클린룸공사 초기공사비 산정을 위한 부위별 비용분류체계 개발

김현태 서울시립대학교 도시과학대학원 2014 국내석사

To manage the cost of the clean room construction project, the reliability of the initial construction cost must be ensured. That is because the initially estimated construction cost serves as the criterion for the budget and contract of ordering agencies and becomes the upper cost limit. Nevertheless, the reliability of the initial construction cost is low due to the characteristics of clean room construction work performed by means of fast‐track process. Moreover, because the contract type is limited to the cost plus fee contract, the cost management becomes biased toward the settlement phase. This, in turn, increases the construction cost due to the absence of an upper cost limit and may result in unnecessary disputes between the ordering agencies and construction contractors. In this regard, this study sought to improve the reliability of the initial construction cost estimation by developing the elemental cost classification system. The reasons for studying the development of the elemental cost classification system are as follows. First, there is a need to use construction results to estimate the initial cost of clean room construction for which insufficient drawings are available, but the current breakdown structure makes it difficult to use such results. Second, since ordering is made repeatedly in a certain complex, a system for accumulating and using the cost is needed. Third, the specifications of the materials for each part are the same. For these reasons, this study was carried out to develop the elemental cost classification system and to estimate the initial construction cost using the performance cost of each part. Thus, this study aims to develop a cost classification system for estimating the initial cost of clean room construction. The main research contents are as follows. First, the research direction was established through a preliminary study that focused on the concept of a clean room and its construction, various cost prediction methods, and fast‐track management of the initial cost of clean room construction. Second, a survey of ordering agencies, CM, contractors, and suppliers was conducted with respect to the distribution of drawings in the estimation of the initial construction cost, the level of the given information, and the reliability of the calculated construction cost. Third, the problems identified from the survey are as follows: (1) the difficulty in reviewing the adequacy of an estimate, (2) the inaccuracy of the cost estimation (3) the problems in utilizing the performance cost and the breakdown structure, and (4) the constraints resulting from the contract type. Fourth, the elemental cost classification system was developed to solve such problems as (1) the higher cost of clean room construction, and 2) the repeatability and (3) the uniformity of the elemental standards. Fifth, the problems with the conventional breakdown structure that were identified through an analysis are (1) the non‐uniformity of the classification system, 2) the non‐uniformity of the items, and (3) the segmentation of the unnecessary items. Sixth, the clean room was classified by part, and codes were given to each part and its corresponding construction type. The unit standards were set to calculate the construction cost of each part in terms of the unit cost. Seventh, a breakdown system was developed by supplementing the shortcomings of the conventional breakdown structure and using the elemental classification and code, as well as the unit standards. Eighth, the method of estimating the performance construction cost was investigated by calculating the cost of each part in terms of its unit price based on the elemental cost classification system, and it was verified based on the performance record. The elemental cost classification system developed in this study is expected to improve the reliability of the estimation of the initial cost of clean room construction for which insufficient drawings available, and the efficiency of the calculation process, as well as to be the basis for the setting up of a database of construction costs without re‐operation. Meanwhile, since the unit costs of all the parts were not verified, the unexpected problems with the performance cost of each part must be investigated. In addition, statistical studies are required to estimate other costs in performing a project through continuous observations of the occurrence levels of consequent additional construction works and design changes by the project. 건설산업의 경쟁력을 향상시키기 위해서는 사업초기단계에서의 의사결정이 매우 중요하다. 하지만, 프로젝트 초기단계에서는 도면과 시방서 등 설계도서가 완전히 갖추어지지 않기 때문에, 가용할 수 있는 정보는 한정되어 있다. 따라서 이 단계에서 정확히 공사비를 예측하는 것은 어려운 일이며, 이로 인해 발주자의 의사결정에도 어려움을 초래한다. 제품의 출시가 경쟁사보다 빨라야 시장 점유율에서 유리한 IT 산업의 특성에 기인하여, 클린룸 건설공사는 대부분 설계도면이 완성되기 이전에 공사가 진행된다. 따라서 클린룸 공사의 경우 해당 공사에 대한 정보가 부족한 상태에서 공사비를 추정하기 때문에, 최초 공사금액을 정확하게 예측하기 어렵고, 입찰을 진행하는데 있어서도 한계점을 초래하여 원가를 상승하게 하는 원인이 되기도 한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 설계이전 단계에서 클린룸 건설공사의 공사비를 보다 정확히 예측하기 위하여, 부위별 비용분류체계를 개발하고 부위별 실적단가를 활용한 공사비 산정방법을 제안하였다. 본 연구의 진행과정과 주요 연구내용을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 클린룸의 개념과 클린룸 건설공사에 대한 이론적 고찰을 실시하고, 공사비 예측방법론과 공사비 예측관련 선행연구에 대해 예비적 고찰을 실시하였다. 둘째, 클린룸 건설공사의 초기공사비 산정의 현황을 파악하기 위하여, 발주처, CM, 시공사, 협력사를 대상으로 초기공사비 산정 시 도면의 출도여부, 주어지는 정보의 수준, 산출된 공사금액의 신뢰성 등에 대한 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 클린룸공사 초기공사비 산정 시의 문제점을 도출하였다. 셋째, 설문조사를 통해 견적의 적정성 검토의 어려움, 공사비 산정의 부정확성, 설적단가 활용과 기존 내역체계의 문제점, 계약방식의 제약 등의 문제점들이 도출되었으며, 이를 바탕으로 클린룸공사 초기공사비 산정을 위한 개선방향을 설정하였다. 넷째, 기존 내역체계를 분석하여 개선사항을 도출하였으며, 도출된 개선사항을 반영하여 부위별 비용분류체계를 개발하였다. 그리고 공종 및 부위별로 집계가 가능하도록 코드를 부여하고 부위별 건설원가를 단가화하기 위한 단위기준을 정립하였다. 다섯째, 개발된 부위별 분류, 코드, 단가기준을 활용하여 내역체계를 개발하고, 부위별 비용분류체계 기반의 공사비 산정방법을 제시하였다. 여섯째, 개발된 부위별 비용분류체계 기반의 공사비 산정방법의 실무적용성을 검증하기 위해, 부위별 단가 DB를 구축하고 실적사례를 바탕으로 검증을 실시하였다. 검증 결과, 각 부위별 오차율의 범위는 -5.8%에서 9.1%로 나타났으며, 전체 부위에 대한 평균 오차율은 2.2% 나타나 상당히 높은 예측결과를 보여주었다. 본 연구는 도면이 불충분한 상태에서 활용 가능한 정보로써 부위별 실적단가를 활용하여 초기 공사비를 산정하는 연구이다. 클린룸의 부위별 규격이 유사하고 부위에 맞는 단위 기준을 설정했기 때문에, 실적단가의 신뢰성이 높은 편이고 공사비를 산출하는 방법도 간편하다. 또한, 실적단가의 활용이 가능한 체계로 구성되기 때문에, 별도의 작업 없이 원가를 데이터베이스화할 수 있어 높은 실무적용성이 기대된다. 한편, 본 연구에서 제안한 부위별 비용분류체계에 대한 검증과정에 있어서, 모든 부위에 대해 검증한 것이 아니기 때문에 보다 신뢰성 있는 결과를 제시하기 위해서는 기타 부위에 대한 추가 검증이 이루어져야 한다. 또한, 클린룸 공사의 경우 예상치 못한 추가공사가 자주 발생하므로, 추가공사비가 전체 공사비에서 차지하는 비중에 대한 추가적인 분석이 이루어져야 한다.

韓國 地方財政調整制度의 改善에 관한 硏究

김현태 조선대학교 1998 국내석사

Because local autonomy means that local residentials themselves manage business with the resources of local autonomy group, desirable local autonomy can never be achieved without the foundation of sound local finance. Three factors that constitute local autonomy are autonomy area, autonomy population, and autonomy right. Here, autonomy right includes business process right, organization personnel right, and finance management right and so we can perceive absolute value as local autonomy of local finance. What local finance means is the general term of economic activity for local autonomy organization to provide and manage money which is necessary to meet public needs and to expend money to coincide with policy goal. The local finance has only by dividing the finance of one country directly, And, the position and function of autonomy finance, above all, requirements which makes local autonomy possible. Namely, This means that the efficiency of local autonomy practice appears in proportion to sound degree of local finance. The point that we don't make the significance of residential autonomy lively and adapt basic local autonomy system where narrow area is regarded as unit is because we account much of the capability of local finance. Another role If local finance is a means of function performance. Local autonomy group has the duty to meet autonomic demand and must have finance which is necessary to implement this duty. According to the principle that autonomy business is appropriated with local finance and mandate business is managed with national finance, in order to perform the function of local autonomy group smoothly, financial security must be preceded. Because of this, local finance has another characteristic, the barometer of local autonomy activation. How much local autonomy is active and is made effectively is influenced greatly by the size of local finance and structural sound degree. Therefore, the activation of local autonomy and sound degree can be measured through local finance. Like this, the local finance that we can call the economy of local autonomy group is independent economy and also the independence must be accounted of much. R. A. Musgrave and P. B. Musgrave, well-known finance scholars of America explain finance function of government with three factors of coordination of resource. distribution, incoime redistribution, and stabilization of economy, etc. Realistically, though national finance and local finance is linked organically and devoted to achievment of national finance goals centering the above function, both have inherent missions and functions each other, according to this standard, when local finance is shared between central government and local government , the efficiency of finance operation can be secured greatest under whole government section. Generally, local finance has three functions largely like national finance. That is to say, local finance has locality, economic growth and stability between regions and distributional function of finance. Though local finance shows difference from national finance in terms of identity, diversity of structure, self -regulation and another discipline, in that local autonomy has to meet public demand of population as independent economic identity, both are the same. After real local autonomy practice, with quantitative and qualitative demand expansion of administration demand, local financial demand has been changed greatly due to the creation of unprecedentedly new financial demand and the demand and standard of finance are increasing continuously. This means that as income increases due to the improvement of economic power, the welfare standard of society and so naturally finance increases. After the sailing of autonomy group head chosen by people in 1995 until now, looking at proceding development of local autonomy, in order to enter into real orbit, there are difficult questions to be overcome and at this point where 21th century is left only less than one year, our country faces big trials economically. Listed enterprise continues to fall down, the number of unemployment men exceed new employer, and in terms of domestic viewpoint commerce pressure continues to increase from advanced countries and on the other hand, because the deficit of current account is deepening due to the deterioration of foreign trade condition, local autonomy groups cannot be excepted from this economic danger of country. Looking at the trend of weight that the size of local finance has in central government and local autonomy group, it is 35.1%, 35% in 1998, and total size of local autonomy group's annual expenditure budget in 1999 is 50 trillion 65.4 billion and this is only 30%. On the other hand, local finance component ratio of Japan is 55.9% in 1993, 53.7% in 1997, and here we can know that the local finance size of our country is significantly weak, compared with advanced country. And among the size of local finance in 1999, Seoul municipality holds 17%, locality 83% and in locality metropolitan city holds 18%, province 23%, city 25%, county 11%, autonomy district 6% and so excepting Seoul municipality financial power of small and large size city is low relatively and because local finance of our country is not only small in size but also is concentrated on in big city involving Seoul city, small and large size city and country is very inferior situation in resource supply competence compared with resource demand. Also local finance independence degree is only national average 59.6%.. problem of unbalance among locality in local finance appears with group that didn't solve personal expense reaching 144 with local tax or local autonomy group's income and this holding 58% and so on. Like this, Problem and weakness that local finance carries are serious actual circumstance. Above all, most of local autonomy group, under small size, not only don't prepare for investment finance except legal expenses but also independent finance that is composed of with local income and outside tax' income is poor and finance independence per local autonomy group is fragile and unbalance among district is deepening, in function and business where local autonomy group performs owing to lack of itself - finance about inherent business or mandate business finance assisted by nation failure is brought about in performing task and so local autonomy group tries to get local grant tax, subsidy, special grant tax and protection grant more from central government. Owing to the real practice of local autonomy, in order to meet quantitative and qualitative demand of local population and achieve the success of local autonomy, bold system improvement of central government is required urgently so that independent finance is secured through the improvement of local finance. But while the reality of our country's local autonomy group is restricted in independent right of taxation and so local tax doesn't exercise price function about supply of local public service, in use of transferment finance involving let alone outside - local tax income, local grant tax, government subsidy and so on and security of local revenue and finance operation, as independence and self - regulation is low, it is a difficult actual circumstance to make responsibility and efficiency of local autonomy group lively. The finance distribution system of between present central government and local autonomy group is not coincident with properly to the principle of local autonomy and the size of finance distribution through local finance equalization system holds a big weight relatively compared with finance distribution through local tax. Accordingly, finance distribution system of between central government and local autonomy group must not remain in simple decentralization of finance or expenditure decentralization but it must be connected to building of finance system of local decentralization form. I think that it is desirable to provide finance which is necessary to perform public administration through, if possible, local tax that local residents pay to local government. In this respect, I think that finance distribution between central government and local government is achieved through tax source distribution that is based on if possible, independent and in order for local finance equalization to perform function to compliment local tax improvement is necessary. Therefore, this study analyze and draw problems operation situation about local allotment system, equalization system, government assistance money, and local concession money and is aimed at seeking improvement scheme. First, I compared and analyzed basic theory about local financial equalization system and local financial equalization of foreign country. Second, I analyzed the status and problems of korea's local financial equalization system and tried to present improvement orientation centering expected problems. On the other hand, this study refer each kind of related books inside and outside our country and study dissertation in theoretical explanation about local financial equalization system and local financial equalization system of foreign country, analyzed and quoted publication inside material related act and study dissertation report of study orgnization related to finance which local autonomy group published involving administration autonomy ministry in analyzing the status of to Korea's local finance or local financial coordination system, and utilizes graphics and table systematically. Accordingly, the approach of this study depends on literature study method of institutional approaching center.

지하역사내의 미세먼지 모니터링 시스템에 관한 연구

김현태 서울시립대학교 일반대학원 2012 국내석사

The PM10 concentrations in the underground should be monitored for the health of commuters on the underground subway system. Seoul Metro and Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation are measuring several air pollutants regularly. As for the measurement of PM10 concentrations, instruments based on beta-ray absorption methods are being used generally. In order to keep the PM10 concentrations under a healthy condition, the air quality of the underground platform and tunnels should be monitored and controlled continuously. The PM10 instruments using light scattering method can measure the PM10 concentrations every less than one minute. However, the reliability of the instruments using light scattering method is still not proved. The purpose of this thesis is to study the reliability of the instruments using light scattering method to measure the PM10 concentrations continuously in the underground platforms. One instrument using beta-ray absorption method and two different instruments using light scattering method (E-sampler, HCT) were placed at the platform of the Jegi station of Seoul metro line Number 1. A linear regression analysis method was used to improve the performance of the instruments using light scattering method. The data measured by these instruments have to be converted to actual PM10 concentrations using some factors. These findings found that the instruments using light scattering method could be used to measure and control the PM10 concentrations of the underground subway stations. 환경부에 따르면 수도권의 대기질은 선진국 주요 도시 및 국내 다른 도시에 비해 매우 열악한 수준으로 전국 오존주의보 발령횟수의 64~75%, 미세먼지 및 이산화질소의 환경기준 초과횟수 중 75~99%가 수도권에 집중되어 있고, 다중이용시설의 실내공기질을 살펴보면 지하상가, 보육시설 등 많은 사람들이 이용하는 시설물 공기에서 호흡기 질환을 유발하는 유해물질과 세균허용기준치가 크게 초과하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 공기오염으로 인한 사망자 수는 연간 최대 600만 명, 실내공기오염에 의한 사망자 수는 280만 명으로 추정된다. 실내오염물질이 대기오염물질보다 인체 폐에 전달될 확률은 1,000배 높다. 특히, 인구밀도가 높은 우리나라에서는 많은 사람들이 이용하는 다중이용시설인 지하철 역사, 교육시설, 지하상가, 의료 기관 등 실내공기에서 호흡기 질환을 유발하는 유해물질과 세균, 미세먼지가 허용치를 크게 초과하고 있어 다중이용시설 관리자들의 환기시설 개선과 청결유지 등 각별한 노력이 요구되는 시점에 있다. 실내공기질의 개선을 위하여 우선 실내공기를 오염시키는 오염물질의 정확한 측정이 요구되는 바이다. 하지만 지하역사와 같은 넓은 지하공간을 대상으로 공기질을 측정한다면, 측정 센서의 개수가 많아지게 되고, 이로 인한 엄청난 재원을 필요로 하므로 재정 부담이 크게 증가한다. 이에 따라 고가의 미세 먼지 측정기를 기준 측정기기인 교정용으로 사용하고, 측정의 정밀도가 상대적으로 낮지만 저렴한 미세먼지 센서들을 사용하여 측정치들의 성능을 높일 수 있다면, 재정적인 부담에서 벗어나 공기질을 개선하는데 상당한 효과가 있을 것으로 사료된다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 고가의 광산란식으로 실시간 미세먼지 측정이 가능한 Grimm 및 HCT 미세먼지 측정기와 상대적으로 저렴한 실시간 미세먼지 측정기 Airtest를 상관분석을 통하여 상관관계를 확인하고 회귀분석을 이용하여 보정모델을 도출한 후 보정 모델을 적용한 센서 보정기술에 관하여 연구하였다.

웨어러블 로봇의 활용을 통한 부품조립공정의 근골격게 부담 경감 방안 연구

김현태 금오공과대학교 2018 국내석사

Efficacy of 10-shot Induction Immunotherapy in Canine Atopic Dermatitis

김현태 忠南大學校 大學院 2014 국내석사

개의 아토피 피부염 치료를 위한 면역요법은 크게 도입기, 유지기로 이루어진다. 특히 기존의 면역요법의 도입기에서 원하는 항원의 용량에 도달하기 위해서는 최소 15회의 항원 주입이 필요하였다. 본 증례에서는 아토피로 진단 받은 10마리의 개에서, 총 10회의 항원을 30분 간격으로 하루에 5회, 이후 3일 간격으로 5회 주입하여 도입기를 유도 후, CADESI (canine atopic dermatitis extent and severity index)-03 점수를 치료 전과 도입기, 유지기로 각각 평가하였다. 그 결과 6마리(60%)의 임상 증상 감소 및 항원 주입으로 인한 과민증, 구토, 설사, 얼굴종창과 같은 부작용이 없음을 확인하였다. 즉, 도입기의 항원 주입을 10회로 줄여도 기존 면역요법의 치료 효과와 부작용에서 차이가 없음을 확인하였다.

저항 운동 강도가 남자 대학생들의 회복기 혈중 Myokine에 미치는 영향

김현태 동아대학교 대학원 2010 국내석사

미성년자의 불법행위에 대한 감독의무자의 책임 및 보험보상에 관한 연구

김현태 국민대학교 법무대학원 2019 국내석사

국문요약 사회적으로 큰 반향을 일으키는 사고중에서 미성년자의 불법행위에 의해서 발생되는 사고가 빈번하다. 사고의 수법이나 행태 등이 미성년이라고 믿기 어렵고, 그때마다 미성년의 기준에 대하여 현재보다 낮추어 책임을 물어야 한다는 사회적 여론을 일으키고 있기도 하다. 이렇듯 미성년자에 의해 행해지는 불법행위의 법적처리가 주요한 사회문제로 떠오르고 있는데, 미성년자의 불법행위로 인한 손해에 대하여 형사적인 부분이 아닌, 민사적으로 피해자들이 그 손해를 배상받을 수 있는 법적근거와 보험회사에서 담보하는 보험종목 등에 대하여 연구하였다. 민법 제750조에 “고의 또는 과실로 인한 위법행위로 타인에게 손해를 가한 자는 그 손해를 배상할 책임이 있다.”고 불법행위의 성립요건과 효과를 정하고 있고, 제753조는 미성년자가 책임을 변식할 지능이 없는 때에는 배상의 책임이 없다고 규정하고 있으며, 제754조에서 심신상실중에 타인에게 손해를 가한 자는 배상의 책임이 없다고 규정하고 있다. 즉, 민법 제753조, 754조는 책임능력이 없는 상태에서 타인에게 가한 손해는 배상책임을 부담하지 않는다고 규정하고 있는 것이다. 또한, 민법 제755조 제1항 본문에 “전2조의 규정에 의하여 무능력자에게 책임이 없는 경우에는 이를 감독할 법정의무 있는 자가 그 무능력자의 제3자에게 가한 손해를 배상할 책임이 있다”라고 감독의무자의 책임을 규정하고 있다. 이처럼 우리 민법은 미성년자의 불법행위와 관련하여 미성년자의 보호와 피해자 보호라는 두가지 측면을 함의하고 있는 것이다. 그러나, 미성년자의 책임능력의 유무는 사고가 발생하였을 경우, 피해자에 대한 배상 등에서 중요한 문제점을 주고 있다. 즉, 현행 민법상 미성년자의 불법행위로 인하여 손해가 발생하는 경우시 피해자의 입장에서 본다면, 그 행위의 주체인 미성년자가 책임능력이 있느냐, 없느냐에 따라 손해배상책임을 물을 수 있는지의 여부와, 누구에게 책임을 물어야 하는지 등에 대한 중요사항이 되는 것이다. 위와 같은 기본 법리안에서 미성년자의 불법행위에 대한 감독의무자책임에 관하여 연구하였으며, 책임능력이 있는 미성년자의 불법행위에 대한 책임은 누가 배상해야 하는지 등에 대한 방안을 고찰하고자 하였다. 먼저 미성년자의 불법행위 책임에 대하여 살펴보았다. 특히, 책임능력없는 미성년자에 대한 피감독자책임을 논하기 위하여 민법 제753조와 제755조에 규정된 책임능력에 대하여 검토하였고, 학설과 판례의 동향을 분석하였다. 다음으로 감독의무자의 손해배상책임에 대하여 책임능력이 없는 미성년자의 경우와 책임능력이 있는 경우로 살펴보았다. 이에대한 학설·판례를 정리분석하였다. 또한, 개인의 권리의식의 향상으로 보험부분에서는 배상책임영역이 더 커져가는 여건에서, 상기 미성년자의 불법행위에 대한 손해의 보험보상에 대하여 현재 판매되고 있는 보험종목과 올바른 보상의 방향에 대하여 고찰하였다. 구체적으로 보험회사에서 미성년자의 불법행위에 대한 손해배상을 담보하는 보험을 크게 개인배상책임보험과 영업배상책임보험으로 분류하여 살펴보았다. 개인배상책임보험의 자녀배상책임보험, 일상생활배상책임보험, 가족생활배상책임보험에 대하여 보상하는 부분과 보상하지 아니하는 부분에 대하여 살펴보았으며, 위에서 말한 바와 같이 민법 제753조에 의하여 책임능력이 있는 미성년자와 책임능력이 없는 미성년자의 보상에 대하여 각 보험회사에서도 통일되지 못하게 보상을 하고 있는 부분에 대하여 지적하였고, 판례와 더불어 바람직한 보험보상의 방향에 대하여 고찰해 봤다. 마지막으로 일부 지자체에서 시민 모두를 피보험자로 하여 자전거보험을 가입시킨 사례 등을 참조하여, 미성년자의 불법행위 결과로 인한 손해와 관련하여 피해자 모두가 손해전보를 받아 피해회복이 될 수 있도록 개인배상책임보험에 대해 각 지자체단위로 의무가입하는 방향으로 고려해 볼 만하다. 주요 핵심어 # 불법행위, 책임능력, 대리감독자의 책임, 자녀배상책임보험, 피해자보호 ABSTRACT A Study on the Supervisior’s Civil Liability about Minor’s Torts and its Insurance Coverage by Kim, Hyun-Tae Claims Adjusters Major Graduate School of Legal Affairs, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea Accidents that have a strong social repercussion are often caused by the illegal activities of minors. It is hard to believe that the method of accidents and behavior are underage, and it is causing public opinion that the standards of minors should be lowered to take responsibility. As such, the legal treatment of illegal acts by minors has emerged as a major social issue, and the legal basis for victims' damages caused by illegal acts of minors, not as a criminal part, and the insurance items covered by insurance companies.Article 754 of the Civil Code stipulates that "Anyone who damages another person for an unlawful act of an accusation or negligence shall be responsible for the damages." Article 753 stipulates that a minor is not responsible for compensation when he or she has no intelligence to denigrate the responsibility, and article 754 states that he or she is not responsible for any damages to another person during physical and mental loss. In other words, Article 753 and 754 of the Civil Act stipulate that when a person is not responsible, he shall not be held liable for damages inflicted on others. In addition, Article 755 paragraph 1 of the Civil Act stipulates that "If an incompetent is not liable under the provisions of Article 2 of the Civil Act, the one who has a statutory duty to supervise the incompetent shall be responsible for compensating any damage inflicted on the disabled person to a third party."As such, our civil law covers two aspects, namely the protection of minors and the protection of victims in connection with the illegal activities of minors. However, the existence of a minor's responsibility is a major problem in the event of an accident, such as compensation for the victims. In other words, in the case of damages caused by illegal acts of minors under the current civil law, it becomes important to know whether or not the minor responsible for the acts can be held responsible, and who should be held responsible. Under the above basic law, we studied the responsibility of supervision over illegal acts of minors, and considered the ways in which responsibility for illegal acts of minors with responsibility should be compensated. First, we looked at the responsibilities of illegal acts by minors. In particular, the responsibilities stipulated in Article 753 and 755 of the Civil Act were reviewed to discuss the responsibilities of the supervising officer for minors without accountability, and the trends of theories and precedents were analyzed. Next, it was examined as cases of minors without responsibility and cases of responsibility for the compensation of the responsible. These theories and precedents were analyzed in a systematicly.In addition, under the circumstances where the coverage area becomes larger in the insurance sector due to the enhancement of the individual's sense of right, the insurance items currently being sold and the direction of correct compensation were considered for damages caused by the illegal acts of minors. Specifically, insurance companies classified insurance policies that guarantee damage compensation for minor illegal activities as personal and business liability insurance. As mentioned above, we examined the compensation and non-compensation areas for the child compensation insurance of the individual compensation insurance, the daily compensation liability insurance, and the liability insurance for the family life, and, as mentioned above, we pointed out the areas where the compensation for minors who are not responsible and those who are not responsible under Article 753 of the Civil Act is not unified in each insurance company, and reviewed the direction of desirable insurance. Finally, some local governments may consider individual compensation insurance policies as their obligation to the local government so that all victims can receive a telegram of damage in connection with damages caused by illegal acts of minors, referring to cases where all citizens are insured. a key word # Illegal behavior, responsibility, responsibility of proxy supervisor, liability insurance for children, protection of victims

계약성립과정에서의 민사책임에 관한 연구

金炫兌 영남대학교 2010 국내석사

At the outset it should be noted that, the creation of any Contract is generally prepared by reaching an agreement based on opposing intentions of the contracting parties. This mechanism is described as an offer and acceptance agreement with the intention of establishing certain contract. The Korean Civil Act contains provisions concerning the creation of the contract by Realization of Intention (Civil Act Article. 532) and Crossed Offer (Civil Act Article. 533). It is essential for the creation of any contract that one party must be consistent with the other party`s intention. Consequently, the intentions of the parties should be accorded within an agreement in all details, however in some cases some essential points might not be settled although the contract could be established. Reasonably, in these cases those pointes should not be firstly confirmed in order to create the contract, nevertheless, the parties should decide their specific manner to confirm the contract later. Based on this agreement the contracting parties will enjoy certain rights and bear definite obligations, hence they will try to get their benefit from each other in the contract. In the light of the previous introduction, the contract was not fulfilled well between the parties; the Civil Act regulates Performance Claims or Damages Claims. On the other hand, in the Contract Formation progression other problems might be occurred such as the Obligations of Providing Information related to the contract’s subject, unattainableness, and Wrongful termination of the contract negotiations. As a result of that in this thesis, these significant three issues will be treated under the title of ‘Civil liability in the process of Contract Formation’ based on comparative study with Germany, France, Japan, China and Korea. Firstly the Obligation of Providing Information in the contract negotiation process will be focused. Korean Civil Act does not regulate this matter, however, bearing in mind that the required numerous information in the recent days to reach agreement for establishing most of the contracts. All the significant information related to the contracts’ details should be announced for each party during the process of the negotiation. Therefore the Korean Civil Act has to treat this matter vigilantly. Secondly the unattainable benefit problem will be highlighted in the process of Contract formation. Traditional theory is uncritically accepted Germany`s theory named ‘Culpa in contrahendo’ based on narrowness of German tort law. Accordingly the contracts, which has unattainableness as its object is invalid and they stretched the meaning of Civil Act article 535 as the general provision of ‘Culpa in contrahendo’ related problems. Other than German theory changed based on critical review regarding this issue subsequently now it could be understood that the contract is valid even its object is unattainable. Also CISG (UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods) and PECL (The Principles of European Contract Law) are virtually on the same view. Therefore giving consideration to these trends in international contract law, there’s no validity in traditional theory. Thirdly, Wrongful termination of contract negotiations in bad faith could be considered as critical issue. However Korean tort law provisions in the Korean Civil Act are quite comprehensive and flexible, therefore this Wrongful termination of contract negotiations in bad faith besides levelheadedly to be asked by tortious liability and precedent consistently it could be said that in this case the liability is tortious liability. 계약은 서로 대립하는 계약당사자의 의사표시의 합치로써 성립한다. 즉 청약과 승낙이라는 의사표시를 통한 합의에 의하여 계약이 성립하는 것이 보통이다. 민법은 이와 같은 청약과 승낙에 의한 계약의 성립과 함께 교차청약(민법 제533조) 및 의사실현(민법 제532조)에 의한 계약의 성립 또한 규정하고 있다. 기본적으로 계약의 성립에 있어 중요한 것은 당사자의 서로 대립하는 수개의 의사표시가 합치되어야 한다는 점이다. 원칙적으로 당사자의 의사표시에 나타나 있는 사항에 관하여는 모두 의사가 일치하고 있어야 하지만, 계약의 본질적 요소에 대한 합의가 없더라도 그에 대한 확정가능성이 있으면 계약은 성립하게 된다. 물론 계약체결 당시에 이러한 점에 관하여 구체적으로 확정되어 있어야 할 필요는 없지만, 구체적으로 확정할 수 있는 방법과 기준은 정하여져 있어야 한다. 이러한 합의를 바탕으로 각 당사자는 권리와 의무의 주체가 되어 계약의 목적이라 할 급부의 실현을 위하여 상호 간에 서로 노력하게 되고, 이러한 급부가 제대로 이행되지 않는 경우 민법은 급부의 이행청구 또는 손해배상 등의 형태로 당사자가 의도한 목적을 달성할 수 있도록 법리를 구성하고 있다. 그러나 계약의 성립과정에서는 계약체결전의 정보제공의무, 원시적 불능, 계약교섭의 부당한 파기 등의 문제도 발생할 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 ‘계약성립과정에서의 민사책임에 관한 연구’라는 제목 하에, 독일, 프랑스, 일본, 중국과의 비교법적 연구를 바탕으로 세 가지 중요한 논점을 다루어보고자 하는 것이다. 첫째는 계약체결전의 정보제공의무에 관한 것으로, 우리 민법은 이에 대한 명문 규정을 두고 있지 않으나, 계약의 성립을 위한 합의에 이르기 위해서는 다양한 정보가 필요하며, 계약의 세부적인 내용을 구성하는 모든 정보는 계약체결전의 교섭과정에서 당사자들간에 반드시 고지되어야 할 필요가 있다. 따라서 우리 민법도 계약체결전의 정보제공의무를 명문화할 필요성이 있다고 본다. 둘째는 원시적 불능에 관한 문제로, 종래 우리의 통설적 견해는 독일불법행위법의 특수성에 기해 학설과 판례에 의하여 형성된 계약체결상의 과실책임이론을 무비판적으로 수용하여, 원시적 불능인 급부를 계약의 목적으로 하는 경우, 그 계약 자체가 무효이며, 민법 제535조 규정 또한 계약체결상의 과실책임에 관한 일반규정으로 확대해석하여 왔다. 그러나 독일민법은 원시적 불능에 대한 규정의 비판적 검토를 바탕으로 원시적 불능인 급부를 목적으로 하는 계약도 유효한 것으로 보아 그 입장을 전환하였으며, 국제물품매매에 관한 유엔협약과 유럽계약법도 급부가 원시적 불능이더라도 계약은 유효하다는 입장에 있다. 따라서 국제계약법의 추세를 고려하면 더 이상 종래의 통설적 견해는 타당성을 유지할 수 없다고 본다. 셋째는 계약교섭의 부당파기에 관한 문제이나, 우리 민법상 불법행위책임의 규정은 포괄적이고 유연한 구조를 취하고 있어 계약교섭과정에서 일방이 타방 당사자에게 계약이 체결될 것이라는 신뢰를 주고도 결국 부당하게 계약교섭을 파기한 경우에는 불법행위책임을 물을 수 있다. 판례도 이러한 경우, 일관되게 불법행위책임으로 구성하고 있어 일응 타당한 견해라 할 수 있을 것이다.

Joannes Duns Scotus의 第一原理 硏究

김현태 가톨릭대학 대학원 1980 국내석사

The philosophical thought of Joannes Duns Scotus had a great effect on the German idealism, Which had turned the concern of the human being for himself into a form, a method and a possibility of the thinking, itself, not the thinking object. In other words, by turning the human being's thinking into the way of a necessary demonstration, he prescribes the metaphysical necessary being with his initiative, such a philosophical thought of him lays the core on the primary principle, De primo principio, As the primary principle scotus insists on here is a necessary being of metaphysics which transcends a physical order it is a cause belonging to a proper object. thereupon, instead of premising the divine illumination of st. Bonaventura, he tried to demonstrate the being of God from the necessity, if possible. God is not, properly speaking, an proper object of meta-physical science, says Scotus, in spite of the fact that metaphysics are the science of being, and God is the primary being. Because the truth belongs properly to that science in which it is known a priori , from the principles of that science, and the metaphysician knows truths about God only a posteriori. But, judging from his saying, " E jus, quod est Deum esse, omnibus inserts est notitia."We are sure that he also insists on the possibility of a certain cognition about God. As mentioned above, we can say, in brief, as the following according to Scatus' tone. Namely, although God is not the primary object of metaphysics, He can be studied in any natural science by out natural power of the reason. We can conclude that God is One, Supreme. Scotus says that all the oreatures came from God. Accordingly an apt method that one can recognize the being and the infinity of God, is possible in understanding the divine characteristic connected with creatures. The concepts of God formed from creatures, however, are imperfect, in contrast, that is, with concepts based on the divine essence itself. The reason is that it is not knowledge of God as immediately present to the intellect of a human being in His essence. So, "Our natural knowledge of God rests on our capacity to form the universal concepts," affims Scotus. Universal concepts are the existence concepts that all the creatures, God or not God, generally possess in the realm of being. By such an universal concept, we can realize the being of the primary cause, immediately and perfectly. Right here, Scotus constructs a thesis of the infinte being for an apex of the whole thought. And then refers to the eminence, the finality, and the efficiency by way of giving a essential being to the thing of the contingent existence. In other words, after regarding a posteriori ranged from an effect to a cause as the imperfect demonstration of concept, he evolves a priori demonstration of the Middle ages sense. Is there actvally anything infinite within a realm of being? Through above guestion, he examines something infinite and Prescribes an university of the being. Of course, the existence of God which Scotus proves from the Principle of the creatures, derives from the metaphysical characteristics of them, However, he thinks that we can not recognize all of God's characteristics by our natural reason. Because the knowledge of the man, first, starts from material things, and reflects on the object of his experiment, and then has a natural canoeptai -knowledge on God. It is true that existence things are certainly something contingent before demonstrating the essence of things. But in 'Lectura' of his work as understanding by ontological inner-construction and, also a possible being based on Pure Act, at the end, he does not recognize the real distinction between the existence and the essence. That is, Scotus' ontology shows a Characteristic of monism that he doesn't acknowledge both them, existence distinguished actually and inner construction of the essence affirmed by st. Thomas. In fact, it is true that, in the contingent being, the real distinction can be formed between existence and essence based on the real distinction of the potency and act, for scotus regards the possible being as the second being and the potency as an imperfect act, he doesn't recognize that distinction both them, and finally reaches to refusing that distinction. Namely, he thinks that the potency is imperfect act connected with more perfect act of the same dimension. He doesn't recognize the possibility of the existence with the existence itself without essential concept, the principle of finiteness, and absolutely necessitates being taken as noun that is, the concept of essence, in order to explain the being of natural things. Here, Scotus' opinion is directly connected with the thought of prae-existence, created by God. That is, the existence and essence of the creature are already included in God's creation. Such a creative theory of Scotus may make an essential emanation and original fall into emanation theory being in all. But he explains the creation of creatures basing an God's intellection by way of His voluntary will. In other words, God's intellection bases on the divine nature, and so. He created the creatures by imitating His nature. After all, the essence of all creatures resembles God. Thus, the final base of the creature can be explained from the essence of things, while a original respect from God's nature. Like this, we can conclude that Scotus, indeed, refused the divine illuminate, theory of St. Bonaventura, but, at Scotus' time, we can find that the divine illuminate theory was corrected and presented into the creation theoty. In such a conclusion as above, we will be able to realize his saying " Ejus, quod est Deum esse, omnibus inserta est notitia." What is that meaning? It means that the base of essence is explained from the nature of things, while the original base from God's nature. Therefore, the demonstration of Scotus' Primary Priniciple is to transcend the philosophical study, and we should introduce it into the faithful. If we, merely, localize the primary principle as the original base of the creature within the monism of the existence and the essence, as an inevitable consequence, it will be changed into emanation, or pantheism. Scotus always says a formal distinction in case of introducing an universal concept to remove such a danger. After prescribing the distinction as non-identitas, he not only insists on the reality of a formal distinction, but also supports fundamen tally the fact that existence differs from essence, is false. Now, we can conclude the primary principle of scotus' saying as the following. The primary principle belongs to the most proper thing in the existence, and, also, the existence is to suit to divine nature primarily and the most faithfully God is called the essence. Accordingly, if the "prinum principium" is demostrated in passio metaphysicae, it appears as the primary cause to exist primarily and necessarily, that is, as the existence of postulation.

Logit과 lognormal 분포를 이용한 적정 모돈수 추산

김현태 건국대학교 대학원 2016 국내석사

High hog price formed after FMD at the second half year 2010 inspired to farm management scale expansion. Also, MSY improvement due to housing modernization and disease prevention led to a sharp increase in the breeding hog numbers, resulting in a decline in the producer price received. Because Korea's hog industry has low productivity relative to major countries and relies entirely on import for feed ingredient, it has less price competitive on imported pork. Furthermore, since large-scale trend it continues to progress, price fluctuation impact and anxiety about management than in the past would be increased. in particular, variability of wholesale market supply has a great effects on price fluctuations, as well as domestic pork consumption. To stabilize hog farmers’ revenue, it is necessary to analyze the optimal number of hog that trade in wholesale market as well as sow breeding level influencing wholesale market supply. In this study, a survey of hog farm was conducted to find out both minimum and hoping prices that hog producers want to continue their farm business. Both lognormal and logistic distributions are used to analyse a relationship between the number of hog that trade in wholesale market and the hog’s wholesale market price. Using both surveyed prices and the distributional relationship between the prices and the number of hogs, the optimal level of sow breeding was calibrated according to the different level of MSY. This study found the monthly number of slaughtered hog by using ratio between the number of skinned hog that trade in wholesale market and the number of slaughtered hog from previous number of heads(42,747 heads and 43,266heads from unsatisfied section, 38,707 heads and 39,080 heads from satisfied section). As a result, the number of skinned hog that trade in wholesale market for production cost are 1,136,888 heads (lognormal) and 1,150,691 heads (logistic). Also, for request cost, the number of skinned hog in the trade market would be 1,029,441 heads (lognormal) and 1,039,361 heads (logistic). The study was able to compute the MSY optimal sow breeding level for farms’ stable profit based on the growth of South Korea’s hog industry’s technologies and results from both of distributions. If the farmers want to receive at least their production cost, when MSY is 17, the number of brood sows cannot excess 802,509~812,252. If MSY is 25, hogs’ number should not excess 545,706~552,332. Also, when the farmers want to earn requested cost, the number of brood sows should be below 726,664~733,667 when MSY is 17. And when MSY is 25, brood sow should be below 494,132~498,893. 2010년 하반기 겨울에 발생한 구제역 이후 형성된 높은 돈가는 농가들의 경영규모 확장의욕을 고취시키고, 축사시설현대화 및 높은 방역수준으로 인한 MSY향상이 사육두수의 급격한 증가로 이어져 결국 생산비에 못 미치는 수준의 돈가 하락을 초래하였다. 이와 더불어 높은 돈가로 인해 수입돼지고기 물량이 증가하면서 돈가 하락을 가속화 하였다. 국내 양돈산업은 해외의 양돈산업 주요국에 비해 생산성이 낮고, 사료원료를 전량수입에 의존하고 있기 때문에 수입육에 대한 가격경쟁력이 떨어진다. 또한 규모화가 지속적으로 진행되는 추세이기 때문에 과거에 비해 가격변동이 농가들에게 주는 영향력과 경영에 대한 불안감은 앞으로도 증가 될 것이다. 특히 출하물량의 변동성은 가격변동에 큰 영향을 미칠 뿐만 아니라 국내산 돼지고기 소비에도 부정적인 영향을 미친다. 이에 따라 양돈농가들의 경영불안감의 해소와 수익의 안정을 위한 방법 중 하나로 돼지도축두수 및 돼지경락두수의 변동이 돼지가격인 경락가격 형성에 어떤 영향을 미치는 지를 분석하고 출하물량에 절대적인 영향을 미치는 적정 모돈수를 추산해 볼 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 양돈농가설문조사를 실시하여 돼지경락가격의 최소가격 및 희망가격을 조사하였으며, 로그노멀분포와 로지스틱분포를 사용하여 설문조사답변가격을 기준삼아 국내 양돈산업에서의 돼지경락두수와 돼지경락가격간의 관계를 분석하고, 양돈농가의 수익안정화를 위한 MSY별 적정 모돈수를 추산하였다. 양돈농가설문조사의 답변가격을 바탕으로 돼지경락가격의 구간을 나누어 분석해본 결과 2000년 1월부터 2015년 12월까지의 192개의 돼지경락가격들은 로그노멀분포에서 불만족구간 46.84%, 보통구간 28.95%, 만족구간 24.21%, 로지스틱분포에서 불만족구간 37.82%, 보통구간 49.67%, 만족구간 12.51%에 포함되는 것을 보였다. 이는 불만족과 보통을 구분 짓는 가격이 농가가 설문조사에서 답변해준 농장 운영을 위한 최소가격 즉, 생산가격인 것을 감안한다면 최근 15년의 기간 동안 돼지를 출하했을 때, 농장주의 입장과 두 분포를 고려해보면 출하량의 37.82%~46.84%는 생산가격에 미치지 못했다는 것으로 추정해볼 수 있다. 만족구간에 대한 월 박피경락두수를 구할 때는 양돈농가 설문조사의 답변인 최소가격과 희망가격을 기준 삼았으며 그 결과 로그노멀분포에서 최소가격에 대한 월 경락두수는 42,747두, 희망가격에 대한 월 경락두수는 38,707두로 나타났고, 로지스틱분포에서 최소가격에 대한 월 경락두수는 43,266두, 희망가격에 대한 월 경락두수는 39,080두로 나타났다. 이는 월 경락두수가 각 42,747두, 43,266두를 초과하였을 때의 출하물량에 대한 농가수취가격이 불만족 구간에 있다는 것을 의미하고, 월 경락두수가 각 38,707두, 39,080두 이하일 때는 출하물량에 대한 농가수취가격이 만족구간에 포함 된다는 것을 의미한다. 다음으로 가격구간별 MSY값을 구하기 위해 최소가격 경락두수 42,747두, 43,266두와 희망가격 경락두수 38,707두, 39,080두에 대한 월 도축두수를 도축두수와 박피경락두수의 비율을 사용하여 구해보았다. 그 결과 농가의 최소가격 경락두수에 대한 월 도축두수는 각 1,136,888두, 1,150,691두, 희망가격에 대한 도축두수는 각 1,029,441두, 1,039,361두로 나타났다. 앞으로의 양돈산업 기술발전과 두 분포의 분석 결과를 고려하여 농가 수익의 안정화를 위한 MSY별 적정 모돈수를 추산하면 다음과 같다. 농가가 최소가격을 받기위한 모돈수는 MSY가 17일 때 802,509~812,252두 범위를 초과해서는 안 되고, 생산기술사양의 발전으로 MSY가 25까지 증가한다면 모돈수는 545,706~552,332두 범위를 초과해서는 안 되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 농가가 희망가격을 받기위한 모돈수는 MSY가 17일 때 726,664~733,667두 범위 이하이고, MSY가 25일 때 494,132~498,893두 범위 이하로 나타났다.