한국시 전통의 계승과 확장

김현자(Kim Hyun-Ja) 한국시학회 2008 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.22

This paper aims at exploring the archetypical identification and the tradition of Korean poetry through its sense of space and time, its sense of poetic distance and the point of views in it. The orientation toward dissolution of time frame and spacial boundaries has become a typical Korean way of thinking, or a typical framework of the Koreans. And the breaking-up of spacial thresholds is closely connected with the disruption of the boundaries between self and others in Korean literature and makes the discourse complicated in which self can be others and vice versa. This kind of spacial consciousness has been a poetic tradition in Korean poetry, expressed in call and response songs and by some literary parallelism. And these two poetic structures in turn take the readers to the poetic context, display multiple point of views in poems. form so-called 'Dialigizitat' and let the readers have extended experiences. This sort of poetic tradition has been maintained by the poets from Kim, So-Wol, Han, Yong-Woon, Yoon, Dong-Ju, and Yu, Chi-Whan through the poets like Park, Mok-Wol, Park, Doo-lin, Cho, Ji-Hoon, Kim, Kwang-Sub, and recently to Oh, Kyu-Won. The circular view of time which has been typical in Eastern culture contrasting to the linear view of time in Western culture, is also pervasive in Korean poems. Alongside with the circular view originated from the philosophical concepts like karma and regeneration, eternity of time. too, is one of the general characteristics consisting Korean poetic beauty and is embodied in a large number of poems written by Lee, Yuk-Sa, Seo, Jeong-Ju, Shin, Suk-Jeong, Park, Yong-Rae, Park, Jae-Sam, Kim, Kwang-Rim, Hwang, Dong-Kyu and Cheong, Hyun-Jong etc. Besides, various 'integrated' versions of time consciousness can be found in the poems of Lee, Sang where the linear time consciousness of Western culture has been modified in a Korean manner and in the works of some female poets such as Kim, Hye-Soon and Koh, Jeong-Hee who pursue a feminist solidarity through the images of mother, home and body. The sense of time the women poets have sometimes appears in forms of time trips to seek the archetypical attachment objects like mother, home or hometown and during the trips they delve into the essence of existence and life, speculating death. Korean poems extend the present by means of juxtaposing the present, the past and the future, with connecting some moments to others, and linking unrelated things together. Therefore the poets overcome fragmentation of time, leading it into the eternity, recreating and spiritualizing it. Korean poems do not simply deal with some universal conflicts among the contrasting orientations and dimensions but harmonize them from a poetic distance of beauty. So, it is this aesthetic distance in which Kim, So-wol sings songs about the time and space existing between life and death and Seo, Jeong-ju symbolizes the threshold space between the heaven and the earth, and it is also through this poetic distance which they lessen the conflicts between self and others, beyond the threshold spaces and the fragments of time. The poets have finally attained the balanced. positive sense of poetic distance between self and others, here and there, bright and dark side of life, in the result of their endeavor to ultimately go beyond the thresholds and limitations, which can be referred to as 'Mu-ae' (that means 'no limitations' or 'free from impedition') and their efforts to absorb all the thresholds or boundaries and dissolve them into a new unity, which may be referred to as 'Wonyung.' These two concepts are regarded as the archetype of Korean ways of thinking. These classes of manners of speculation extend the Korean tradition of poetry, supplying an energy to dream of harmony among discordances and of reconciliation among separations.

김일엽 시의 자의식과 求道의 글쓰기

김현자(Kim Hyun-Ja) 한국시학회 2003 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.9

Kim, Il-lyeop, together with Na, Hye-seok, and Kim, Myeong-soon, is one of the first modern women writers in Korea, who opened a way for women at that time to participate in the literary circles and to have their own jobs, breaking the shackles of deep-rooted, closed norms of the society. However, in spite of her leading role as a woman writer, Kim, Il-lyeop's works have not been paid serious attention to. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate her poetic world that has not been fully examined. What is noticed here is that we explore various poetic features and peculiar methodological development patterns she used in her poems, with respect to ontological awareness of femininity, to imagery orientation, and to optimistic point of view discovered in her works. First, her ontological realization of femininity is reflected only suggestively in her works. Looking at her early poems in the magazine "Shinyeoja"(new women), we can perceive her sense of the times only in a comparatively abstract, somewhat vague manner, i.e. through her linking the advent of new era with an image of spring. Nevertheless, it is worth mentioning that those poems in the magazine "Shinyeoja" represent the sense of the times and the consciousness of social involvement as a woman which were absolutely pioneering at that time of the day. Since the discontinuance of issuing the magazine "Shinyeoja," Kim's works which sing praise of a new era with the rhythm of 7.5, or 4.4, faced both substantial and formal changes. Especially in the substantial part, distinguished from the earlier works to convey something enlightening, her later verses concentrate on individual emotions such as solitude, agony, re￢morse, and yearning, as well as the passion and energy of the youth. Maintaining a single poetic voice of inner monologue, her works in this period can be phrased into the following: "the rhetoric of spring flowers." Next, the image of fire in the poems of Kim, Il-lyeop displays a kind of variation: it sometimes symbolizes a hearty laughter, fire burning allover the earth, or the torch which the Budda himself lit to incite ordinary people to pursue the truth. This kind of alternation of images of fire is in close accordance with the transformation of the poet's consciousness, that is, the progress from the emphasis on social enlightenment, to immerging into the individual emotion and passion, and finally to attaining the stage of unfathomable insight and spiritual awakening through the discovery of the absolute The Other, "Nim." Lastly, the poems written after her determination to be a monk, constantly reveal her ascetic attitude in seeking for the truth, though embracing the troubles in this world. They vividly show what a person will be like after burning her youth to the ashes, and eventually realizing the essence of life, and how optimistic her point of view can be. To sum up, Kim, Il-lyeop strived to live an independent life in such a period when women were considered to be subordinate to men in their private and social lives, and also persisted to sing the praises of liberty through the construction of her own literary world. Those efforts for liberty meant an attempt to free from the oppression of Japanese colonialism, a liberal expression of woman's desires and emotions curbed under the patriarch ideology, and sometimes a search for the ontological freedom toward the eternity and the universe. Conclusively, her writings as well as her life display the poet's endeavor to persue the freedom of body and spirit in the closed society, which are expressed as a cry for enlightenment, as a clamor against the discrimination of sex, as a remorse and a monologue resulting from the disappointing reality, and finally as so hearty a laughter as to seemingly burn out all over the earth.

암의 조기발견을 위한 CT촬영에서의 임상적 효능과 방사선위해에 대한 고찰

김현자,Kim, Hyun Ja 대한방사선방어학회 2013 방사선방어학회지 Vol.38 No.4

MDCT의 등장과 함께 병적 증상이 없는 개인이 조기검진을 위해 CT검사를 하는 예가 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 이러한 검사의 임상적 효용성과 방사선에 의한 암 발생위험에 대한 여러 가지 논란을 살펴보았다. 1. 저선량흉부CT(LDCT)를 이용한 폐암의 조기 검진 효용성을 보기 위해 설계된 무작위배정대조검사(randomized controlled trial)인 NLST(National Lung Screening Trial)의 분석 결과, CT선별검사가 선별검사를 하지 않은 그룹의 사망률 1.67%를 1.33%로, 20% (p=0.004) 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. CT선별검사군에서 양성결과를 보인 사람의 96.4%는 위양성(false-positive)이었다. 그리고 방사선에 의한 폐암의 ERR (excess radiation risk)은 다른 고형암과는 달리 나이와 함께 감소하지 않으며, 더욱이 흡연 위험과 방사선 위험이 상승작용을 하여 폐암 검진 대상인 고위험군에게 더욱 위험할 수 있는 것으로 평가되었다. 따라서 방사선에 의한 위험이 NLST에서 관측한 이득을 상쇄할 수도 있다. 아직은 최적의 전략이 확립되지 않은 상태이므로 임상에서 광범위하게 적용하기에는 한계가 있다. 2. 대장CT검사(CT colonography)는 10 mm보다 큰 용종의 검출에는 정확도가 뛰어나지만 이보다 작은 경우에는 민감도와 특이도가 급격히 감소하고, 용종이 발견되어 제거하고자 하는 경우 다시 기존의 대장내시경을 이용해야 하는 불편함이 있다. 현재 대장CT검사 1회 시행의 평균유효선량은 약 8-10 $mS{\nu}$로 보고되어, 만약 이 검사가 많은 사람들을 대상으로 일상적으로 행해지면 공중보건에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 따라서 집단검진 방법으로 정착하기 위해서 는 용종 크기 6-10 mm 범위에서 높은 민감도와 특이도를 확립하고, 하제를 사용하지 않는 방법을 개발하여야 하며, 선량을 더 감소시킬 수 있는 최적화된 전략을 세워 표준화하여야만 한다. 3. 전신CT검사는 그 효용성이 검증된 선행연구가 없는 상태이다. 이 검사는 약 90%의 검사자들에게서 최소한 하나 이상의 이상소견을 확인하였지만 그 중 약 2%만이 임상적으로 중요한 질환으로 판명되었다. 전신CT검사 1회 시행으로 인한 평균유효선량은 약 12 $mS{\nu}$이며 45세부터 75세까지 매년 검사를 받는 경우 LAR (lifetime attributable risk)이 1.9%로 보고되었다. 현재 의학계의 어떤 단체도 이 검사를 권고하고 있지 않다. 현재까지 CT선별검사는 정당화에 대한 충분한 논의를 위해 심도 있는 다양한 연구가 필요하며 최적화된 프로토콜이 확립된 후 이용하는 것이 바람직하다. Computed tomographic scan as a screening procedures in asymptomatic individuals has seen a steady increase with the introduction of multiple-raw detector CT scanners. This report provides a brief review of the current controversy surrounding CT cancer screening, with a focus on the radiation induced cancer risks and clinical efficacy. 1. A large study of patients at high risk of lung cancer(the National Lung Screening Trial[NLST]) showed that CT screening reduced cancer deaths by 20%(1.33% in those screened compared with 1.67% in those not screened). The rate of positive screening tests was 24.2% and 96.4% of the positive screening results in the low-dose CT group were false-positive. Radiation induced lung cancer risk was estimated the most important in screening population because ERR of radiation induced lung cancer does not show the decrease with increasing age and synergistic connection between smoking and radiation risk. Therefore, the radiation risk may be on the same order of magnitude as the benefit observed in the NLST. Optimal screening strategy remain uncertain, CT lung cancer screening is not yet ready for implementation. 2. Computed tomographic colonography is as good as colonoscopy for detecting colon cancer and is almost as good as colonoscopy for detecting advanced adenomas, but significantly less sensitive and specific for smaller lesions and disadvantageous for subsequent therapeutic optical colonoscopy if polyps are detected. The average effective dose from CT colonography was estimated 8-10 $mS{\nu}$, which could be a significant dose if administered routinely within the population over many years. CT colonography should a) achieve at least 90% sensitivity and specificity in the size category from 6 and 10 mm, b) offer non-cathartic bowl preparation and c) be optimized and standardized CT parameters if it is to be used for mass screening. 3. There is little evidence that demonstrates, for whole-body scanning, the benefit outweighs the detriment. This test found large portion of patient(86~90.8%) had at least one abnormal finding, whereas only 2% were estimated to have clinically significant disease. Annual scans from ages 45 to 75 years would accrue an estimated lifetime cancer mortality risk of 1.9%. There is no group within the medical community that recommends whole-body CT. No good studies indicate the accuracy of screening CT, at this time. The benefit/risk balance for any of the commonly suggested CT screening techniques has yet to be established. These areas need further research. Therefore wild screening should be avoided.

한 농촌지역 주민에서 성, 연령 및 Helicobacter pylori 감염 여부에 따른 위축성 위염과 장상피화생 유병률

김현자,최보율,변태준,은창수,송규상,김용성,한동수,Kim, Hyun-Ja,Choi, Bo-Youl,Byun, Tae-Joon,Eun, Chang-Soo,Song, Kyu-Sang,Kim, Yong-Sung,Han, Dong-Soo 대한예방의학회 2008 예방의학회지 Vol.41 No.6

Objectives ; The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia according to gender, age and Helicobacter pylori infection in a rural population in Korea. Methods: Between April 2003 and January 2007, 713 subjects (298 men and 415 women, age range: 18-85) among the 2,161 adults who participated in a population-based survey received gastrointestinal endoscopy. All the subjects provided informed consent. Multiple biopsy specimens were evaluated for the presence of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. The presence of Helicobacter Pylori was determined using CLO and histology testing. Results ; The age-adjusted prevalence of atrophic gastritis was 42.7% for men and 38.1% for women and the prevalence of intestinal metaplasia was 42.5% for men and 32.7% for women. The prevalence of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia increased significantly with age for both men and women (p for trend<0.001). The age-adjusted prevalence of Helicobacter pylori was similar for men (59.0%) and women (56.7%). The subjects with Helicobacter pylori infection showed a significantly higher prevalence of intestinal metaplasia (44.3%) compared with that (26.8%) of the noninfected subjects (p<0.001). However, the prevalence of atrophic gastritis was not statistically different between the Helicobacter pylori-infected subjects and the noninfected individuals. Conclusions : Our findings suggest that the prevalence of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia is higher for a Korean rural population than that for a Western population; this may be related to the high incidence of gastric cancer in Koreans. Especially, the prevalence of intestinal metaplasia was high for the subjects with Helicobacter pylori infection. The multistep process of gastric carcinogenesis and the various factors contributing to each step of this process need to be determined by conducting future follow-up studies.

LiF(Mg, Cu, Na, Si) 열형광선량계를 사용한 $^{60}Co\;{\gamma}^-$선의 수중 흡수선량 측정

김현자,정운혁,이우교,도시홍,Kim, Hyun-Ja,Chung, Woon-Hyuk,Lee, Woo-Gyo,Doh, Sih-Hong 대한방사선방어학회 1990 방사선방어학회지 Vol.15 No.2

새로 개발한 LiF(Mg, Cu, Na, Si) 열형광선량계를 사용하여 $^{60}Co$ 원격조사장치에 의한 수중흡수선량을 측정하였다. 공기중 조사선량으로 부터 TLD 공동의 흡수선량 교정인자($D_{TLD}$/TL)를 결정하였고, 수중흡수선량은 TLD 공동의 흡수선량을 측정하여 공동이론에 의해 해석하였다. $10{\times}10cm^2$ 및 $5{\times}10cm^2$의 빔 크기에서 팬텀내 여러지점에 대하여 LiF(Mg, Cu, Na, Si) TLD로 수중흡수선량을 결정하고 동일한 위치에서 NE 2561 전리함을 사용하여 측정한 값과 비교한 결과, LiF(Mg, Cu, Na, Si) TLD의 측정오차$({\pm}3%)$ 범위내에서 잘 일치 하였다. 빔의 크기가 $5{\times}5cm^2$, $10{\times}10cm^2$ 및 $30{\times}30cm^2$인 경우에 깊이-선량 백분율과 팬텀-공기 선량비를 측정하였으며 이 값들은 British Journal of Radiology(1983)의 데이터와 잘 일치하였다. Newly developed LiF(Mg, Cu, Na, Si) thermoluminescence phosphors sealed in a plastic capsules (32mm dia., 0.9mm wall thickness) were used for in-phantom dosimetry of $^{60}Co$ $\gamma$-irradiation. The absorbed doses in water were determined by applying the general cavity theory to the absorbed dose in TLD cavity, which was computed from exposure. The absorbed doses at various sites in the water-phantom were measured by LiF(Mg, Cu, Na, Si) TLD and compared with doses obtained by the ionization method. Both results were consistent within the experimental fluctuation$({\pm}3%)$ Central axis percentage depth doses and phantom-air ratios measured by LiF(Mg. Cu, Na, Si) TLD showed good agreement with the published values[Br. J. Radiology, Suppl. 17(1983)].

논문 : 중국 고대신화 연구, 가용 자료와 방법에 관한 성찰

김현자 ( Hyun Ja Kim ) 서울대학교 종교문제연구소 2012 종교와 문화 Vol.0 No.22

The two great Projects of establishing The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology and inquiring the Origins of the Chinese Civilization are attempts to trace from the mythologized memories the history of chinese civilization to the beginnings. The Director of The Chronology Project affirms the scientific multidisciplinary research of the work, yet scholars of both Chinese and Western have devated hotly the validity of dating some chronicles. The present work makes some methodological reflections on the study of the ancient chinese mythology by beginning with three controversies relative to the Xia as follows : archeological site of the Xia ; astro-historiographies of five-planets conjunction and solar eclipse occurred at early times of the Xia. On closer examination, the terms themselves of the records suggest later productions relied on astrological beliefs. This says that researchers participated in the Project made less attentions, to say nothing of critical examinations, on the textual informations which they were using. The same is true of the Origins of the Chinese Civilization Project. So this paper goes on exploring characteristics of Three Majesties and Five Emperors in early texts, and completes the working by inspecting carefully some points of view and methods of analysis of the researchers as well as by making critical examinations into the values of available sources in the study of the chinese myths.

논문 : 무사 영웅의 영광과 오욕 ― 뒤메질의 헤라클레스 신화분석을 중심으로 ―

김현자 ( Hyun Ja Kim ) 서울대학교 종교문제연구소 2015 종교와 문화 Vol.0 No.28

In this article, I attempt to reflect on the raison d`etre of the martial hero in ancient Greek mythology by examining Georges Dumezil`s analysis of some myths on Heracles. His analytic framework in the study of Indo-European mythologies is the trifunctional ideology, which implies that magical and juridical sovereignty/physical strength/wealth are three functions, whose harmonious and cooperative relationship assures the peace and security of a given society. Heracles is a man of strong physical power inherited from Zeus. According to Greek mythology, he was born human and reborn as a divine being after death. So eventually the ancient Greeks came to venerate him as a god. But the life of Heracles was filled with hardships and shame unbefitting for one of the greatest among Greek heroes, but also full of glory. Dumezil`s analysis, presented in his works Mythe et Epopee Ⅱ ; Heure et Malheur du Guerrier ; L`oublie de l`homme et l`honneur des dieux, helps us to comprehend the reasons behind this. The task of a martial hero was not only to defend his country against exterior menaces but also to preserve the inner order of society by accomplishing what is commanded by those who assume the first function. But it happened that the type of hero of enormous physical power had threatened sovereignty and/or had forced women into his family. Considering the woman was a symbol of fecundity and fertility, the abduction of a woman by a warrior in myths can be interpreted as the invasion of the second function on the realm of the third function. According to Dumezil, the delicate tension between Hera and Athena in the birth myth of Heracles represents the tension between the two functions of sovereignty and physical power in a society. The behaviors of the two goddesses towards Heracles, in consequence, appear in a different way. While Hera, wife of the supreme god Zeus, tried to keep the hero away from kingship before and after his birth in spite of Zeus` intention, Athena, goddess of war and wisdom, in secret protected the baby from Hera`s exposed hostility. Moreover, the whole life of Heracles can also be divided into three periods related to three functional sins and punishments. 1. As he hesitated to carry out the order of Eurystheus, king of Argos, Hera, being enraged by this disloyalty, infused madness into him. Heracles in his frenzy killed all his children by shooting arrows. 2. He had fallen sick by killing Iphitus without notice, a behavior of bringing dishonor on the warrior, so as to be sold to Omphale of Lydia, where he spent 12 years as a slave. 3. After abducting Iole, Heracles sent a servant to his wife Deianira to bring him a ceremonial dress for his marriage with Iole. As soon as putting on the dress which Deianira had soaked in, without intention, the poison of the Hydra, he fell in agony. After all, receiving the oracle of Zeus, he ended his life by burning himself on the log fire.

뒤메질, 인도 - 유럽 신화와 3 기능 이데올로기

김현자(Hyun Ja Kim) 한국종교학연구회 2000 宗敎學硏究 Vol.19 No.-

N/A

아동의 안전보호 책무성 강화를 위한 과제 고찰

김현자 ( Hyun Ja Kim ) 대한아동복지학회 2008 아동복지연구 Vol.6 No.3

본 연구의 목적은 현대사회에서 중요한 아동안전보호에 대한 책무성 강화를 위해 아동복지법과 아동복지사업의 내용을 점검하여 문제점을 살펴보고 그에 따른 대안을 모색해 보는 것이다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 아동복지법 내의 안전보호 내용과 이를 위한 아동복지사업의 추진 내용을 살펴보았다. 아동복지법과 아동복지사업에 나타난 아동안전보호에 관한 문제점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 아동의 안전 확보를 위한 주무부처의 책임 있는 업무분담이 이루어지고 있지 않다. 둘째, 아동의 안전관련 법령이 주관하는 부처에 따라 안전기준이 달라서 아동의 안전한 환경을 위한 규정 준수가 어렵다. 셋째, 아동복지법과 아동복지사업 내의 안전규정이 미비하여 안전한 환경 개선 및 유지를 위한 책임 있고 효율적인 이행이 어렵다. 넷째, 아동의 안전보호를 위한 지역 및 대상의 특성에 따른 구체안이 제시되지 않았다. 아동의 안전한 환경 조성을 위해서 아동의 안전보호에 대한 성인의 책임 있는 강구책은 다음과 같이 마련되어야 한다고 본다. 첫째, 아동안전에 관한 정부 부처업무의 재분담이 이루어져야 할 것이다. 둘째, 아동안전에 관한 효율적인 관리시스템에 대한 법적근거가 마련되어야 할 것이다. 셋째, 지역 및 아동의 발달적 특성을 고려하여 아동교육기관 및 시설, 가정을 대상으로 아동안전보호에 관한 책임의식 고취를 위한 프로그램 및 홍보사업이 체계적으로 이루어져야 할 것이다. The purpose of this study is look into the problems and try to find the solution by examining the Child welfare Law and the Child Welfare Work to reinforce the responsibility for child safety and protection. The problems regarding child safety and protection in the Child welfare Law and the Child Welfare Work are as follows First, responsible division of works in the administration to secure child safety and protection are not established. Second, the standards of laws and statues on child safety and protection are vague and confusing. Third, safety regulations in the Child Welfare Law are not sufficiently prepared Fourth, Specific plans according to the location and the subject are not suggested. The solutions to reinforce the responsibility for child safety and protection are as below Above all, responsible division of works on child safety and protection in the administration should be established. Second, legal basis on the efficient management system related to child safety and protection should be prepared. Last but not least, various programs and public relations should be systematically developed to inspire families and institutions with responsibility for child safety and protection.

특집 : 빛의 시선과 어둠의 시선 -고대 중국의 해 신화와 달 신화-

김현자 ( Hyun Ja Kim ) 서울대학교 종교문제연구소 2010 종교와 문화 Vol.0 No.19

In this article, I trace the origin of several main mythemes of ancient Chinese myths, which include the Dragon of Light myth, Xi-He myth that are the representative solar myths, and the Chang-He myth and, Heng-E myth that are the representative lunar myths. While Dragon of Light is the ruler of day and night, the mythical figure Xi-He is the mother of the ten Suns and the goddess of time. Chang-He is the mother of the moon who gave birth to twelve moons, and Heng-E is a woman who stole the elixir of life and ran away to the moon. In ancient times, the star of the spring equinox was called the Star of Dragon which was regarded as the symbol of kingship. Through the analysis of the Dragon of Light myth, I intend to investigate the origin of the Star of Dragon and the relation between dragons and kingship. In analyzing the Xi-He myth and the Chang-He myth, I tried to articulate the origin of the mythemes of the ten suns and the twelve moons, the three-legged crow, the toad, and the rabbit which were regarded as the animals of the moon. Through this analysis we can be certain that those myths were the products of the ancient mind which was sensitive to the movements of cosmos and which attempted to adapt the order of society to the cosmic order.