Dynamic study를 이용한 선조체에서의 ¹⁸F-DOPA의 분포에 대한 평가

김재일,이홍재,김진의,Kim, Jae Il,Lee, Hong Jae,Kim, Jin Eui 대한핵의학기술학회 2015 핵의학 기술 Vol.19 No.1

Purpose At recently, we enter into the aging society and a age-related disease is increasing. Among that, prevalence of degenerative brain disease like Parkin's disease will be increased. So, many radiopharmaceuticals is developed to diagnosis early and to evaluate the performance of therapeutic drugs. Especially $^{18}F-DOPA$ which involved at dopamine synthesis and function of storage is widely used to the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease as well as brain tumors. in the study, we will evaluate the distribution pattern of $^{18}F-DOPA$ at the striatum by using dynamic study. Materials and Methods We used Biograph Truepoint(Siemens, Germany) as PET/CT scanner, injected a $^{18}F-DOPA$ ($600{\pm}30MBq$) to patient (4men, 6women. $67{\pm}11age$) who visited our hospital from June to September, started 95min dynamic study at same time. after finishing acquisition, we reconstructed PET data with 19 frame every 5 minutes, analysed a average counts at ROI's where set at both striatums, anterior putamen, posterior putamen Results Counts in the cerebellum as the background formed a plateau after 90 minutes from the highest out rapidly reduced to 15 minutes. Counts of anterior putamen and posterior gradually increased but formed a plateau after 60min. A count ratio of Striatum to cerebellum was continuously increased up to more than 95 minutes, A count ratios of an anterior putamen to posterior one formed a plateau after 85 minutes. Conclusion The dynamic acquisition can be possible to evaluate a distribution of the $^{18}F-DOPA$ in the striatum and the VOI analysis through a dynamic acquisition and a variety of patterns. Futhermore, to make a uniformed distribution and count ratio of striatum to cerebellum, a static acquisition will have to start 90minutes later after injection.

PET/MRI에 있어 MRI 조영제가 PET에 미치는 영향

김재일,김인수,이홍재,김진의,Kim, Jae Il,Kim, In Soo,Lee, Hong Jae,Kim, Jin Eui 대한핵의학기술학회 2014 핵의학 기술 Vol.18 No.1

PET/MRI에서는 MRI의 진단적 가치를 높이기 위해 T1 조영제를 사용하고 있다. PET의 감쇠 보정을 위해 T1 시컨스 계열인 VIBE DIXON은 조영제에 직접적으로 영향을 미치지만, 실제 ${\mu}-map$과 감쇠 보정된 PET 영상에는 큰 변화가 없었다. 그러므로 PET/MRI 검사시 조영제 사용은 PET 데이터 얻기 전 후 언제든 사용할 수 있을 것이다. Purpose: Integrated PET/MRI has been developed recently has become a lot of help to the point oncologic, neological, cardiological nuclear medicine. By using this PET/MRI, a ${\mu}-map$ is created some special MRI sequence which may be divided parts of the body for attenuation correction. However, because an MRI contrast agent is necessary in order to obtain an more MRI information, we will evaluate to see an effect of SUV on PET image that corrected attenuation by MRI with contrast agent. Materials and Methods: As PET/MRI machine, Biograph mMR (Siemens, Germany) was used. For phantom test, 1mCi $^{18}F-FDG$ was injected in cylinderical uniformity phantom, and then acquire PET data about 10 minutes with VIBE-DIXON, UTE MRI sequence image for attenuation correction. T1 weighted contrast media, 4 cc DOTAREM (GUERBET, FRANCE) was injected in a same phatnom, and then PET data, MRI data were acquired by same methodes. Using this PET, non-contrast MRI and contrast MRI, it was reconstructed attenuation correction PET image, in which we evanuated the difference of SUVs. Additionally, for let a high desity of contrast media, 500 cc 2 plastic bottles were used. We injected $^{18}F-FDG$ with 5 cc DOTAREM in first bottle. At second bottle, only $^{18}F-FDG$ was injected. and then we evaluated a SUVs reconstructed by same methods. For clinical patient study, rectal caner-pancreas cancer patients were selected. we evaluated SUVs of PET image corrected attenuastion by contrast weighted MRI and non-contrast MRI. Results: For a phantom study, although VIBE DIXON MRI signal with contrast media is 433% higher than non-contrast media MRI, the signals intensity of ${\mu}-map$, attenuation corrected PET are same together. In case of high contrast media density, image distortion is appeared on ${\mu}-map$ and PET images. For clinical a patient study, VIBE DIXON MRI signal on lesion portion is increased in 495% by using DOTAREM. But there are no significant differences at ${\mu}-map$, non AC PET, AC-PET image whether using contrast media or not. In case of whole body PET/MRI study, %diff between contras and non contrast MRAC at lung, liver, renal cortex, femoral head, myocardium, bladder, muscle are -4.32%, -2.48%, -8.05%, -3.14%, 2.30%, 1.53%, 6.49% at each other. Conclusion: In integrated PET/MRI, a segmentation ${\mu}-map$ method is used for correcting attenuation of PET signal. although MRI signal for attenuation correciton change by using contrast media, ${\mu}-map$ will not change, and then MRAC PET signal will not change too. Therefore, MRI contrast media dose not affect for attenuation correction PET. As well, not only When we make a flow of PET/MRI protocol, order of PET and MRI sequence dose not matter, but It's possible to compare PET images before and after contrast agent injection.

¹³N-ammonia 심장 PET 검사에서 ECG gated scan의 유용성 평가

김재일,이홍재,김진의,Kim, Jae-Il,Lee, Hong-Jae,Kim, Jin-Eui 대한핵의학기술학회 2016 핵의학 기술 Vol.20 No.1

심장 질환에 의한 사망률의 점차적으로 증가하므로 heart PET 검사가 많이 활용되고 있다. 하지만 static mode의 경우 심장 움직임으로 인해 흐림이 많이 발생하므로 심전도와 동기화 검사를 통해 보다 공간 분해능을 향상 시킬 수 있을 겁니다. 5명의 내원 환자에 대해 10 mCi의 $^{13}N-ammonia$를 주입하면서 ECG와 gate 한 list mode 획득하고, non-gate영상과 gated 영상을 재구성 후, 비교 평가하였다. 반치폭은 23.34% 증가하였고, 두 영상간의 감쇠 영상은 많은 차이가 남을 알 수 있었으며, 눈가림 실험에서도 8명 모두가 gated PET 영상이 우수함을 말해 주었다. 심전도와 동기화를 통해 심장 PET 영상의 공간 분해능이 우수해졌으며, EF value, wall motion, QPS, QGS와 같이 다양한 정량적 평가에 시행할 수 있어서, 보다 많은 정보를 환자에 제공해줌을 알 수 있었다. Purpose Because of heart movement, PET image of heart is very blur. So, PET scan gated with ECG is necessary to improve a spatial resolution of heart PET image. In this study, we will evaluate a image quality of both gated $^{13}N-ammonia$ PET scan and non-gated one. Materials and Methods Before start a heart PET, we attached a ECG electrode on patients (n = 5, $aged=54{\pm}17$). And we started a list mode PET scan that used by a mCT40 PET/CT (siemens, germany) during 10 minute, injected $^{13}N-ammonia$ ($378{\pm}50MBq$) to a patients at same time. By using this list mode data, we reconstructed both gated PET image and non-gated PET image. Then we analysed a profiles of those images, performed a blind test, and subtracted a gated image on non-gated image. Results FWHM of a gated image is improved about 23% and there is a differency count distribution at a subtracted image from non-gated image to a gated image. But in case of blind test, everybody select the gated image as a better quality among each images. Conclusion As a result, we can find that image quality will improve by using gated PET scan. In additional, we can calculate a EF valve, apply QGS, QPS of PET. Therefore, the gated PET scan help improving an accuracy, applying a more information for a diagnosis.

인체 각 부위의 PET/MRI와 PET/CT의 SUV 변화

김재일,전재환,김인수,이홍재,김진의,Kim, Jae Il,Jeon, Jae Hwan,Kim, In Soo,Lee, Hong Jae,Kim, Jin Eui 대한핵의학기술학회 2013 핵의학 기술 Vol.17 No.2

Purpose: Due to developed simultaneous PET/MRI, it has become possible to obtain more anatomical image information better than conventional PET/CT. By the way, in the PET/CT, the linear absorption coefficient is measured by X-ray directly. However in case of PET/MRI, the value is not measured from MRI images directly, but is calculated by dividing as 4 segmentation ${\mu}-map$. Therefore, in this paper, we will evaluate the SUV's difference of attenuation correction PET images from PET/MRI and PET/CT. Materials and Methods: Biograph mCT40 (Siemens, Germany), Biograph mMR were used as a PET/CT, PET/MRI scanner. For a phantom study, we used a solid type $^{68}Ge$ source, and a liquid type $^{18}F$ uniformity phantom. By using VIBE-DIXON sequence of PET/MRI, human anatomical structure was divided into air-lung-fat-soft tissue for attenuation correction coefficient. In case of PET/CT, the hounsfield unit of CT was used. By setting the ROI at five places of each PET phantom images that is corrected attenuation, the maximum SUV was measured, evaluated %diff about PET/CT vs. PET/MRI. In clinical study, the 18 patients who underwent simultaneous PET/CT and PET/MRI was selected and set the ROI at background, lung, liver, brain, muscle, fat, bone from the each attenuation correction PET images, and then evaluated, compared by measuring the maximum SUV. Results: For solid $^{68}Ge$ source, SUV from PET/MRI is measured lower 88.55% compared to PET/CT. In case of liquid $^{18}F$ uniform phantom, SUV of PET/MRI as compared to PET/CT is measured low 70.17%. If the clinical study, the background SUV of PET/MRI is same with PET/CT's and the one of lung was higher 2.51%. However, it is measured lower about 32.50, 40.35, 23.92, 13.92, 5.00% at liver, brain, muscle, fat, femoral head. Conclusion: In the case of a CT image, because there is a linear relationship between 511 keV ${\gamma}-ray$ and linear absorption coefficient of X-ray, it is possible to correct directly the attenuation of 511 keV ${\gamma}-ray$ by creating a ${\mu}$map from the CT image. However, in the case of the MRI, because the MRI signal has no relationship at all with linear absorption coefficient of ${\gamma}-ray$, the anatomical structure of the human body is divided into four segmentations to correct the attenuation of ${\gamma}-rays$. Even a number of protons in a bone is too low to make MRI signal and to localize segmentation of ${\mu}-map$. Therefore, to develope a proper sequence for measuring more accurate attenuation coefficient is indeed necessary in the future PET/MRI.

복강대식세포의 염증성 표현형에 대한 곰피(Ecklonia stolonifera) 유래 Phlorotannins의 효과

최민우 ( Min Woo Choi ),최준형 ( Jun Hyeong Choi ),김형락 ( Hyeung Rak Kim ),김재일 ( Jae Il Kim ) 한국수산과학회 2015 한국수산과학회지 Vol.48 No.4

Inflammation is a protective response to infection or injury. However, prolonged inflammation can contribute to the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, arthritis, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. Recent studies have shown that activated macrophages, inflammatory effector cells, can react to tissue insults in a polarized manner, in which their phenotypes are polarized into two major subtypes, categorized as M1 or M2. Classical M1 activation involves the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and free radicals, while M2 or alternative activation is an anti-inflammatory phenotype involved in homeostatic processes, such as wound healing, debris scavenging, and the dampening of inflammation via the production of very low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and high levels of anti-inflammatory mediators, including IL-10. As part of our ongoing effort to isolate anti-inflammatory compounds from seaweeds, we investigated the effects of phlorotannins isolated from the brown alga Ecklonia stolonifera on macrophage polarization. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were treated with various concentrations of the extracts, and real-time RT-PCR analyses were performed to examine the expression of polarization markers: IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α for M1 and arginase-1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, found inflammatory zone-1 (Fizz-1), chitinase 3-like 3 (Ym1), and Kruppel-like factor 4 (Klf-4) for M2. The pretreatment of cells with eckol, dieckol, and phlorofucofuroeckol-A (PFF-A), isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of E. stolonifera ethanolic extract, potentiated the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype of the macrophages. These results indicate that phlorotannins derived from E. stolonifera can be used to enrich macrophages with markers of the M2 anti-inflammatory state.

Gamma Camera에 있어 측면 선란선의 영향에 대한 평가

김재일,이은별,조성욱,노경운,강건욱,Kim, Jae-Il,Lee, Eun-Byeol,Cho, Seong-Wook,Noh, Kyeong-Woon,Kang, Keon-Wook 대한핵의학기술학회 2018 핵의학 기술 Vol.22 No.1

검출기 외부에 강한 선원은 collimator와 상호 작용으로 산란선이 만들어지게 되는데, 그 산란선이 영상에 얼마나 영향을 주는지 평가하고자 한다. SKY LITE를 사용하여, phantom study의 경우, $^{99m}Tc$ 1.11 GBq를 점선원으로 만들어 검출기 주변을 $10^{\circ}$ 간격으로 돌아가면서 측정하여 각 각도에서의 산란선의 정도를 계수율과 스펙트럼으로 분석을 하였다. Patient study의 경우, 3-phase bone scan을 하는 환자를 대상으로, blood flow와 blood pool 영상을 획득하면서 산란선의 양과 스펙트럼을 분석하였다. 추가로 blood pool 검사 시, 환자의 손위에 납가운을 올려놓고 영상을 획득하였고, 환자의 몸에 납가운을 입히고 영상을 획득하여 각 영상에서의 산란선과 스펙트럼을 비교, 평가하였다. 그 결과, phantom study의 경우, 후방에서는 산란선의 없었지만, 측면부터 전방 $50^{\circ}$ 까지는 산란선이 많이 검출 되었다. patient study의 경우 blood flow 영상과 blood pool 영상에서 환자 몸에서 나온 감마선으로 인해 생긴 산란선이 입사됨을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 납가운은 손 위를 차폐하는것 보다, 환자 몸을 차폐 하는 것이 산란선이 많이 줄었다. 그러므로 외부에 강한 선원이 존재하고, hand blood flow, blood pool 검사처럼 계수 자체가 낮을 검사를 할 경우, 몸에서 나오는 선원 자체를 차폐하는 것이 산란선을 줄이는데 보다 효과가 있으며, 영상에서도 배후 방사선을 줄이는데 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다. Purpose Generally, a collimator that installed in front of detector set a direction of gamma ray and remove a scatter ray. By the way, a lateral or oblique scatter ray is detected into crystal through collimator. At this study, we will evaluate a mount of count and spectrums of lateral scatter ray. Materials and Methods We used the SKY LITE (philips, netherlands) as a gamma camera, and $^{99m}Tc$, 1.11 GBq point source as a phantom. we put this point source at backside 50 cm of detector. After acquiring this for 1 min, we turned a detector next 10 degrees. Likely this, we acquired images at every 10 degrees from $0^{\circ}$ to $360^{\circ}$, analyzed images and spectrums. In case of patient study, we choose a 3 phase bone scan patient who had a hand disease, because scatter rays from body would detect on crystal. After acquiring blood flow and blood pool images, we analyzed images and spectrums. Additional, we put a lead gown on patient's hand, body. And then we compared and evaluated 3 type blood pool images (non lead gown, lead gown on a hand and on body). Results In case of phantom study, scatter ray counts at backside ($270^{\circ}-90^{\circ}$) are same with a background count. By the way, counts of scatter ray of oblique side ($0^{\circ}-50^{\circ}$, $220^{\circ}-270^{\circ}$) are 100-600 cps, furthermore, counts at frontside are over 4 Mcps. In case of patient study, a counts of hand blood pool scan are 1510 cps. But counts of hand with lead gown on hands and on body are each 1554 cps, 1299 cps. Conclusion Therefore, even though there is a collimator in front of detector, lateral scatter rays detect on crystal and affect to images and spectrums. Especially, if there is a high activity source at outside of detector when we examine low activity organs like hands or foot, we have to shield and remove the source at outside for a good image.

기획특집 (2)_사진영상산업의 동향 - 사진출력 시장의 새로운 패러다임 '포토북'

김재일,Kim, Jae-Il 한국광학기기산업협회 2010 光學世界 Vol.127 No.-

사진시장에서 포토북의 인기가 뜨겁다. 필름카메라에서 디지털카메라로 세대교체와 함께 한동안 정체되어 있던 사진출력시장에 활기를 불어넣고 있다. 포토북이 이처럼 새로운 트렌드 아이콘으로 주목받게 된 요인은 기존의 앨범과는 또 다른 형태의 사진앨범으로, 디지털 카메라로 촬영한 사진을 나만의 책으로 만들 수 있다는 장점 때문이다. 특히 부모님 환갑잔치, 어린 자녀를 둔 젊은 부부, 연인끼리의 선물과 추억의 아이템으로 친구들과의 추억을 공유하는 우리들만의 추억으로 점점 그 인기를 더하고 있다. 포토북 뿐만 아니라 압축앨범, 포토 갤린더, 포토카드, 엽서, 휴대폰 고리용 미니북, 열쇠고리용 키북 등 다양한 리테일 상품들도 주목받고 있다.

상호속의 프랑스말-몽블랑

김재일,Kim, Jae-Il 대한제과협회 1997 베이커리 Vol.11 No.-

Cu 첨가에 따른 nanocrystalline ${Ll_2}{Al_3}Hf$ 금속간 화합물의 기계적 합금화 거동 및 진공열간 압축성형거동

김재일,오영민,김선진,Kim, Jae-Il,O, Yeong-Min,Kim, Seon-Jin 한국재료학회 2001 한국재료학회지 Vol.11 No.8

고온구조용 재료로 사용이 기대되는 $Al_3$Hf금속간 화합물의 단점인 낮은 연성을 개선하기 위하여 SPEX mill을 이용한 기계적 합금화 과정에서의$ Ll_2$상 생성거동과 이에 미치는 제3원소의 영향, 그리고 이들 금속간 화합물의 진공열간 압축성형 거동을 조사하였다. Al과 Hf 혼합분말을 기계적 합금화한 결과에 따르면 6시간 milling후에 $L_2$Hf 금속간 화합물이 생성되었으며, 이때 결정립 크기가 7~8nm 정도인 nanocrystalline이 형성되었다. Cu를 첨가한 경우에는 10시간 milling 후에 2원계와 동일한 $Ll_2$구조의 금속간 화합물이 생성되었으며, 격자상수는 Cu의 함량이 증가함에 따라 감소하였다. 2원계 $Al_3$Hf 금속간 화합물의 경우에 $Ll_2$상에서 $D0_{23}$ 상으로의 변태 시작온도는 $380^{\circ}C$ 정도였으며, 변태 종료온도는 열처리시간에 따라 $480^{\circ}C$에서 $550^{\circ}C$ 정도를 나타내었다. Cu 함량이 증가함에 따라 변태 시작온도는 상승하였으며 10at.%의 Cu 첨가는 변태 시작온도를 $700^{\circ}C$까지 상승시켰다. 2원계 Al-25at.%Hf 혼합분말의 VHP 성형시 750MPa, $400^{\circ}C$, 3시간에서 약 89%의 비이론 밀도를 얻을 수 있었다. 같은 온도에서 Cu를 10at.% 첨가한 경우의 VHP 성형시 90%정도의 비이론 밀도를 보여 2원계 $A1_3$Hf보다 성형성이 약간 증가하는 것을 볼 수 있었으며, 성형온도를 $500^{\circ}C$로 증가시킨 경우에는$ Ll_2$상에서 $D0_{23}$상으로의 상변화나 결정립의 증가없이 약 92.5%의 비이론 밀도를 얻을 수 있었다. To improve the ductility of $A1_3Hf$ intermetallics, which are the potential high temperature structural materials, the mechanical alloying behavior. the effect of Cu addition on the $Ll_2$ phase formation and the behavior of vacuum hot-pressed consolidation were investigated. During the mechanical alloying by SPEX mill, the $Ll_2 A1_3Hf$ intermetallics with the grain size of 7~8nm was formed after 6 hours of milling in Al-25at.%Hf system. The $Ll_2$ Phase of Al_3Hf$ intermetallics with the addition of 12.5at.%Cu, similar to that of the binary Al-25at.% Hf, was formed, but the milling time necessary for the formationof the $Ll_2$ phase was delayed form 6 hours to 10 hours. The lattice parameter of ternary $Ll_2(Al+Cu)_3Hf$ intermetallics decreased with the increase of Cu content. The onset temperature of $Ll_2$ to $D0_{23}$ phase in $Al_3Hf$ intermetallics was around 38$0^{\circ}C$, the temperature upon completion varied from 48$0^{\circ}C$ to 5$50^{\circ}C$ as the annealing time. The onset temperature of $Ll_2$ to $D0_{23}$ phase transformation in $(Al+ Cu)_3Hf$ intermetallics increased with the amount of Cu and the highest onset temperature of $700^{\circ}C$ was achieved by the Cu addition of 10at.%. The relative density increased from 89% to 90% with the Cu addition of 10at.% in $Al_3Hf$ intermetallics hot-pressed in vacuum under 750MPa at 40$0^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours. The relative density of 92.5% was achieved without the phase transformation and the grain growth as the consolidation temperature increased from 40$0^{\circ}C$ to 50$0^{\circ}C$ in $(Al+Cu)_3Hf$ intermetallics hot-pressed in vacuum under 750MPa for 3 hours.

인류와 함께 해온 영적인 생명의 공간 '숲'

김재일,Kim, Jae-Il 대한출판문화협회 2002 출판저널 Vol.317 No.-