제2 언어 발화와 인식의 관계 연구

강석한 ( Seok Han Kang ),안현기 ( Hyun Kee Ahn ) 이중언어학회 2010 이중언어학 Vol.44 No.-

교체형 유음 중첩어 및 대칭형 도움 중첩어의 인지 및 발화 요소 연구

강석한(Seok-han, Kang) 어문연구학회 2009 어문연구 Vol.60 No.-

Alternative reduplication achieves the semantic emphasis through asymmetrical coordination between the base and the reduplicant based on the maximum difference of F1 in vowels, or syllable duration in consonaants. These asymmentrical distribution of acoustical cues causes the perceptual enhancement in the alternative reduplicaiton. On the other hand . C-C symmetrical reduplication gains the goal through overgeneralization, in which the first symmetrical reduplication gains the goal through overgeneralization, in which the phoneme in the first syllable of the reduplicant copies back to the first syllable of the base. Generally , alternative reduplication of '⌀-C symmetry' formation gets the emphatic formation using the perceptual prominence to C-C symmetry formation. This overgeneralization is controlled by phonological and analogical conditions. While the vowel alternative reduplication changes into C-C symmetrical form, both consonantal alternatives with deletion and syllable alternative reduplication cannot be changed into C-C symmetrical forms. The similar reason could be applied to the consonantal alternatives with deletion and syllable alternative reduplication cannot be changed into C-C symmetrical forms. The similar reason could be applied to the consonantal alternatives with addition, in which 'p' and 't' occurring in the onset of the base form could be prohibited to change into symmetrical reduplication. In summary, the pure reduplication which repeats the base improves the semantic emphatic through non-morphological motivation : perceptual and production effects.

제주 방언 단음절 명사의 음성학적 액센트 유형과 중세 국어 성조와의 관계

강석한 ( Seok Han Kang ) 영주어문학회 2011 영주어문 Vol.22 No.-

The current Jeju dialect holds the tone patterns of Middle Korean monosyllabic nouns phonetically. High tone, low tone, and rising tone of Middle Korean have been changed into low pattern, high pattern, and low pattern of Jeju accent. In this respect, the tone change goes along with Kyungsang dialect of Korea. But the change doesnot imply the phonological distinctive features, but the phonetic cues. The tone patterns have some influences on vowel duration and duration to the highest F0 peak. In other words, monosyllabic nouns with the rising MK tones represent the longest duration, while the low tones show the shortest duration. This means that the phonological tone patterns change into the phonetic accent. In this way, we can find some weak relationship between Jeju Korean and Middle Korean.

get과 take의 의미 비교 분석

강석한(Seok-Han Kang) 미래영어영문학회 2001 영어영문학 Vol.- No.8

제주 한국어의 반복 부사어 변이형 형성에서의 발화와 인지요소 연구

강석한 ( Seok Han Kang ) 영주어문학회 2010 영주어문 Vol.20 No.-

It is argued that the reduplication of Jeju Korean is a case of cooperation of universal grammar of perception and localized grammar of production. While the general shape of emphatic forms is made through maximizing the perceptual distance such as Maximize Distance of Formants, Maximize Distance of Duration, and Maximize Distance of F0, the specific arrangement of the perceptual principles is applied by phonotactic grammars which are realized as raising and fronting in vowels as well as tensification, aspiration, and onset or coda addition in consonants. This process of negotiation between two grammars is a motivation of the reduplicative adverbs.

한국어 말하기 평가에서 고정 오류 연구

강석한 ( Seok Han Kang ) 이중언어학회 2016 이중언어학 Vol.63 No.-

Raters’ constant errors, represented mostly as leniency errors and halo effect, have been examined for the L2 Korean speaking assessment by native Korean speakers. Fifteen Korean raters assessed twenty-seven native English, Japanese, and Chinese learners of Korean with three levels of beginning, intermediate, and advanced groups. FACETS program with multi-facets Rasch model has been used to analyze the data. The results are as follows: (1) test-takers’ mother tongue has little impact on Korean raters’ rating patterns in a whole, but they tend to grade leniently to English learners of Korean, (2) test-takers’ levelling by L2 Korean proficiency show statically significant influence on raters’ ratings. The study finds that Korean raters could have meaningfully constant errors on their assessment, even though they don’t agree with committing constant errors in the survey. In details, they have more leniency grading to English learners of Korean, while they have halo effects to the beginning stages of L2 Korean learners. The result implies that Korean raters should carry out the authentic speaking assessment training before the real tests.(Konkuk University)

외국어로서의 한국어 발음과 유창성 연구

강석한 ( Kang Seok-han ),안현기 ( Ahn Hyunkee ),홍은실 ( Hong Eun-sil ),민병곤 ( Min Byeong-gon ),조수진 ( Cho Su-jin ),이성준 ( Lee Sung-jun ),박현정 ( Park Hyun-jeong ) 이중언어학회 2017 이중언어학 Vol.67 No.-

The study investigated what variables affected more on Korean raters` production and fluency judgement to the Korean speakings of the advanced foreign learners. Nine professional Korean raters assessed sixty Korean learners` oral performance. The results are as follows: (1) fluency judgement for the Korean speaking follows the cross-linguistic trends, (2) the principal variables in judging L2 fluency include speech rate, F0 range, and pause frequency, (3) mean length of runs (number of syllables) - representing how many words the subjects express within the given time - comparatively lower effect in judging the fluency. The study also found that the wide range of F0 causes the higher scores of the fluency marks. The result could support the evidence that F0 - exerting how the subjects express the active intonation - is one of the important production and fluency cues, regardless of the spectrum structure of the target language. The result implies that Korean speaking education should focus more on the active intonation. (Konkuk University, Seoul National University, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul National University, Seogang University, Seoul National University, Seoul National University)

부산신항 컨테이너터미널 효율성 및 생산성 비교 분석

강석한(Seok-Han Kang),남정우(Jung-Woo Nam),심민섭(Min-Seop Sim),김율성(Yul-Seong Kim) 한국항해항만학회 2021 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.45 No.3

한진해운 파산 및 해운동맹의 재정립 등으로 부산항 컨테이너터미널의 운영 효율성 및 생산성 분석의 필요성이 증가하고 있다. 본 논문은 항만공사 공시자료 및 수집된 터미널 내부자료를 바탕으로 DEA 분석 및 Malmquist 생산성 지수 모형을 활용하여 부산신항 컨테이너터미널 5개사의 효율성 및 생산성을 분석하였다. 분석결과 컨테이너터미널 5개사의 평균 효율성은 2018년 증가하였으나 2019년 소폭 하락한 것으로 나타났으며, Malmquist 지수를 통해 종합적인 생산성 변화를 살펴보면 A사를 제외한 모든 터미널이 생산성이 진보한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 설비 생산성의 경우 부산신항 남컨테이너터미널보다 북컨테이너터미널에 위치한 운영사들이 높은 것으로 나타났고, 자본 생산성의 경우 국적 선사인 HMM이 기항하는 D사가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 노동 생산성의 경우 C사가 가장 높은 생산성을 보였으며, 선박작업 생산성의 경우 A사가 가장 높은 생산성을 보였다. The need for analysis of the operational efficiency and productivity of the Busan Port Container Terminal is increasing because of the Hanjin Shipping s bankruptcy and the re-establishment of the Maritime Alliance. This paper analyzes the efficiency and productivity of five Busan New Port Container Terminal companies by using the DEA analysis and Malmquist productivity index model based on the port construction disclosure data and the collected terminal internal data. According to the analysis, the average efficiency of the five container terminals increased in 2018 but declined slightly in 2019, and the Malmquist index showed that all terminals except A have advanced productivity. Additionally, relative to facility productivity, operators at the North Container Terminal had higher facility productivity than operators at the Busan New Port Nam Container Terminal, and regarding capital productivity, the D terminal ported by HMM, a national shipping company, was the highest in facility productivity. Regarding labor productivity, the C terminal showed the highest productivity, and regarding ship work productivity, the A terminal showed the highest productivity.

Effects of L1 Raters` Language on Fluency Assessment for L2 Suprasegmentals

강석한 ( Seok Han Kang ) 대한언어학회 2012 언어학 Vol.20 No.4

This study investigated how the various rating groups with different mother tongues judge the fluency for the L2 speaking. It was expected that the Korean raters have different rating patterns from native English raters for Korean speaking of English. Fourteen raters took part in fifteen speaking samples. After L2 subjects` speech was assessed by two different rating groups, acoustic measurement of L2 speech was analyzed. The results show that the effect of raters` L1 background language exhibits differently in rating the L2 fluency. More specifically, Korean raters put more focus on pause duration in the fluency evaluation, while native English raters focused on speech rate. It means that their rating patterns could be different depending on the raters` background language.

The Evaluation of L2 Pronunciation by the Raters` Language Background

강석한 ( Seok Han Kang ) 대한언어학회 2013 언어학 Vol.21 No.4

Evaluating L2 fluent pronunciation causes some problems for L2 teachers because of its subjectivity in evaluation. This paper is trying to suggest an educational implication for nonnative English pronunciation teaching. A speaking test is designed and administered to Korean undergraduates to determine which measured cues raters of natives and nonnatives associate with their rating patterns of L2 English proficiency. Fourteen raters (7 natives, 7 nonnative) are recruited to rate 30 participants. The results clearly show that the measured parameters such as pitch range, speech rate, and pause duration cues produced by Korean English learners are evaluated differently from raters’ language background. This paper argues for the need to import the parameter values fitted for the objective evaluation of L2 English pronunciation.