筆寫本 「花郞世紀」의 史料的 檢討

權悳永(Kwon Deuk-young) 역사학회 1989 역사학보 Vol.123 No.-

9世紀 日本을 往來한 二重國籍 新羅人

권덕영(Kwon Deuk-Young) 한국사연구회 2003 한국사연구 Vol.120 No.-

Of the peoples engaging in maritime trade with Japan in ninth century, some persons had Silla and T'ang nationality together. For instance Lee-sojung(李少貞), Kim-jin(金珍), Kim-jabag(金子白), Wang-cho(王超), Heum-ranghui(欽良暉) and Kim-munseup(金文習) were the persons of dual nationality. They had come from Silla but settled in the area of T'ang China. So-called they were Silla residents in Tang region(在唐新羅人). Since eighth century AD, many Silla peoples have emigrated to China continuously and constituted Silla town (新羅坊) or Silla village (新羅村) on the coast of the Yellow Sea. Among Silla residents in T'ang region, some of them were naturalized in T'ang. Above mentioned Lee-sojung and such like peoples were naturalized denizen in T'ang. So to speak, they were Silla-T'ang citizen (Korean-Chinese), Therefore we can tell them as Silla people or T'ang citizen, In this cause, they had been recorded as men of dual nationality in various Japan documents compiled in ninth century. By the way, the ruling class of Japan described them as T'ang people only. If we look into historical documents related with them, we can become aware of this fact. Among the documents compiled by Japanese at ninth century, in those of private they were recorded as Silla people, to the contrary, in government official documents Tang people. The fact reflects view-point of Japan ruling class toward Silla at that time. Although it is ideal and unreal, the aristocratic class of Japan regarded Silla as a tributary state before ninth century. But according to the change of East Asia situation in ninth century, view-point of Silla as tributary state was weakened and degenerated into hostility or rivalry consciousness. The ruling class of Japan showed their hostility and rivalry toward Silla through manifold ways. It was one of these that they described activities of Silla people as those of T'ang in order to ignore Silla's roles in Japanese economic and cultural advance. But the common run of people did not. It is the reason that Silla Maritime Traders with Japan at ninth century were recorded as persons of Dual Nationality.

在唐 新羅人의 綜合的 考察 - 9세기를 중심으로 -

권덕영(Kwon Deuk-Young) 부산경남사학회 2003 역사와 경계 Vol.49 No.-

On the basis of the contemporary Korean law, it is oversea Korean who emigrated to the abroad in order to make his permanent home in foreign country a native of Korea. From the viewpoint of this, Silla residents in T'ang region were oversea Silla people of kind. So we can define them as people who emigrated to T'ang China with the intention of settling down. They were grouped into two classes in conformity to their being naturalized in T'ang Dynasty or not.<br/> Many Silla people resided in T'ang Region in ninth century. They played an active part in the various fields. We can divide them into four groups according to their sphere of activity. The first group of them is the leaders of Silla community located on the coast of the Yellow Sea and canal in T'ang China. They led Silla residents and banded together the members of Silla community so called Silla town or Silla village. Changyoung(張詠) who was Guard Officer of Teng-chou(登州) and Yusinon(劉愼言) who was General Manager of the Silla town of Ch'u-chou(楚州) were representative figures among them.<br/> The second group of Silla residents in T'ang is Buddhist monks who traveled to T'ang region and Confucian students studying in T'ang China. They stayed in T'ang region for a long time and employed themselves on the pursuit of learning. The third group of them is the bureaucrats of T'ang Dynasty. Of the Silla residents in T'ang region, many people entered the government service. They engaged in the offices of central government, local government offices and military authorities. The fourth group of them is the merchants who engaged in foreign trade. Especially they participated in trade with Japan vigorously.<br/> Silla people resided in T'ang China were played an important role for ancient Eastern Asia World. They brought private trade which had been forbidden by the government authorities into vogue and revitalized the East-Asian economy and new change of the ancient East-Asian world system. And they contributed to the exchange of Buddhism in Eastern Asia.

僞書 “帝王年代歷”의 發見과 그 意味

권덕영(Kwon Deuk-Young) 한국사학회 2004 史學硏究 Vol.- No.75

Choe Chi-won(최치원) who was a Confucianist in Silla's later years wrote Chewang-yondaeryok(재왕연대력), a historical chronology, Fifteen years ago, I chanced upon Chewang-yondaeryok recognized to be nonexistent until now at the library of National Institute of Korea History But tills book 15 a forged writing on the pretext of Choe Chi-won, Because the contents of this writing about 90 per cents were taken from Chasensarak(조선사략) which has been written by Kim Chong-han(김종한) in 1924, On the other hand, the rest contents 10 per cents were taken from Chewang-yondaeryok which has been possessed at Magoksa(마곡사) Sangwonam (상원암), By the way Chewang-yondaeryok of Sangwonam is also a forged writing For the names of place recorded in it are Koryo dynasty period, And it does not reflects Choe Chi-won's historical view at all. We can arrive at a conclusion that Chewang-yondaeryok being in existence is a forged writing Judging from contents of this writing, Chewang-yondaeryok of Sangwonam seem, to be written by someone under the rule of Japanese imperialism, Some persons wrote several forged books to Inspire nationalism under the rule of Japanese imperialism, A forged writing Chewang-yondaeryok is a kind of pseudograph under the such circumstances of times.

新羅 遺唐使의 羅唐間 往復行路에 對한 考察

權悳永(Kwon Deuk-young) 역사학회 1996 역사학보 Vol.149 No.-

在唐 新羅人社會의 硏究現況과 課題

권덕영(Kwon, Deuk-Young) 백산학회 2004 白山學報 Vol.- No.68

From the mid-seventh century downward, many Silla people emigrated to T’ang China and formed their communities on the coast of the Yellow Sea. That is so called Silla town(新羅坊) or Silla village(新羅村). But historians did not pay attention to this fact until early in the 20th century. That is to say, the study of Silla residents community in T’ang China was made a start in the early part of the 20th century. Since then many scholars made a study of this subject and obtained excellent results. Above all they found out Silla communities which had located on the coast of Yellow sea and around canal by means of referring to sundry records and archaeological investigation. After normalization of diplomatic relations between Korea and China which concluded in 1992, inquiry into Silla community has been accomplished actively by Korean historians. On the bases of these efforts, historians took a social character and construction of Silla community in consideration. So the greater part of researchers including Edwin O. Reischauer concluded that Silla communities in T’ang China had enjoyed a certain degree of extraterritorial privileges and allowed to manage own affairs autonomously. Not only that but they made researches in a life style of Silla residents in T’ang region. According to their studies, Silla residents were engaged in various fields of work, especially in maritime trade with Japan. In spite of abundant fruits in study of Silla community in the meantime, we can take up many points at issue. First of all it is necessary to put a definition on a notion of Silla residents community in T’ang China. And we must reexamine the social character of Silla community that was perceived as a certain degree of extraterritorial privileged society before. Except these problems, in order to gain a better understanding of Silla community, we have to inquire into disorganization of Silla community and social role of its members.

唐 武宗의 廢佛과 新羅 求法僧의 動向

權悳永(Kwon Deuk-young) 한국학중앙연구원 1994 한국학 Vol.17 No.1

在唐 新羅人의 對日本 貿易活動

권덕영 한국고대사학회 2003 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.31 No.-

Among the documents compiled by Japanese at ninth century, many Silla people who engaged in trade with Japan appear. However they had Silla nationality and resided in T'ang region. So We can recognize them as Silla residents in T'ang region. Silla residents in T'ang China played an active part in trade with Japan from the latter half of eighth century. During sixty years at first stage, they participated in trade with Japan vigorously. So they made an exclusive sale of trade goods in Japan market. But after Chang po-go's(張保皐) death who was a excellent trader and a Commissioner of Cheonghae Garrison(淸海鎭大使), their trade activities with Japan were reduced. At that time Japanese looked at Silla merchants with dislike or keep a jealous eye on them. Accordingly Silla people could not help counterfeiting pose as T'ang people or doing business in partnership with T'ang merchants. In this way they kept up a trade business with Japan. By the way a serious occurrence which Silla pirate had robbed a tribute of the Japan Royal court happened at 869 AD. Owing to this event Silla merchants can not come and go to Japan at all. Ultimately Silla people's trade activities with Japan were broken off. Although their trade activities with Japan of Silla merchants resided in T'ang China were discontinued after one hundred years, they played an important role for ancient Eastern Asia World. First they brought private trade which had been forbidden by the government authorities into vogue and revitalized the Eastern Asia economy. Second their trade activities with Japan brought about new change of the ancient Eastern Asia World system. That is to say, the Asian feudal system controlled by China Royal court was collapsed and commercial bloc of Eastern Asia was taken form.

圓珍의 入唐 求法活動과 在唐 新羅人

권덕영 이화사학연구소 2003 梨花史學硏究 Vol.0 No.30

Enchin(圓珍, 814~891) who was Tien-tai sect(天台宗) monk of Japan traveled to Tang China in search of Buddhism in ninth century. That is to say, he left his native place for China in the year 853 AD and made pilgrimage to Mt. Tian-tai, Ch'ang-an(長安), Luo-yang(洛陽) like place. After having studied five years in China, Enchin returned to Japan in 858 AD. By the way Enchin received the various aids of Silla residents in Tang China in the process of his pilgrimage. First of all, he traveled aboard Silla merchant vessels on both his voyages to and from China. Silla merchants in Tang China who have taken him on their board were Wang-cho(王超) and Heum-ranghui(欽良暉). Thanks to their patronage, Enchin could come and go to the Japan and China safely. Silla residents in Tang China also lent him assistance. Enchin stayed in Ch'ang-an for six months. There he lodged at monastery of Ungu(雲居), a Silla monk of Yong-heung sa Temple(龍興寺). During his stay in Ch'ang-an, he studied mainly Esoteric Buddhism and comprehended the mysteries of the doctrines. After that he visited Luo-yang. In Luo-yang, he stayed at a Silla royal prince mansion for almost a month. While staying there, he visited famous temple and made pilgrimage to Long-men(龍門) in order to visit the grave of Shan-wu-wei(善無畏). Ch'ang-an then the capital of Tang China, and Luo-yang were the centers of Buddhism, He especially focussed his efforts on the commenteries of Esoteric Buddhism. In those places, Enchin deepened his schoolwork. His completion of Buddhism was owe to Silla residents in Ch'ang-an and Lue-yang. As we have seen, Enchin's pilgrimage to China in search of Buddhism got accomplished on the ground of the help of Silla people in Tang China. After Returning to his country, Enchin contributed to the development of Tien-tai sect and Esoteric Buddhism in Japan. As having helped Enchin's studying at China Silla residents in Tang China also contributed to the development of Japan Buddhism indirectly.

在唐 新羅人의 綜合的 考察 : 9세기를 중심으로

권덕영 부산경남사학회 2003 역사와 경계 Vol.48 No.-

On the basis of the contemporary Korean law, it is oversea Korean who emigrated to the abroad in order to make his permanent home in foreign country a native of Korea. From the viewpoint of this, Silla residents in T'ang region were oversea Silla people of kind. So we can define them as people who emigrated to T'ang China with the intention of settling down. They were grouped into two classes in conformity to their being naturalized in T'ang Dynasty or not. Many Silla people resided in T'ang Region in ninth century. They played an active part in the various fields. We can divide them into four groups according to their sphere of activity. The first group of them is the leaders of Silla community located on the coast of the Yellow Sea and canal in T'ang China. They led Silla residents and banded together the members of Silla community so called Silla town or Silla village. Changyoung(張詠) who was Guard Officer of Teng-chou(登州) and Yusinon(劉愼言) who was General Manager of the Silla town of Ch'u-chou(楚州) were representative figures among them. The second group of Silla residents in T'ang is Buddhist monks who traveled to T'ang region and Confucian students studying in T'ang China. They stayed in T'ang region for a long time and employed themselves on the pursuit of learning. The third group of them is the bureaucrats of T'ang Dynasty. Of the Silla residents in T'ang region, many people entered the government service. They engaged in the offices of central government, local government offices and military authorities. The fourth group of them is the merchants who engaged in foreign trade. Especially they participated in trade with Japan vigorously. Silla people resided in T'ang China were played an important role for ancient Eastern Asia World. They brought private trade which had been forbidden by the government authorities into vogue and revitalized the East-Asian economy and new change of the ancient East-Asian world system. And they contributed to the exchange of Buddhism in Eastern Asia.