《內閣訪書錄》解題

정연식 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 1990 규장각 Vol.13 No.-

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조선시대의 호랑이와 호환

정연식 서울여자대학교 인문과학연구소 2004 인문논총 Vol.12 No.-

캄보디아의 승가와 국가

정연식 부산외국어대학교 아세안연구원 2011 Suvannabhumi Vol.3 No.1

The state-sangha relations in the countries of Theravada Buddhism has often been described as a mutually dependent patron-client relation in which the state and the sangha support each other by performing their due roles. Yet this theory involves a normative dimension that prescribes such a relation as the ideal in the Buddhist world. The explanatory power of this theory hence is hampered in a country where the ideal is not fully realized. In the wake of tumultuous political upheaval where political rivals vie for the state the ideal as well as the theory are put into a trial. The tragic history of modern Cambodia is a history of ceaseless conflict in which multiple contenders for the state had to define their relations with the sangha. The relations defined turned out less mutual than supposed. The state-sangha relations were rather unilaterally dependent. More often than not the sangha was subject to state control with no power to confront the state or coopted only to become a tool for political propaganda and manipulation. The sangha always played the role of client, waiting for the state to define the relation and to be benevolent. Even when the monks were forced to disrobe and when the sangha itself was annihilated, all they did was to wait for another patron state that would put the sangha back in place. The state-sangha relations the Cambodian history reveals were not close to one in which the two parties benefit each other on an equal basis. It was a patron-client relationship in which the client sangha had to be heavily dependent on the patron state. Such a unilaterally dependent relationship is the one that has prevailed in Cambodia.

韓國 上古代의 政治理念

鄭然植 경북대학교 사회과학대학 1982 社會科學 Vol.1 No.-

1. The object of this paper is to compose the traditional political ideas of the ancient Korea. There are a number of treatises about that time, but few among them touch on the aspect of political ideas. However, this paper would find out the main element of our original political thought which influenced political life of ancient Korean, thereby providing the basis of our subjectivity with an evident superiority over the ancient Chinese culture. This research mainly made use of the documentary records and scientific methods as much as possible, with the supporting facts from archaeological and mythological studies. 2. Korean nation belongs to the cultural circle of North-East Asia, the culture of Turan Plain in Central Asia, and its early form of faith was sharmanism, developing from animism to totemism. The thought of heavenly god, following the "Bright-Light" as the symbol of happiness and fear, had been constantly included in the ancient faith, so our ancestor had the advanced form of faith. As theocracy prevailed at that time, Tan-Kun had the position not only a ruler but also a shaman, In the early years of Tan-Kun-Cho-Seun, the Neolithic Age, they already farmed and raised domestic cattle, and the family system was established. So-called "Kiza 8 prohibition law" was a common law that had been effective among the dwellers. In the Bronze Age, the tribal state of Tan-Kun-Cho-Seun had came out predominant, and formed the leagues of tribes. About 2nd century B.C. it had developed a political system and established the feudal lords on the border areas. In Puyeu, King or chief of tribes were elected at the tribe conferences, and if King did not rule with virtue, he had to be replaced or killed. 3. In ancient time, Korean people highly regarded Bright-Light=Heaven, as it was the criterion of all value that gave good and happiness which were derived from the sun worship idea. So Bright-Light was continuously revealing in the myth of Koku Ryu, Silla, Kaya and most of old Korean states. Hong-Ik-In-Kan thought of Tan-Kun is the political ideas that saves the human being from disorder and rupture, and accomplihes welfare of all men. Hong-Ik-In-Kan thought includes ideas such as follows: The first is In-Bon-Ism; this idea means that a ruler must regard human as nobility, the core and basis of the polity. The second is Dae-Dong-Ism; this is the international-peaceful and universal idea that all men, not only internal but exteranl, are the same beings who can receive the benifit widely. The third is a principle of 'harmony', not aggressive but respectful among the clans or tribes. So it established the harmony of all men. The fourth is that the basic objective of governing is for the welfare of the people. Tan-Kun, son of God, was an educator and ruler who respected the providence. But if In-Bon-Ism applies thoroughly, it will bring about the handing over of the throne. 4. In ancient period, Korean culture was superior to that of Chinese. Ancient Chinese documents recorded that the East was called Dong-Ih where a man of virtue would never perish away. Benevolence, providence and humanity ideas, derived from Chinese Confucianism, also had been influenced by our Dong-Ih culture. Confucius, representative of confucianism was a descendant of Eun-race, whose culture was mainly influenced by Dong-Ih culture. We have considered the political ideas of the ancient Korea as the key subject, including political cluture, belief and so on, which as mentioned above were inherent, traditional and superior. Now, so long as Tan-Kun-Cho-Seon is historically recognized by documentary, archaeological and mythological research, and is confirmed of its value as political ideas and moral senses, we have to make it the basic source of establishing our subjectivity by more polishing our traditional political culture and ideas.

평생학습의 동반자 ‘테마노트’

정연식 샘터사 2005 월간 샘터 Vol.420 No.-

시간관리의 TPO 전략

정연식 샘터사 2005 월간 샘터 Vol.421 No.-

나만의 지식 데이터베이스를 구축하자

정연식 샘터사 2005 월간 샘터 Vol.419 No.-

AFT 생존분석 기법을 이용한 고속도로 교통사고 지속시간 예측모형

정연식,송상규,최기주 대한교통학회 2007 대한교통학회지 Vol.25 No.5

Understanding the relation between characteristics of an accident and its duration is crucial for the efficient response of accidents and the reduction of total delay caused by accidents. Thus the objective of this study is to model accident duration using an AFT metric model. Although the log- logistic and log-normal AFT models were selected based on the previous studies and statistical theory, the log-logistic model was better fitted. Since the AFT model is commonly used for the purpose of prediction, the estimated model can be also used for the prediction of duration on freeways as soon as the base accident information is reported. Therefore, the predicted information will be directly useful to make some decisions regarding the resources needed to clear accident and dispatch crews as well as will lead to less traffic congestion and much saving the injured. 교통사고의 특성과 사고에 대한 지속시간 사이의 관계에 대한 이해는 사고의 효과적인 대응과 사고에 의한 혼잡을 감소시키는데 핵심 요소가 된다. 때문에 본 연구의 목적은 AFT metric 모형을 적용한 사고 지속시간을 분석하는 것이다. 비록 로그 로지스틱 및 로그 정규 AFT 모형이 통계적 이론과 기존 연구 사례를 기반으로 선정되었으나, 로그 로지스틱 모형이 보다 우수하게 추정되었다. AFT 모형은 예측 목적으로도 널리 사용되기 때문에, 추정된 모형은 사고 발생시 사고 관련 기본 정보 접수 즉시 고속도에서의 사고 지속시간 예측에 사용될 수 있다. 결과적으로, 예측된 사고 지속시간 정보는 사고를 처리하기 위한 제반 의사 결정에 도움을 줄 뿐 아니라 교통 혼잡의 감소 및 추가 사상자의 감소로 그 효과가 이어질 것으로 판단된다.

고려 말 서곡리 권준(權準) 묘의 삼성(三星)과 태성(胎星)

정연식 서울여자대학교 인문과학연구소 2017 인문논총 Vol.31 No.-

파주 서곡리에 있는 고려 말 권준의 묘에는 석실(石室) 천장 중앙에 북두칠성과 함께 일렬로 늘어선 별 셋이 그려져 있다. 이 별자리의 실 체에 대해서 지금까지 북극삼성(北極三星)이라는 주장과 삼태성(三 台星)이라는 주장이 제기되어 있다. 그러나 기본적으로 북극성은 5성 이고 삼태성은 3쌍 6성이므로 3성에 어울리지 않는다. 일렬로 늘어선 삼성으로 눈에 가장 잘 띄는 별은 오리온 벨트 (Orion’s Belt)라 부르는 오리온자리의 삼성이다. 고분에 그려진 삼성 도 아마 오리온자리의 삼성이었을 것이다. 그것을 오래 전에 중국에 서는 삼(參)이라 불렀다. 삼수(參宿) 별자리는 10성으로 이루어져 있 는데 ‘參’은 본래 ‘三星’을 뜻하는 글자이다. 그러므로 參의 초기형태 는 10성이 아니라 3성이었을 것이다. 고구려 고분 안에는 별자리 그림이 그려진 것이 적지 않다. 그 가운 데는 큰곰자리(UMa: Ursa Major)의 북두칠성(北斗七星)과 궁수자리 (Sgr: Sagittarius)의 남두육성(南斗六星)이 강조된 그림들이 있다. 그 것은 북두는 죽음을 주관하고 남두는 삶을 주관한다는 믿음에 따라 그려진 것으로 짐작된다. 그런데 남두육성은 점차 사라지고 북두칠성 과 삼성이 등장하게 된다. 三, 參의 음은 ‘삼’인데, 삼이란 태(胎)를 가리키는 우리말이다. 삼신 할머니라는 말은 그 한 예이다. 그러므로 삼성은 출생의 별이란 의미 를 지니게 된다. 따라서 권준 묘에 그려진 삼성과 북두칠성은 묘 주인 의 탄생과 사망을 상징하는 별로 추정된다.

1930年代의 美國急進左派運動

鄭然植,金東根 경북대학교 사회과학연구소 1985 社會科學硏究 Vol.1 No.1

The purpose of this paper is to explore the developmental process of Radical Leftist Movement in the United States in 1930's and its implication of political thought by means of positively comparative analysis of related data and literatures. The movement was influenced by the impact of U.S.S.R. and Comintern and the threat of Fascism which emerged at the same time when the Great Panic broke out in 1929. Its trends of main thought are socialism and communism, but the causes of its breakdown are the former idealism estranged from reality and the latter idolatrous attitudes toward the Russian policy line. The movement evolved with the social criticism of the older generation, with labor movements, with the movement of political party, an with student movements, that is, anti-war and anti-establishment, then being incorporated into the United Front Movement in the mid 1930's. But it was dampened slowly by the cause of the future oriented, progressive, pragmatic Americanism, the New Deal Policy which had adopted the revised capitalism, and the people's disillusion caused by the process of development of this movement. In short, it arose from criticizing internal and foreign crisis at that time, presented the prescription for the crisis, and declined with the disappearance of the very crisis.