당대 하북삼진의 호구문제

강경중 충남대학교 인문과학연구소 2013 인문학연구 Vol.43 No.1

Cervical Radiculopathy: Focus on Factors for Better Surgical Outcomes and Operative Techniques

강경중,Jang Tae Su,Jung Cheol Hyun 대한척추외과학회 2022 Asian Spine Journal Vol.16 No.6

For patients with cervical radiculopathy, most studies have recommended conservative treatment as the first-line treatment; however, when conventional treatment fails, surgery is considered. A better understanding of the prognosis of cervical radiculopathy is essential to provide accurate information to the patients. If the patients complain of persistent and recurrent arm pain/numbness not respond to conservative treatment, or exhibit neurologic deficits, surgery is performed using anterior or posterior approaches. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) has historically been widely used and has proven to be safe and effective. To improve surgical outcomes of ACDF surgery, many studies have been conducted on types of spacers, size/height/position of cages, anterior plating, patients’ factors, surgical techniques, and so forth. Cervical disc replacement (CDR) is designed to reduce the incidence of adjacent segment disease during long-term follow-up by maintaining cervical spine motion postoperatively. Many studies on excellent indications for the CDR, proper type/size/shape/height of the implants, and surgical techniques were performed. Posterior cervical foraminotomy is a safe and effective surgical option to avoid complications associated with anterior approach and fusion surgery. Most recent literature demonstrated that all three surgical techniques for patients with cervical radiculopathy have clear advantages and disadvantages and reveal satisfactory surgical outcomes under a proper selection of patients and application of appropriate surgical methods. For this, it is important to fully understand the factors for better surgical outcomes and to adequately practice the operative techniques for patients with cervical radiculopathy.

Lumbar Extensor Muscle Size and Isometric Muscle Strength in Women with Symptomatic Lumbar Degenerative Diseases

강경중,Won Hah Park,Chong-Suh Lee,Yong Gon Seo 대한척추외과학회 2018 Asian Spine Journal Vol.12 No.5

Study Design: A cross-sectional design. Purpose: To determine the characteristics of lumbar extensor muscle (LEM) size and isometric muscle strength and examine their correlations in women with lumbar degenerative diseases (LDDs). Overview of Literature: Many studies have evaluated the relationship between muscle size and strength, but the results have been controversial. Methods: Seventy-four female patients (mean age, 66 years) who consecutively underwent posterior lumbar interbody fusion (L1– S1) were recruited. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the back extensor muscles was measured between L1–2 to L5–S1, and the total sum of the CSAs at each disc level was calculated. Back extensor muscle strength was evaluated using a MedX lumbar extension machine. The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI, 0–100) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS, 0–10) of lower back pain were determined. Results: The mean CSAs of the LEM at each level (L1/2–L5/S1) and the total sum were 34.3, 36.3, 35.1, 31.4, 21.9, and 156.2 cm2, respectively. The mean isometric strength at each angle (range, 0°–72°) was 32.5, 50.1, 72.0, 88.7, 100.7, 112.2, and 126.2 ft-lb, respectively. The mean ODI and VAS scores were 54.6 and 6.6, and the mean body weight and body mass index (BMI) were 59.9 kg and 24.9 kg/m2, respectively. The CSAs of the upper lumbar level (L1–4) and the total sum of the CSAs were associated with isometric strength, which was negatively correlated with patients’ age and ODI and positively associated with body weight and BMI, mainly at higher lumbar flexion angles (48°–72°). Conclusions: In women with LDD, LEM sizes of the upper lumbar levels (L1–4) were larger than those of the lower levels (L4–S1) and were positively associated with muscle strength. The upper lumbar levels in patients with LDDs appear to play a compensatory role when degenerative lesions are present in the lower lumbar levels.

사춘기 이후의 일측 정류고환에서 고환절제술에 대한 임상적 경험

강경중,김현수,오태희 大韓泌尿器科學會 1999 Korean Journal of Urology Vol.40 No.10

당대(唐代) 하북삼진(河北三鎭)의 장기할거(長期割據)의 사회경제적(社會經濟的) 기반(基盤)

강경중 ( Kyeng Jung Kang ) 충남대학교 인문과학연구소 2009 인문학연구 Vol.36 No.1

신행의 삼계교에 대한 고찰

강경중 ( Kang Kyung-jung ) 충남대학교 인문과학연구소 2017 인문학연구 Vol.56 No.1

삼계교는 북주 무제의 불교탄압 이후 야기된 말법사상의 분위기 속에서 수 왕조 때 신행선사에 의해서 설립되어 수·당·송 등 세 왕조를 거치면서 약 400 년 동안 유지되었다. 삼계교 성립에는 두 차례의 폐불 사건이 영향을 미쳤다. 북위 태무제와 북주 무제 때의 법난이다. 신행은 두 차례의 법난을 겪으면서 불교가 점차 쇠퇴하는 상황을 심각하게 지켜보면서 불교에서 말한 말법시대가 이미 도래했다고 여겨 그 말법시대를 극복할 방법을 제기하였다. 이것이 삼계교 형성의 역사적 배경이다. 삼계교의 핵심교리인 보법과 보불사상의 바탕이 된 것은 보경과 인악이 내포된 보행사상이었다. 그 사상 중, 보경에서는 그 누구도 부처가 아닌 자가 없기 때문에 중생들은 서로를 존경해야 한다고 하였고, 인악에서는 고통을 견디어 모든 악을 제거하고 끝없이 좋은 씨를 심기 위해서 자신의 잘못을 인정하고 깊이 반성할 것을 주창하였다. 보불과 보법사상은 자신과 타인을 구분해 정확히 다르게 실천되었다. 이는 삼계교가 타인을 존중하고 자신에게 내재되어 있는 악한 것들을 절단하는 자세를 지닌 것 같았다. 중생이 물질적 욕구에서 벗어나는 실천적인 방법으로서, 무진장원이라 불리는 대승 보살의 방법이 실시되었다. 무진장원의 실행은 대중 속에 정착되었고, 자선을 실천하기 위한 토대로서 사회를 상정하고 중생을 구하기 위해 확대 되어갔다. 삼계교에 대한 지배세력의 탄압은, 최초로 개황 20년(600) 정치적 요인에 의해 삼계교를 이단시하여 포교 금지를 하였다. 그 다음으로 당 무측천 증성 2년(696)에는 삼계교적이 불의를 위배했다고 하여 위경으로 처리해 버렸고 또 성력 2년(699)에는 걸식과 장재와 지계·좌선·절곡 이외의 모든 행법을 위법으로 제재하여 금지시키고 삼계교 전적을 목록에서 삭제하는 등 두 차례의 탄압이 있었다. 또 현종 개원9년(713)에 화도사의 무진장원은 황제의 폐쇄령이라는 어려움에 직면하게 되었다. 그의 폐쇄령은 삼계교 교단의 세력을 급속히 쇠퇴케 하는 계기가 되었다. 그 후 13년 뒤인 725년에, 현종은 삼계교에 대한 강제해산을 명령하였다. 따라서 삼계교는 당시의 불교계에 반한 그 특유의 교리와 혁신적 실천을 주창함으로써 초기부터 타종파로부터 비난과 배척을 받고, 정부의 의도적인 탄압 등 불교계와 정치권 모두로부터 혹독한 시련을 받고 끝내는 소멸되기에 이르렀다. San-Jie-Jiao was originated by monk Xin-xing in the Sui Dynasty. It was established in the atmosphere of the Mefa(末法) thought of suppressing buddhism of Beizhou(北周), surviving for about 400 years through three dynasties of the Sui, T`ang and Song. But its typical creed and revolutionary practice against the current stream gave it a hard time from both buddhist and political fields, leading to its extinction. At that time, Chinese Buddhism was so pedantic not to take care of the people′s suffering that Xin-xing spread the Pujing(普敬) and Rene(認惡) thought based on the Pufo(普佛) and Pufa(普法) thought with no particular sutras or treatises. Based on the Pufo and Pufa was the thought of Puxing(普行) which was divided to Pujing and Rene. The Pujing thought was that people had to respect one another because there was nobody who was not a buddha, and a good example of virtue of the practice of Pujing could be found in the theory of Fahuajing(法華 經). And the Rene thought was to admit and regret one′s wrongdoings deeply, to eliminate every bad thing by enduring sufferings and acting in advance, and to plant never-ending good seeds. As a practical way of escaping the people′s material needs, the way of Mahayana Boddhisattvas called Wu-Jin- Cang-Yuan(無盡藏院) was practiced. The practice of Wu-Jin- Cang-Yuan was settled in the public and getting enlarged to save the people, presurning the society as the ground for practicing charity. But at Kai-yuan(開元) Yuannian(元年:713) of Xuan-zong(玄宗), the Wu-Jin-Cang-Yuan of Hua-du-si(化度寺) faced misfortune of the King′s close order and the power of San-Jie-Jiao sects rapidly declined. After thirteen years later, Xuan-zong ordered its compulsory winding up at 725, which could presume the intentional oppression of the government as well as the inner decay of San-Jie-Jiao by the reason that San-Jie-Jiao proposed the criticism against social reality and the view of sin. Wu-Jin-Cang-Yuan was a very warmly welcomed to humbler classes as a practical mass Buddhism speaking for the pain of common people. But because its character was some what arbitrary and exclusive, it finally has ruined upon continuous oppression since it founded a sect. Wu-Jin-Cang-Yuan of San-Jie-Jiao has the meaning in which in served as a pattern for the most idealistic relief work capable of operating in temple. It suggests many things to Korean Buddhism which ought to head for the practical Buddhism.

唐代 藩鎭의 軍組織考

姜敬中(Kang Kyung-Jung) 호서사학회 2005 역사와 담론 Vol.0 No.41

급성음낭증 환자에서 도수정복술의 유용성

정석현,강경중,류동수 대한비뇨의학회 2005 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.46 No.7

Purpose: We assessed the usefulness of manual reduction in patients with an acute scrotum. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 61 consecutive males who had undergone surgical exploration for an impression of testicular torsion, focusing on the incidence, duration of symptoms, direction of testicular torsion and results of manual reduction. Of the 61 explorations, there were 46(75.4%) and 15(24.6%) cases of testicular torsion and torsion of a testicular appendage, respectively. Results: Of the 46 testicular torsions, the symptoms were localized to the left side in 37 and to the right side in 9. While the mean symptom duration of the 31 in the orchiectomy group(89 hours) was significantly longer than that in the 15 salvaged testes(10 hours, p=0.003), the mean degree of rotation between the two groups was not significant(p=0.196). Information on the direction of testicular rotation was available in 44 cases, with medial rotation having occurred in 31(70.5%) and lateral rotation in 13 cases. The clinical symptoms were improved in 4 of the 20 patients in who manual reduction was attempted; residual torsion was identified in 2 patients. Conclusions: Manual detorsion, the fastest way to relieve testicular ischemia, should be performed at an early offstage following presentation. However, in attempting the manual reduction, the urologist should consider the possibility that a quarter of patients with an acute scrotum do not have testicular torsion, with 30% of testicular torsions occurring in the lateral direction. Surgical exploration remains necessary to confirm the causes of an acute scrotum and to correct any residual torsion.

Current Role and Application of Teriparatide in Fracture Healing of Osteoporotic Patients: A Systematic Review

김상민,강경중,김지완,임승재,한명훈 대한골대사학회 2017 대한골대사학회지 Vol.24 No.1

Background: The use of osteoanabolic agents to facilitate fracture healing has been of heightened interest to the field of orthopaedic trauma. This study aimed to evaluate the evidence of teriparatide for fracture healing and functional recovery in osteoporotic patients. Methods: We performed a literature search in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library using terms including “Fracture” [tiab] AND “Teriparatide [tiab] OR “PTH” [tiab]. Results: This systematic review included 6 randomized clinical trials, 4 well-controlled retrospective studies, and 1 retrospective post hoc subgroup analysis. Fracture location was 2 in pelvis, 3 in proximal femur, 1 in distal femur, 1 in shoulder, 2 in wrist and 2 in spine. The use of teriparatide yielded positive effects on radiographic bone healing in 6 studies, but was not associated with better radiographic outcome in 3. In terms of functional recovery, teriparatide injection was related with decrease in pain or shorter time to mobilization in 6 studies, but not related with pain numerical scale and mobility in 3. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that teriparatide provide selective advantages to fracture healing or functional recovery in the management of osteoporotic fractures. A better understanding of the role of teriparatide on osteoporotic fractures requires greater evidences from large volume prospective trials.

골반강내에 발생한 신경절신경종 1례

이윤길,강경중,손문갑,김현수,오태희,정우식,김병헌 大韓泌尿器科學會 1998 Korean Journal of Urology Vol.39 No.3