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琉球舞踊におけるオーラルㆍヒストリーㆍ アーカイブの構築 - 伝承方法の特性と変容 -
波照間 永子 한양대학교 우리춤연구소 2011 우리춤과 과학기술 Vol.7 No.3
예술 세계에서 학습자는 마스터의 동작을 따라야 하는 “좋은 것”으로 받아들인다. 언뜻 보기에는 간단한 모방 동작에 지나지 않는 것으로 보이지만, 학습자는 내면에서 자신의 동작이 좋은지를 진지하게 고민하며 인지적 자기 검사 활동을 한다. 이들 활동을 도모하는데 있어 마스터의 “가르침의 말”이 중요한 역할을 한다. 본 저자가 최근 몇 년 동안 수행한 “류큐 춤의 구술 역사 아카이브 설립 프로젝트” 결과를 바탕으로, 본 연구에서는 류큐 섬의 문화와 해양 문화와 관련되며, 예술 수행 시 제공되는 “가르침의 말”에 특히 초점을 맞추었다. “가르침의 말”의 특징을 명료하게 밝히기 위해서 국가 무형문화재(포괄적 인증)(1991년부터) 소유자의 수업에 참가하여 피조사자가 도제에게 가르치는 언어 자료를 수집하고 분류했다. 또한 마스터가 피조사자를 가르칠 때(2007년부터) 어느 언어를 사용하는지를 알아보기 위해 인터뷰를 실시했다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다: 1. 오키나와에서 태어나 오키나와 말을 사용하는 피조사자는 마스터로부터 자연스럽게 “기능 언어”를 배우고 해석했다. 기능 언어는 오키나와의 자연 “파도”나 “Zo-Odori”(민중춤)의 반복적인 팔 동작과 리듬 센스를 배울 때 사용하는 신체 기법에 비유되는 비유 언어이다. 2. 피조사자는 도제를 가르칠 때 자신이 배운 “기능 언어” 사용을 피하고 “과학적이고 설명적인 언어”를 사용했다. 3. “기능 언어”를 사용하는 전제는 공유 문화의 존재와 관련이 있다. 또한 다음 세대로 전수하는 방식은 문화 배경과 마스터와 도제 간의 능숙도에 따라 유연하게 달라진다. 생활에서 급속한 일본화가 진행된 결과, 오키나와 어를 유창하게 말할 수 있는 사람들이 감소했으며, 자연과 밀접한 관련이 있는 전통적인 생활방식도 쇠퇴하게 되었다. 따라서 전쟁 전 세대가 어떤 식으로 섬문화와 해양문화를 상징하는 “Zo-Odori”의 본질적인 성격을 이해하고, 그것을 다음 세대에 전수했는지 기록하는 일이 시급하다. In the world of art, a learner accepts the movements of a master as “good things” to be followed. It appears to be a simple act of imitation at first glance; however cognitive activities of self-examination exist within the learner, sincerely questioning whether or not her own movements are good. To promote these activities, the “instructive words” by the master play an important role. Based on the results of the “Project to Establish Oral History Archives of Ryukyuan Dancing” addressed by the author in recent years, “instructive words” upon carrying on the arts related to the island culture and ocean culture were particularly focused on in this study. To clarify the characteristics of “instructive words,” language data instructed by the informant to the apprentice was collected and classified by participating in lessons for owners of nationally-designated intangible cultural property (comprehensive certification) (from 1991). An interview was also conducted in regards to which language was used when the Master gave lessons to the informant (from 2007). The following was clarified as a result. 1. As a native of Okinawan language, the informant naturally interpreted and learned the “craft language” from the Master, a figurative language compared to nature “wave” in Okinawa or physical techniques when she learned the repetitive movements of upper limbs and the rhythmic sense of “Zo-Odori”(populardancing). 2. The Informant avoided the use of “craft language” she received, and used “scientific and explanatory language” when she taught her apprentice. 3. The premise to use “craft language” relates to the existence of a shared culture, and the method of handing down to the next generation flexibly transforms depending on the cultural background and degree of proficiency between master and apprentice. As a result of rapid Japanization of living, people who fluently speak the Okinawan language decreased, and the traditional lifestyle closely related to nature is also declining. It is an urgent task to record how people who lived in the prewar era understood the essential quality of the “Zo-Odori” symbolizing the island culture and ocean culture and handed it over to the next generation.
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涂,波 대한중국학회 2019 대한중국학회 학술대회 발표집 Vol.2019 No.1
我国的外交政策已经进入到了“习近平新时代中国特色社会主义”下的3.0版外交时期, 它自2017年以来继续有着新的发展:一是在中共十九大会议上强调了“周边外交方针”, 并把“人类命运共同体”理念下的“一带一路”写进了《党章》;二是在第十三届全国人代大会第一次会议上, 在《宪法》里增加了“坚持和平发展道路”、“坚持互利共赢开放战略”和“推动构建人类命运共同体”三方面的内容。作为受全球瞩目的负责任大国, 我国的3.0版外交政策的新发展(new development)将对朝鲜半岛的和平进程产生深远影响。本文运用了文献研究的方法来考察了中国的3.0版外交政策在近年来的新发展对朝鲜半岛和平进程的影响, 并提出了相关建议。中国将继续把外交重心聚焦于朝鲜半岛等周边国家和地区上;朝鲜半岛的和平符合中国的外交利益, 中国将联合其他大国来共同促进半岛和平;并推动在“一带一路”和“人类命运共同体”等层面和朝韩进行对接;中国将成为推动朝鲜半岛和平发展进程的重要国际支撑力量。
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North Korea’s Nuclear Threat and the Strategic Response by the ROK-US Alliance
라먼 파체도 파 (재)한국군사문제연구원 2023 한국군사 Vol.13 No.-
North Korea is a de facto nuclear power. While it is unlikely that the international community will ever recognize North Korea’s nuclear status de jure, Pyongyang has made it clear that it sees itself as such. More than fifteen years after North Korea conducted its nuclear test, it should be recognized that Pyongyang has no intention to denuclearize under the current circumstances. Thus, South Korea, the United States, and the international community at large have to acknowledge that they have to deal with a nuclear North Korea. In this context, the ROK-US alliance is crucial for both partners to effectively address North Korea’s nuclear activities. The assets that the two sides bring to the table provide a formidable deterrent against a possible nuclear strike by North Korea. At the same time, the two allies should consider the different ways in which they can engage with Japan on a trilateral basis and, more broadly, with other like-minded partners to strengthen their own strategic response to Pyongyang. Concurrently, South Korea needs to continue to strengthen its own domestic capabilities, including considering the potential benefits and drawbacks of developing its own nuclear weapons. Given the recent political instability in the United States, Seoul needs to consider the best way to balance the ROK-US alliance with its own capabilities to address North Korea’s nuclear threat.
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두보(Bo Tu)(涂,波) 한국정치사회연구소 2021 한국과 국제사회 Vol.5 No.3
中国进入到“习近平新时代中国特色社会主义”下的3.0版外交时期后,在实践中不断发展,尤其是2017年以来,3.0版中国外交政策继续有新的变化:一是强调了“周边外交方针”,并把“人类命运共同体”理念下的“一带一路”写进了《党章》;二是在《宪法》里增加了“坚持和平发展道路”、“坚持互利共赢开放战略”和“推动构建人类命运共同体”。除此之外,“亚洲新安全观”和“底线思维”等新的理念也逐渐在中国的外交实践中不断得到落实。在风云多变的国际社会里,不断有反全球化和反区域一体化的逆流出现,莫迪政府领导的印度就是一个例子。莫迪极力推行印度教民族主义,不仅在印度境内掀起了一轮又一轮宗教民族主义思潮,而且还外溢到了国际社会。尤其印度军方分别两次越境进入中国,制造了洞朗事件和加勒万河谷冲突,严重影响了中印两国关系,也给3.0版中国外交政策造成了严峻考验。本文着力研究了3.0版外交政策发展时期的重要理念是如何运用到对印度的外交博弈里,又是怎样既避免事态升级,又不卑不亢合理发声的。从结果上看,中国在洞朗事件上保持了高度克制,坚持通过谈判协商解决问题;在两次事件的中间期,中国积极推动首脑互动,努力寻求打造和平互利共赢的态势;而在加勒万河谷冲突时期,中国在坚持“底线思维”的同时,坚持和平发展道路。在今后,中国仍然需要坚持“新型大国关系”、“底线思维”和“亲诚惠容周边外交”等3.0版外交理念,在维护好中国核心利益的同时,尽力创造和维护良好的周边外交环境,以此来为国际社会的和平和发展做出贡献。 After entering the era of Xi Jinping administration, China s 3.0 version foreign policy has been continuously developing in practice. Especially since 2017, China s 3.0 version foreign policy continued to have new changes as follows: First, it emphasized the “Foreign Policy of Neighboring Countries” and put the “Belt and Road Initiative” into the Communist Party Constitution. Second, added “Adhering to the Path of Peaceful Development”, “Adhering to the Win-Win Strategy of Opening up” and “Promoting the Building of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind” to China Constitution. Other than that, “New Concept of Asia Security” and “Bottom-line Thinking” also gradually are implemented in China s diplomatic practice. In the volatile international society, there have been upstreams against globalization and regional integration, of which Modi administration is one example. Modi pushed for Hindu nationalism, which not only set off drastically religious nationalism trend in the domestic, but also led to spillover into the international community. The Indian military respectively crossed the border into China and caused the Dong Lang Issue and the Galvan Valley Conflict. These issues seriously affected the relations between the two countries and challenged the implementation of China 3.0 version foreign policy. This paper focuses on how the important concepts in the 3.0 foreign policy were applied to the diplomatic practice against India, and how China avoided the escalation of the situation. From the paper, we can find that China maintained a high degree of restraint and insisted on solving the problem through negotiation and consultation in the Dong Lang Issue. In the interlude between the two issues, China actively promoted the interaction between two leaders and sought to build a momentum of peace and mutual benefit. In the Galvan Valley Conflict period, China stuck to the “Bottom-line Thinking” at well as adhered to the “Path of Peaceful Development”. China in the future will still need to adhere to these 3.0 version foreign concepts-- “the Great Power Relations”, “Bottom-line Thinking” and “Amity, Sincerity, Mutual Benefit and Inclusiveness in China s Neighborhood Diplomacy”. China will safeguard its core interests and maintain a good foreign environment in order to contribute to peace and development of the international society.
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