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- 저자 : ( William O Grady ) (검색결과 19 건)
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What the Study of Scope Can Tell us about Second Language Learning
( William O`grady ),( Mi Seon Lee ),( Hye Young Kwak ) 범태평양응용언어학회 2009 범태평양응용언어학회지 Vol.13 No.1
This paper, designed specifically for language teachers, focuses on a phenomenon in second language learning that is largely independent of instructional effects, curricular materials, and classroom activities. Experimental work suggests that scope, the relationship between two or more logical operators (such as quantifiers or negatives), is highly sensitive to processing considerations, especially the burden on working memory. In a new experiment, we explore this matter further by examining transfer of scopal preferences in the case of Korean speakers who are learning English as a second language and English speakers who are learning Korean as a second language.
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A Linguistic Approach to the Study of Language Acquisition
( William O` Grady ) 범태평양응용언어학회 2001 범태평양응용언어학회지 Vol.5 No.1
A linguistic approach to the study of language acquisition is based on two tenets: (a) the workings of language must be studied through a combination of grammatical analysis and psycholinguistic experimentation, and (b) understanding how a particular language is acquired often requires cross-linguistic comparative research. I illustrate the value of these tenets ;vith the help of two phenomena-the dative alternation in the acquisition of English as a first language and relative clauses in the acquisition of English as a second language.
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Processing and Language Acquisition: Reflexive Pronouns in English and Korean
( William O Grady ) 서강대학교 언어정보연구소 2013 언어와 정보 사회 Vol.19 No.-
O`Grady, William(2013), “Processing and Language Acquisition: Reflexive Pronouns in English and Korean”, Language & Information Society 19. This paper offers a new perspective on the interpretation of reflexive pronouns in Korean and English. Whereas most previous work has assumed a parameter-based grammatical contrast, I propose that the two languages differ from each other in terms of how they go about processing referential dependencies: whereas English relies primarily on sentence-based structural processing, Korean has recourse to a pragmatically oriented procedure. Evidence from language acquisition, in the form of on-line processing by children, is used to construct a new picture of how knowledge of reflexive pronouns unfolds in the course of development.
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The role of epigenetic alterations in colon cancer
William M. Grady 한국당과학회 2011 한국당과학회 학술대회 Vol.2011 No.1
Colorectal cancer arises as the consequence of the accumulation of genetic alterations (e.g. gene mutations, gene amplification, etc.) and epigenetic alterations (e.g. aberrant DNA methylation, chromatin modifications, etc.) that transform colonic epithelial cells into colon adenocarcinoma cells. The loss of genomic and epigenomic stability and resulting gene alterations appears to be a key molecular and pathogenic step that occurs early in the tumorigenesis process and permits the acquisition of a sufficient number of alterations in tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes in a clone of cells to result in their ultimate transformation into cancer. It has also become clear that epigenetic alterations are common in many cancers and affect the formation and behavior of the tumors. With regards to DNA methylation, it is present normally throughout the majority of the genome and is maintained in relatively stable patterns that are established during development1. In humans, approximately 70% of CpG dinucleotides carry this epigenetic modification. However, there are regions that are enriched for CpG dinucleotides, called CpG islands, that are present in the 5’ region of approximately 50-60% of genes and are normally maintained in an unmethylated state. In cancers, many of these CpG islands become aberrantly methylated, and this aberrant methylation can be accompanied by transcriptional repression2,3. The significance of these epigenetic alterations in the pathogenesis of cancer has been a point of significant controversy4,5. Nonetheless, there is sufficient data to demonstrate that the aberrant methylation of at least some of these genes, such as MLH1, can be pathogenetic in cancer6-8. The aberrant methylation of MLH1 occurs in approximately 80% of sporadic MSI colorectal cancers, and the restoration of MLH1 expression and function by demethylating the MLH1 promoter in MSI colorectal cancer cell lines, strongly supports the idea that such aberrant methylation is a cause rather than a consequence of colorectal carcinogenesis6,7,9. Furthermore, the epigenetic inactivation of MLH1 appears to proceed the onset of mutations in genes with coding region microsatellite repeats, such as TGFBR2, suggesting epigenetic events can predispose tumor cells to mutations that drive the tumorigenesis process. Indeed, aberrantly methylated genes HLTF SLC5A8, MGMT, MINT1, and MINT31 can be found in aberrant crypt foci, demonstrating that aberrant promoter methylation occurs early in the adenoma sequence, although it does not confirm that the aberrant methylation is a primary rather than a secondary event in the tumorigenesis process10-12. The aberrant methylation of genes affects genes that are commonly targets of mutational inactivation in colon cancers and contributes to the deregulation of signaling pathways that are known to be important in these tumors13,14. Finally, a subset of colorectal cancers that hypermethylate genes belong to a distinct subclass of colorectal cancers, termed the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) has been identified and appear to have a worse prognosis15-19. These aberrantly methylated genes have been shown to be early detection markers and prognostic markers for a variety of cancers14,20, and some methylated genes are already being used in clinically available assays in the United States21,22. The potential for methylated genes to be used as risk stratification markers, early detection markers, and predictive markers is high, and it is anticipated that they will move into common clinical use in the future. Finally, therapies directed at these genetic and epigenetic alterations are under active development and hold the promise to improve the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Case in Korean 'Raising Constructions'
O'Grady, William 서울대학교 어학연구소 1991 語學硏究 Vol.27 No.2
This paper deals with the case marking pattern found in the Korean structure exemplified by the sentence John-i Yengmi-lul aphu-tako mit-ess-ta ‘John believed Yengmi to be ill’. Based on constraints on the type of embedded verb that can occur in this pattern, it is suggested that the relevant syntactic structure must include a constituent consisting of the matrix verb and aphu-tako. It is then shown that this structure not only predicts the existence of the accusative case suffix on the ‘subject’ argument of the embedded verb, but that it is also compatible with a variety of subtle semantic contrasts that distinguish it from a related construction in which Yengmi bears the nominative case.
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