with adequate control mechanism by law. The way of making sure the effectiveness of questioning on policing is divided compulsion and sanction at large. It is desirable to allow the ultimate veto right about confirm of personal identity in the light of present legal emotion of citizen and to make indirect compulsory performance with sanction(administrative punishment) through the judgment made by judge against objector. Now, it is time to make clear the degree of citizen’s own expectation about law enforcement by public power and to decide the attitude of legislation about permitted limit of basic methods for law enforcement at the standpoint of the paymasters. Namely, the wisdom of third phase of administrative law called ‘The accord between special delegation and special limit against servant’ is necessary.