RUSLE 모델에 의한 군사격장 피탄지 토양유실량 평가: 토양 유실과 오염 화약물질 이동 상관성

공효영,이광표,이종열,김범준,이아름,배범한,김지연,Gong, Hyo-Young,Lee, Kwang-Pyo,Lee, Jong-Yeol,Kim, Bumjoon,Lee, Ahreum,Bae, Bumhan,Kim, Ji-Yeon 한국지하수토양환경학회 2012 지하수토양환경 Vol.17 No.6

The applicability and accuracy of Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model on the estimation of soil loss at impacted area of shooting range was tested to further the understanding of soil erosion at shooting ranges by using RUSLE. At a shooting range located in northern Kyunggi, the amount of soil loss was estimated by RUSLE model and compared with that estimated by Global Positioning System-Total Station survey. As results, the annual soil loss at a study site (202 m long by 79 m wide) was estimated to be 2,915 ton/ha/year by RUSLE and 3,058 ton/ha/year by GPS-TS survey, respectively. The error between two different estimations was less than 5%, however, information on site conditions should be collected more to adjust model coefficients accurately. At the study shooting range, sediments generated by rainfall was transported from the top to near the bottom of the sloping face through sheet erosion as well as rill erosion, forming a gully along the direction of the storm water flow. Coarser fractions of the sediments were redeposited in the limited area along the channel. Distribution characteristics of explosive compounds in soil before and after summer monsoon rainfall in the study area were compared with the erosion patterns. Soil sampling and analyses results showed that the dispersion of explosive compounds in surface soil was consistent with the characteristics of soil erosion and redeposition pattern of sediment movements after rainfalls.

지상 원격측정 센서를 활용한 벼의 생체량과 질소 흡수량 추정

공효영,강성수,홍순달 한국토양비료학회 2011 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.44 No.5

This study was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of ground-based remote sensing for the estimation of rice yield and application rate of N-fertilizer during growing season. Dongjin-1, Korean cultivar of rice was planted on May 30, 2006 and harvested on October 9, 2006. Chlorophyll content and LAI (leaf area index) were measured using Minolta SPAD-502 and AccuPAR model LP-80, respectively. Reflectance indices were determined with passive sensors using sunlight and four types of active sensors using modulated light,respectively. Reflectance indices and growth rate were measured three times from 29 days to 87 days after rice plating and at harvesting day. The result showed that values of growing characteristics and reflectance indices were highly correlated. Growing characteristics to show significant correlation with reflectance indices were in order of followings: fresh weight > N uptake > dry weight > height > No. of tiller > N content. Chlorophyll contents measured by chlorophyll meter (SPAD 502) showed high correlation with nitrogen concentration (r=0.743**), although the correlation coefficients between remote sensing data and nitrogen concentration were higher. LAI was highly correlated with dry weight (r=0.931**), but relationship between LAI and nitrogen concentration (r=0.505*) was relatively low. The data of CC-passive sensor were negatively correlated with those of the near-infrared. NDVI correlation coefficients found more useful to identify the growth characteristics rather than data from single wavelength. Both passive sensor and active sensor were highly significantly correlated with growth characteristics. Consequently, quantifying the growth characteristics using reflectance indices of ground-based remote sensing could be a useful tool to determine the application rate of N fertilizer non-destructively and in real-time.

생물환원 철광물촉매에 의한 지하수 내 RDX 환원:군사격장 현장적용 실증결과

공효영,이광표,이종열,경대승,이우진,배범한,Gong, Hyo-young,Lee, Kwang-pyo,Lee, Jong-yeol,Kyung, Daeseung,Lee, Woojin,Bae, Bumhan 한국지하수토양환경학회 2015 지하수토양환경 Vol.20 No.6

This study investigates the in-situ implementation of bio-regenerated iron mineral catalyst to remove explosive compounds in ground water at a military shooting range in operation. A bio-regenerated iron mineral catalyst was synthesized using lepidocrocite (iron-bearing soil mineral), iron-reducing bacteria Shewanella putrefaciens CN32, and electron mediator (riboflavin) in the culture medium. This catalyst was then injected periodically in the ground to build a redox active zone acting like permeable reactive barrier through injection wells constructed at a live fire military shooting range. Ground water and core soils were sampled periodically for analysis of explosive compounds, mainly RDX and its metabolites, along with toxicity analysis and REDOX potential measurement. Results suggested that a redox active zone was formed in the subsurface in which contaminated ground water flows through. Concentration of RDX as well as toxicity (% inhibition) of ground water decreased in the downstream compared to those in the upstream while concentration of RDX reduction products increased in the downstream.

천일염 살포가 토양 화학성과 마늘(Allium sativum L.)의 무기성분 함량에 미치는 영향

김명숙,김유학,강성수,윤홍배,공효영,이상범 한국유기농업학회 2012 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.20 No.2

Farming using natural salts for supply of nutrients to crops is increasing recently. It is necessary to evaluate the salt accumulation in soil and the effects on crop growth by treatment of natural salt. This study was conducted at the organic cultivation fields which garlics were planted. The treatments were no natural salts (control) and plots applied 100~600 kg ha-1 with natural salts. Soil samples were taken from the 0 to 25 cm depth at 12 and 107 day (harvest time) after natural salts application. The results showed that electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable Na (Exch.-Na+) and Cl- were increased by application of natural salts. But, pH and exchangeable cations (K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) had not significantly differences among treatments. In 300 kg ha-1 plots of natural salt, the level of EC, Exch.-Na+ and Cl- in top soil (0-5 cm) was were increased more 0.3, 3.7, and 12.7 times than control plot, respectively. EC, Exch.-Na+, and Cl- were highest in the top 5 cm of soil and decreased with depth at 12 days after natural salts application, but were decreased in the plower layer (0-15cm) at the harvest time because they were leached with natural rain. An increasing the application level of natural salt resulted in increasing of sodium adsorption ratio, exchangeable sodium percentage, and percentage of soil dispersion. The concentration of nutrient uptake such as total nitrogen (T-N), chloride (Cl) in garlic had significant difference between control and plots applied with natural salts The content of T-N of garlic in plots with natural salt application was lower than control plot, but Cl is higher than control plot.

Development and Fabrication of Heating and Water Sparging Remediation System (HWSRS) for DNAPL-contaminated Groundwater Treatment

이주원,박원석,공효영,이애리,김대은,백승천,이종열 한국지하수토양환경학회 2013 지하수토양환경 Vol.18 No.6

The scope of this study was to develop, design, and build an ex-situ remediation system of using the heating and water sparging treatment for the highly volatile DNAPL (Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid) contaminated groundwater, and to conduct pilot testing at the site contaminated with DNAPL. The TCE (Trichloroethylene) removal was at the highest rate of 94.6% with the water sparging at 70oC in the lab-scale test. The pilot-scale remediation system was developed,designed, and fabricated based on the results of the lab-scale test conducted. During the pilot-scale testing, DNAPLcontaminated groundwater was detained at heat exchanger for the certain period of time for pre-heating through the heat exchanger using the thermal energy supplied from the heater. The heating system supplies thermal energy to the preheated DNAPL-contaminated groundwater directly and its highly volatile TCE, CCl4 (Carbontetrachloride), Chloroform are vaporized, and its vaporized and treated water is return edback to theheat exchanger. In the pilot testing the optimum condition of the HWSRS was when the water temperature at the 40oC and operated with water sparging concurrently, and its TCE removal rate was 90%. The efficiency of the optimized HWSRS has been confirmed through the long-term performance evaluation process.

Evaluation of the Amount of Nitrogen Top Dressing Based on Ground-based Remote Sensing for Leaf Perilla (Perilla frutescens) under the Polytunnel House

강성수,성좌경,공효영,정형진,김유학,홍순달 한국토양비료학회 2016 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.4

This study was conducted to evaluate the amount of nitrogen (N) top dressing based on the normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI) by ground based sensors for leaf perilla under the polyethylene house. Experimental design was the randomized complete block design for five N fertilization levels and conventional fertilization with 3 and 4 replications in Gumsan-gun and Milyang-si field, respectively. Dry weight (DW), concentration of N, and amount of N uptake by leaf perilla as well as NDVIs from sensors were measured monthly. Difference of growth characteristics among treatments in Gumsan field was wider than Milyang. SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter reading explained 43.4% of the variability in N content of leaves in Gumsan field at 150th day after seedling (DAS) and 45.9% in Milyang at 239th DAS. Indexes of red sensor (RNDVI) and amber sensor (ANDVI) at 172th day after seedling (DAS) in Gumsan explained 50% and 57% of the variability in N content of leaves. RNDVI and ANDVI at 31th DAS in Milyang explained 60% and 65% of the variability in DW of leaves. Based on the relationship between ANDVI and N application rate, ANDVI at 172th DAS in Gumsan explained 57% of the variability in N application rate but non significant relationship in Milyang field. Average sufficiency index (SI) calculated from ratio of each measurement index per maximum index of ANDVI at 172th DAS in Gumsan explained 73% of the variability in N application rate. Although the relationship between NDVIs and growth characteristics was various upon growing season, SI by NDVIs of ground based remote sensors at top dressing season was thought to be useful index for recommendation of N top dressing rate of leaf perilla.

천일염 살포가 토양 화학성과 마늘(Allium sativum L.)의 무기성분 함량에 미치는 영향

김명숙,김유학,강성수,윤홍배,공효영,이상범,Kim, Myung-Sook,Kim, Yoo-Hak,Kang, Seong-Soo,Yun, Hong-Bae,Gong, Hyo-Young,Lee, Sang-Beom 한국유기농업학회 2012 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.20 No.2

Farming using natural salts for supply of nutrients to crops is increasing recently. It is necessary to evaluate the salt accumulation in soil and the effects on crop growth by treatment of natural salt. This study was conducted at the organic cultivation fields which garlics were planted. The treatments were no natural salts (control) and plots applied 100~600 $kg\;ha^{-1}$ with natural salts. Soil samples were taken from the 0 to 25 cm depth at 12 and 107 day (harvest time) after natural salts application. The results showed that electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable Na (Exch.$-Na^+$) and Cl- were increased by application of natural salts. But, pH and exchangeable cations ($K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$) had not significantly differences among treatments. In 300 $kg\;ha^{-1}$ plots of natural salt, the level of EC, Exch.$-Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ in top soil (0-5 cm) was were increased more 0.3, 3.7, and 12.7 times than control plot, respectively. EC, Exch.$-Na^+$, and $Cl^-$ were highest in the top 5 cm of soil and decreased with depth at 12 days after natural salts application, but were decreased in the plower layer (0-15cm) at the harvest time because they were leached with natural rain. An increasing the application level of natural salt resulted in increasing of sodium adsorption ratio, exchangeable sodium percentage, and percentage of soil dispersion. The concentration of nutrient uptake such as total nitrogen (T-N), chloride (Cl) in garlic had significant difference between control and plots applied with natural salts The content of T-N of garlic in plots with natural salt application was lower than control plot, but Cl is higher than control plot. 천일염의 농업적 활용은 관행농업에서 뿐만 아니라 친환경농산물 생산을 위해 농업인들 사이에서 증가하는 추세이다. 그러나 다량의 천일염을 지속적으로 살포할 경우 토양에 염류가 집적될 소지가 크고, 이로 인해 작물의 생육장해가 초래될 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 천일염을 토양에 살포하였을 때의 토양 이화학성과 마늘의 무기성분 함량과 수량에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 수행하였다. 천일염을 살포하는 양이 증가할수록 토양의 전기전도도, 치환성 나트륨, 염소이온, 황산이온은 표토에서 높아졌다. 그러나, 수확기에는 천일염의 성분이 강우에 의해 심토로 용탈되어 작물이 생육하는 근권에서는 전기전도도, 치환성 나트륨, 염소이온, 황산이온은 감소하였고, 염소이온은 다른 성분보다 더욱 빠르게 심토로 용탈되었다. 토양의 나트륨 흡착비, 치환성 나트륨 백분율, 토양 분산율은 천일염이 투입량이 증가할수록 높아지는 경향이었다. 천일염을 토양에 살포하였을 때 마늘의 무기성분 중에 질소, 칼슘, 마그네슘, 미량원소인 철, 망간, 아연 등의 함량은 줄어들었고, 바닷물에 많은 성분인 염소 성분의 흡수는 증가하였으나, 마늘의 수량에는 큰 영향을 미치지 못하였다.

라이시미터에서 지하수위에 따른 보리, 밀, 조의 수분이용효율 특성

김범기(Beom-Ki Kim),공효영(Hyo-Young Gong),심재식(Jae-Sig Shim),홍순달(Soon-Dal Hong) 한국토양비료학회 2010 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.43 No.3

This experiment was conducted to evaluate water use efficiency of barley, wheat, and millet as a substitution crop for rice of fallow paddy field. Dry weight (DW), evapotranspiration, and transpiration of crop grown on the lysimeters controlled with 5 levels of groundwater table (GWT), 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 cm were evaluated for optimum GWT and water use efficiency. All the lysimeters randomized with four replication arrangements were filled up sandy loam and were adjusted to the constant bulk density treated with twice water infiltration from bottom side to upper side of lysimeter. DW of barley, wheat, and millet in the plot of 0cm GWT that is saturated soil showed 34.9%, 44.7%, and 37.1% of that in the plot of 100 cm GWT, respectively showing a serious obstacle in crop growth. Evapotranspiration ratios calculated by evapotranspiration volume (mL) per DW were 166~605 mL for barley, 136~481 mL for wheat, and 81~418 mL for millet showing the order of barley > wheat > millet. Evapotranspiration ratio was increased with decrease of groundwater table that is the condition of moisture saturation. Estimation of GWT for maximum DW of wheat was 76 cm, and those of barley and millet were 100 cm below. The volumetric moisture content of lysimeter soil with cropping was markedly decreased as increase of crop growth because moisture supplying capability by capillary rise of water was less than amount of moisture required by crop.

지상원격측정 센서를 이용한 벼의 생육특성 평가

강성수(Seong-Soo Kang),공효영(Hyo-Young Kong),박성진(Seong-Jin Park),허정재(Jung-Jae Her),심재식(Jae-Sig Shim),박순규(Soon-Kyu Park),홍순달(Soon-Dal Hong),김재정(Jai-Joung Kim) 한국토양비료학회 2006 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2006 No.10

시설하우스 토양 질산태질소 분석방법 비교

김현구(Hyun-Ku Kim),공효영(Hyo-Young Gong),정형진(Heuing-Jin Jung),김명숙(Myeong-Sook Kim),김유학(Yoo-Hak Kim),강성수(Seong-Soo Kang) 한국토양비료학회 2010 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2010 No.10