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Growth Effects of "Heterogeneous"Economic Integration
Wagner, Helmut 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 2002 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.17 No.4
At present, the European Union(EU)is facing the biggest round of enlargement in its history. Many of the EU accession countries, which are less developed than the incumbents, will seek accession to the European Monetary Union(EMU) soon after the required two-year qualifying preiod. This is justified by the effort to avoid the danger of financial instability in the period prior to euro-introduction. However,by trying to avoid this danger, some of them may run into another danger, namely of a lack of real convergence. The paper investigates this danger.
The Legal Status of the European Union Why Hungarians Might Like It More Than Other EU Members
Helmut Wagner(헬무트 바그너) 한국외국어대학교 외국학종합연구센터 동유럽발칸연구소 2006 동유럽발칸연구 Vol.17 No.1
At the beginning of this text it is argued that Hungarians, as has been demonstrated bypolls, are more in favour of the EU than most people in its other member states. The author contends that one reason for this is that Hungarians are less afraid to enter a superstate. Why? Because they have made the experience that belonging to the Austro-Hungarian monarchy did not cause them to lose their national identity, a danger of which other EU members are afraid. The author then turns to attempts to define the legal status of the EU. A satisfying answer has not yet been found. Why? Because, as he argues, traditional terms consider the EU as being a kind of state, which normally possesses the monopoly on power. But the EU is neither willing to earn this monopoly nor are the member states willing to sell it. So what? The EU on the one hand is considered to be entrusted with only limited competences, while the members states on the other hand have voluntarily transferred only some of their powers to it. The well-known German expert on constitutional law, Carl Schmitt, once called such a non-state, which is neither confederation nor federation, a “Bund”, meaning a union. But that term is far from being generally accepted. The very fact that the EU has not been defined exactly has the political effect of generating suspicions that it could, in the end, become a monster state. Therefore, the author concludes, it is high time this problem is resolved, and, while he does not claim to have managed this himself, he is confident that it will happen one day. 본 논문은 헝가리인들이 생각하는 EU와 실제 EU의 합법적 위상 간의 차이 를 살펴보기 위해 저술되었다. 본고의 도입부에서는 다른 EU 가입국가의 국민 들 보다 헝가리인들이 EU에 더욱 적합한 이유를 그들의 투표에서 나타난 바를 근거로 논하였다. 다른 EU 가입국들이 민족 정체성의 상실을 이유로 초국가의 생성을 두려워하는 반면, 헝가리인들은 초국가의 생성을 두려워하지 않는데 그 이유로는 그들은 이미 역사적으로 ‘오스트리아-헝가리 제국’이라는 거대 제국 내에서도 민족 정체성을 잃어버리지 않고 지켜왔다는 점을 논거로 제시할 수 있다. 뒤이어, EU의 합법적 위상을 규정지으려는 시도를 하였는데 아직은 만족할 만한 결론에 도달하지는 못했다. EU를 권력의 독점을 행사하는 전통적 개념의 국가로 간주하기에는 무리가 있기 때문이다. EU는 권력의 독점을 원하고 있는 것이 아니며 EU에 속한 각 국가들도 권력을 양도하려 하지 않는다. EU는 소속 국가들이 일정 정도의 권력을 자발적으로 부여해 줄 경우만, 단지 제한된 권한 을 위임받을 뿐이다. 독일의 저명한 헌법학자 Carl Schmitt는 연방국가 (federation)도 아니고 연맹국가(confederation)도 아닌 유사 국가를 “Bund", 즉 연합국(Union)으로 지칭한 바 있다. 그러나 이러한 개념으로 EU를 규정하 려는 시도는 받아들이기 어려운 것이 사실이다. EU는 거대한 괴물(?) 국가가 되려는 것이 아니냐는 의심을 받을 만큼의 정치적인 영향력은 가지고 있지 않 다고 보는 것이 정확하다.
Growth Effects of “Heterogeneous” Economic Integration: the Example of EMU Enlargement
( Helmut Wagner ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 2002 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.17 No.4
At present, the European Union (EU) is facing the biggest round of enlargement in its history. Many of the EU accession countries, which are less developed than the incumbents, will seek accession to the European Monetary Union (EMU) soon after the required two-year qualifying period. This is justified by the effort to avoid the danger of financial instability in the period prior to euro-introduction. However, by trying to avoid this danger, some of them may run into another danger, namely of a lack of real convergence. The paper investigates this danger.
Impact of European Integration on Institutional Development
( Nina Schionfelder ),( Helmut Wagner ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 2016 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.31 No.3
This paper investigates institutional development induced by European integration. We estimate a dynamic panel data model wherein institutional development is measured as positive changes in the Worldwide Governance Indicators, which are explained by the status of the European countries, for example, being a member of the euro area or an EU member state or a candidate country of the European Union, and additional controls. We confirm a positive effect arising from prospective EU membership, although being an EU member state does not influence the institutional development path. For members of the euro area, there is robust evidence for institutional deterioration in one particular area, namely control of corruption.