Antimicrobial Effect of Ursolic Acid and Oleanolic Acid against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

김생곤,김민정,김동춘,박순낭,조유진,마르셀로 올리베이라 프레리,장숙진,박영진,국중기,Kim, Saeng-Gon,Kim, Min-Jung,Jin, Dong-Chun,Park, Soon-Nang,Cho, Eu-Gene,Freire, Marcelo Oliveira,Jang, Sook-Jin,Park, Young-Jin,Kook, Joong-Ki The Microbiological Society of Korea 2012 미생물학회지 Vol.48 No.3

Ursolic acid (UA)와 oleanolic acid (OA)들의 메티실린 저항성 Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)에 대한 항균 활성에는 상반된 의견들이 있다. 본 연구는 한국인으로부터 분리된 19개의 MRSA에 대한 UA와 OA의 항균 활성을 최소성장억제농도 및 최소살균농도를 측정하여 조사하였다. 연구 결과, 메티실린 감수성 균주인 S. aureus KCTC $1621^T$가 MRSA 균주들보다 UA와 OA에 대한 저항성이 컸다. UA와 OA 각각의 MRSA 19 균주에 대한 최소살균농도는 4-32 ${\mu}g/ml$와 16->256 ${\mu}g/ml$로 넓은 범위를 보였다. UA와 OA에 대한 균주에 따른 항균 작용의 차이는 UA와 OA의 항균 기전이 밝혀져 있지 않기 때문에 이해하기 힘들다. 이러한 결과들은 MRSA에 대한 UA와 OA의 항균 효과는 균주들 간의 UA와 OA에 대한 저항 능력에 의한 것임을 시사한다. The antimicrobial activity of ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA), both triterpenoid compounds, against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is controversial. We examined the antimicrobial effects of UA and OA against 19 strains of MRSA isolated from Koreans by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC). The data showed that the methicillin-sensitive strain S. aureus KCTC $1621^T$ was more resistant to UA and OA than that of the MRSA strains. The MBC values of UA and OA against MRSA had broad ranges; 4 to 32 ${\mu}g/ml$ and 16 to >256 ${\mu}g/ml$, respectively. It was difficult to understand the different antimicrobial activities of UA and OA among the MRSA strains, because UA and OA antimicrobial mechanisms are unknown. These results indicate that the antimicrobial effects of UA and OA against MRSA are dependent on resistance to UA and OA in each strain.

계배 대뇌의 분화에 미치는 수은의 영향

김생곤,조광필김정상 한국통합생물학회 1994 동물학회지 Vol.37 No.3

HgC12의 투여량에 따른 8일 계배의 대뇌 신경세포 분화에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위하여 신경세포의 미세구조 변화를 전자현미경을 이용하여 관찰하였으며, 또한 탈수소효소의 활성도 및 ATP의 변화 상을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 대뇌 신경세포의 미세구조의 변화는 0.1mg과 0.5mg 투여 군에서는 핵막이 약간 불규칙하게 관찰되지만 조면소포체와 Golgi복합체가 발달되고 rnltochondria가 다수 관찰되었다 그러나 1.Omg 투여군에서는 조면소포체와 Golgi복합체의 발달이 미약하였으며. 2.Omg 투여군에서는 핵막이 파괴되고 2중막이 분리되었으며, Golgi복합체의 발달이 매우 미약하였다. 탈수소효소 촬성도는 수은의 투여량이 증가할수록 감소하는 현상을 보였는데 LDH의 활성도는 1.Omg투여군이 약간 감소하였고, 2 Omg 투여 군에서는 69n로 크게 감소 현상을 보였다. MDH활성도는 2.Omg투여 군에서 82%로 활성이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다 한편 SDH활성도는 1.Omg투여 군에서 80%. 2.Omg투여군에서는 65%로 활성이 크게 감소하였다. ATP의 변화는 1.Omg투여군 이하에서는 정상군과 유의한 변화는 없으나 2.Omg투여군에서는 크게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

대뇌 발생 중 단백질과 ATP에 미치는 수은의 영향(1)

김생곤,고영무 대한치과기재학회 2001 대한치과재료학회지 Vol.28 No.3

The effect of HgCl2 on the differentiation of chicken embryonic cerebral neurons was studied. For this, varying amount of HgCl2 soution was injected to the developing eggs and the pattern of protein expression was studied using SDS-PAGE and the concentration of ATP was also measured. Total of 31 major protein bands were observed at 7th day of embryonic development. The amount of 330kDa, 320kDa and 45kDa proteins was reduced in HgCl2-treated embryos regardless of the amount of HgCl2 given. The amount of 285kDa and 24kDa proteins was reduced in embryos treated with relatively small amout(≤1.0 mg) of HgCl2 but increased in 2 mg HgCl2-treated embryos (138% of control). The amount of 250kDa protein was increased in all HgCl2-treated embryos. The 15kDa protein was seen only in embryos treated with 2 mg of HgCl2. The concentration of ATP was almost near to the normal level by the treatment with 1.0mg or less of HgCl2 and increased by 2 mg of HgCl2 (1.10×10-5 mol/ml) Total of 34 major protein bands were observed at 8th day of embryonic development. The amount of 330kDa and 320kDa was reduced in all HgCl2 -treated embryos. The amount of 285kDa protein was reduced by the treatment with relatively small amount(≤0.5 mg) of HgCl2 . However, the amount of this protein was increased by the treatment with larger amount(≥1.0 mg) of HgCl2 . The amount of 250kDa and 36kDa proteins were greatly increased in HgCl2 -treated embryos. The amount of increased by larger amount(≥0.5 mg) of HgCl2 in a dose-dependent manner. The amount of 22kDa protein was increased by the treatment with 1.0 mg or less of HgCl2 . However, the amount of this protein was markedly reduced by the treatment with 2.0 mg of HgCl2 (14% of control) The concentration of ATP was increased by the treatment with 1mg of HgCl2 (1.32×10-5 mol/ml) and even more increased by 2.0 mg of HgCl2 (5.35×10-5 mol/ml)

Alcohol 이 흰쥐 간세포의 미세구조에 미치는 영향

김생곤 朝鮮大學校 口腔生物學硏究所 1991 口腔生物學硏究 Vol.15 No.-

30 male rats weighing about 200 gm were used, and the experiment was done with 20% alcohol group, 40% alcohol group, and the control group. 5 gm per Kg body weight was administrational orally in the experimental group. According to the administration day, the ultrastucture the liver cell was observed, and then obtained the following results: 1. In the 20% alcohol group, the increment of the lysosomes and the lipid droplets were observed on the 3rd day, the slight change of rough endoplasmic reticulum began to show on the 5 th day, the slight swelling phenomenon of the mitochondria and cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum were observed, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum was increased on the 10th day, and then the swelling and destructive phenomenon of the mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum showed, and the smooth enfoplasmic reticulum was increased remarkably on the 20th day. 2. In the 40% alcohol group, the increment of the lysosomes and the mitochondria showed, and the lipid droplets were observed remarkably on the 3rd day, the slight selling of rough endoplasmic reciculum and the increment of smooth endoplasmic reticulum were observed on the 5th day, and then the swelling and destructive phenomenon of mitochondria and cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum showed remarkably on the 10th day, the destructive rough endoplasmic reticulum were generally observed on the 20th day. From the above results, the patholotical phenomenon of the liver cell by alcoholism was observed on the 20th in the low concentration, and on the 10th day in the high concentration.

Alcohol 이 백서의 이하선에 미치는 영향에 관한 전자현미경적 연구

김생곤,문행규,한경윤 朝鮮大學校 口腔生物學硏究所 1989 口腔生物學硏究 Vol.13 No.-

30male Sprague Dawley rats weighing 200±5㎎ were used. They were divided into 1 day group, 3 day group, 5 day group, 10 day group, 20 day group, and control group. To all experimental rats 20% alcohol, 5㎎ per ㎏ gody weight, was orally administered. This experiment was studied to evaluate the effect of alcohol on the acinar cells of parotid gland of rats. Thefollo wing results were obtained ; 1. In the acinar cells of the control rats, rER was clouded in basal and peripheral portion of nucleus, and a lot of secretory franules were showed in apical portion. 2. As compared with the control group, there were no observable change of the ultrastructure in the 1 day group. 3. In the 3 day group, rough endoplasmic reticulum(rER) showed swelling and large secretory granules were formed in the cytoplasm. 4. In the 5 day group, rER showed the irregular arrangement with swelling. Mitochondria showed the swelling and slight variation. Lysosomes were observed. 5. In the 10 day group, many parts of rER in the cytoplasm showed swelling and were decreased. Free ribosomes and rER showed remarkable decrease in number and mitochondria was swollen or destructed. 6. In the 20 day group, rEF showed the irregular arrangement and destruction. Electron-lucent vacuoles were formed in the cytoplasm and mitochondria showed destruction.

계배 대뇌의 신경세포 분화에 따른 탈수소효소 활성 및 미세구조(II)

김생곤,Kim, Saeng-Gon 한국현미경학회 1999 Applied microscopy Vol.29 No.4

9, 10일 계배의 대뇌 신경세포 분화의 변화를 관찰하기 위하여 신경세포의 미세구조 변화를 전자현미경을 이용하여 관찰하였으며, 또한 대뇌 단백질, 탈수소효소의 활성도 및 ATP의 변화상을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 대뇌 신경세포의 미세구조의 변화는 발생 9일 계배의 염색질은 핵질내에 비교적 고르게 분포해 있었으며 핵막은 2중막으로 아주 선명하게 구별되어 있음을 관찰할 수 있었다. 특히 조면소포체와 Golgi복합체가 잘 발달되어 있었으며, 또한 polysome이 관찰되었고 synaptic소포들이 산재되어 있었다. 10일 배양군의 계배의 신경세포는 염색질이 고루 분포해 있었으며 핵막을 뚜렷이 구분할 수 있었다. 세포질을 포함한 조면소포체와 mitochondria 그리고 Golgi 복합체가 비교적 잘 발달되어 있었다. 계배대뇌의 9일 배양군에서는 37개의 polypeptide band들이 분리되었고, 10일 배양군에서는 38개의 band가 생성되었다. 탈수소효소 활성도는 배양시간이 증가할 수록 증가하는 현상을 보였는데, LDH의 활성도는 9일 배양시 11.07이며 10일 배양시에는 12.12이였고, MDH는 각각 11.89와 13.44로 나타났다. 그리고 SDH는 9일 배양군에서는 8.45이며 10일 배양군에서는 10.52의 활성을 보여 증가했음을 알 수 있다. ATP의 변화는 10일 배양군$(2.10\times10^{-4}mol/ml)$이 9일 배양군$(2.50\times10^{-6}mol/ml)$에 비해 감소현상을 보였다. To investigate the changes during the differentiation of the cerebral neurons of the embryogenic day (ED) 9 and 10, investigated the ultrastructural changes in the cerebral neurons by Electromicroscope, also cerebral protein, the activity of dehydronases (LDH, MDH and SDH) and changes of adenosine triphosphate concentration were analyzed, the result obtained are as follows. In the ultrastructural changes in the cerebral neurons, chromatin in 9 day-old chick embryos are comparatively distributed to even in neucleoplasm and could investigate very prominently that nuclear membrane is double-layer. Esperially, Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and Golgi complex are developed well, also polysome is investigated and synaptic vesicles were scattered. In 10 day-old chick embryos, chromatin evenly spread and nuclear membrane could be differentiated prominently. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) contain cytoplasm, mitochondria and Golgi complex are comparatively developed well. In 9 day-old cultural group of chick embryo cerebrum were separated 37 polypeptide bands and In 10 day-old cultural group of chick embryo cerebrum were separated 38 poly -peptide bands. The more culture time increase, the more the activity of dehydronases (LDH, MDH and SDH) increase. LDH activity was 11.07 (9th day) and 12.12 (10th day), MDH activity was 11.89 (9th day) and 13.44 (10th day) and SDH activity was 8.45 (9th day) and 10.52 (10th day) respectively. The ATP concentration degreesed 10 day-old cultural group than 9 day-old cultural group.

계배 대뇌의 신경세포 분화에 미치는 수은의 영향 ( I )

김생곤,조광필,김정상,Kim, Saeng-Gon,Cho, Kwang-Phil,Kim, Jeong-Sang 한국현미경학회 1994 Applied microscopy Vol.24 No.2

To investigate the effects of mercuric chloride ($HgCl_2$) on the differentiation in the cerebral neuron of chick embryo 7 days, the ultrastructural changes in nerve cells injected with a various doses of mercuric chloride were observed with transmission electron microscope. The enzyme activity of the some dehydrogenases, and adenosine triphophate (ATP) were also analyzed. The results obtained are as follows; The ultrastructural changes in 1.0mg-injected group, the nuclear envelope were irregular, and the RER, Golgi complexes and mitochondria were not well developed. In 2.0mg-injected group, the nuclear envelope were partly destroyed or detached, and mitochondria were decreased in number and their cristae were destroyed, too. The RER and Golgi complexes were less developed than those of the normal groups. In general, the activities of dehydrogenases were declined by increasing the dose of mercuric chloride. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity fatted to below 85% of the normal group in 1.0mg-injected group, and 69% in 2.0mg-injected group. Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activity was decreased greatly to 76% in 2.0mg-injected group. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity fatted to 85% in 1.0mg-injected group, and 74% in 2.0mg-injected group. ATP content in 1.0mg-injected group was almost near to the normal level, but it was increased significantly in 2.0mg-injected group.

계배 대뇌의 신경세포 분화에 따른 탈수소효소 활성 및 미세구조 (1)

김생곤,Kim, Saeng-Gon 한국현미경학회 1998 Applied microscopy Vol.28 No.4

To investigate the changes during the differentiation of the cerebral neurons of chick embryo of tne embryogenic day (ED) 7 and 8, the ultrastructural changes in the cerebral neurons, the activity of dehydronases (LDH, MDH and SDH), protein expression profile and adenosine triphosphate concentration were analyzed. In ED 7 chick embryos, relatively large nucleus, centrally located nucleolus, evenly spread chromatin over nucleoplasm, and prominent nuclear envelope were observed. Oval-shaped mitochondria with well-developed cristae were present over entire cytoplasm. In ED 8 chick embryos, evenly spread chromatin over nucleoplasm, and prominent nuclear envelope were observed. In the cytoplasm, well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex were observed. In ED 7 chick embryos and ED 8 chick embryos, 31 polypeptide bands and 34 polypeptide bands were observed, respectively. The activities of dehydrogenases were lower in ED 7 chick embryos than in ED 8 chick embryos. LDH activity was 8.16 (ED 7) and 9.28 (ED 8), MDH activity was 7.98 (ED 7) and 10.10 (ED 8), and SDH activity was 5.49 (ED 7) and 7.14 (ED 8) respectively. The ATP concentration remained unchanged over ED 7 and 8.

全南地方에서 Cholera 有行時에 分離한 V. cholera El Tor에 관한 硏究

金生坤,金鐘世,朴悅 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 1982 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.7 No.-

The authors isolated 399 strains of cholera Vibrio from patients in the first epidemic area in Chun Nam during the period of September to October in 1980. The biological and biochemical tests were studied and the following results were obtained 1. AIl the strains isolated were V. cholera El Tor and serotype of strains were determined as an Inaba, for the characteristics of the isolated organisms kept a part from the epidemic area have shown such typical El Tor cholera by means of voges-proslUauer reac-tion, chicken cell hemagglutination test, But no hemolysis on 3% sheeo blood cell in tubes. 2. In 1980, out of a total of 109 cases of clinically suspected diarrheal patients at Hospital of Chosun University in Gwang ju, Chun Nam. Stool cultures were positive for V. cholera in 14 patients(12.8%) 3. Out of 399 cholera patients the ages of 332 cases were as certained, the patients in their fortieth amounted to 65(19.6%) cases the highest rate and the male patients(60.8%) have shown higher rate than female (39.2%). 4. Out of 399 cholera patients, the districts of 365 cases were as certained, the highest rate of 93 patients(25.7%) was found in Mok Po city, and the others were arranged in oder of fallowing districts, Sin An(20.2%), Gwang ju(10.5%).

環境權에 關한 小考

金生坤 全北大學校 法科大學 學徒護國團 1984 全北法學 Vol.9 No.-