The role of passion and affect in enhancing the understanding of coach burnout

Frode Moen,Marte Bentzen,Kenneth Myhre 한국코칭능력개발원 2018 International Journal of Coaching Science Vol.12 No.1

The purpose of the present cross-sectional study among Norwegian coaches (N = 510, Mage = 28.49 years, SD = 10.99; Mexperience = 14.95 years, SD = 9.85; Women 19.6%, men 80.4%; Fulltime 23%, part-time 26%, volunteers 51%) was to examine the relationships between harmonious- (HP) and obsessive passion (OP), negative- (NA) and positive affect (PA), and burnout. Structural equation modeling (SEM: Kline 2011) indicated an acceptable fit (Brown, 2006) both concerning the confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) to determine the factor structure of the scales, and when testing the model involving direct and indirect effects. Overall, the results supported the dualistic model of passion can contribute to explain the coach burnout syndrome through PA and NA. Of interest, higher levels of HP and PA seemed particularly to be negatively associated to burnout, while higher levels of OP and NA were found to be positively associated to burnout. Findings will be discussed in relation to theory with an emphasis on applied suggestions to prevent coach burnout.

Examining possible Relationships between mindfulness, stress, schooland sport performances and athlete burnout

Frode Moen,Roger A. Federici,Frank Abrahamsen 한국코칭능력개발원 2015 International Journal of Coaching Science Vol.9 No.1

This article investigates the impact of mindfulness on stress, perceived performance in school and sports, and on athlete burnout. In the present investigation 483 Norwegian junior athletes from seven different schools for elite sports were invited to partake in an online survey of which 382 athletes responded (79%). The athletes were from different sports such as cross country skiing, Nordic combined, ski jumping, volleyball, handball, track and field, ice hockey, biathlon, cycling and orienteering. We tested whether mindfulness affected stress, perceived performance in school and sports, and athlete burnout utilizing structural equation modeling. As hypothesized, mindfulness was negatively related with stress and burnout, whereas stress was positively related with burnout and negatively related with perceived performances in school and sports. Mindfulness was positive related with perceived performances in sports and in school, whereas perceived performances in sports where negatively related with burnout. Hence, for this investigation it seemed that mindfulness was an important stress buffer and may help elite youth athletes to avoid burnout and perform better. The results are discussed in regard of applied implications and possible future research.

The Effects from Mindfulness Training on Norwegian Junior elite Athletes in Sport

( Frode Moen ),( Frank Abrahamsen ),( Phillip Furrer ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2015 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.27 No.2

This study investigates the effects from a 12-weeks mindfulness intervention on perceived stress, perceived performance in school and sports, and athlete burnout among junior elite athletes in sports. In the present investigation 50 Norwegian junior athletes from two different schools for elite sports participated in an experiment with a pre-test, post-test control group design. Twenty three of them were in the experiment group whereas 27 were in the control group. The athletes were from different sports such as cross country skiing, biathlon, shooting and track and field. As hypothesized, we found significant effects from the mindfulness intervention on athlete burnout. There were no significant effects found on perceived stress, perceived performance in school and sports. These findings are discussed in regard of applied implications and possible future research.

스포츠에서 코치에 대한 운동선수들의 주관적 기대

Frode Moen,Henrik Sandstad 한국주관성연구학회 2013 Journal of Human Subjectivity Vol.11 No.1

This study explores junior athletes`` subjective views about what they expect from their coaches in sport. A Q-sample of 36 different opinions about different expectations about coaches, and how these expectations affects athletes`` motivation, performance, focus and emotions, were presented to junior athletes within sport. The Q-sample was presented to 59 junior athletes from different sports such as cross country skiing, biathlon, track and field, football, volleyball, and handball, and they were asked to consider and rank-order the statements through a Q-sorting procedure. The authors will discuss their analysis using Q methodology, where a two factors solution was chosen from the factor analysis. The dominant view among the athletes is that a coach``s motivational tendencies, as feedback, both positive and critical, and social support, are expected from their coaches. Such coach behaviour is expected to affect the athletes`` motivation and performance. Virtually all athletes in the study are associated with this factor. The athletes loading on the other factor is expecting a close and personal relationship with their coaches. The authors will discuss these two factors that emerged from their analysis and behavioral consequences for coaches within sport. 본 연구는 주니어 운동선수의 스포츠에 있어서 그들이 코치에게 기대하는 바에 대한 주관적인 견해에 대한 연구이다. 36개의 코치에 대한 각각의 다른 기대에 대한 다른 의견과 또한 그 기대가 스포츠에 한하여 선수의 동기부여, 성과, 집중 그리고 감정에 어떻게 미치는지에 대한 Q 샘플이 스포츠에 참여하는 주니어 선수들에게 제공되었다. Q 샘플은 크로스 컨트리 스키, 바이애슬론, 트랙앤필드, 축구, 배구, 핸드볼과 같이 다른 영역의 스포츠에 종사하는 59명의 주니어 선수들에게 제공되었고, 샘플을 분류하는 동안 문장의 순위를 고려할 것을 요청하였다. 저자는 Q 방법론을 사용하여 분석할 것이고 두 가지의 요인 결과는 요인 분석에 의해 도출된 결과이다. 선수들 사이에 우세한 견해는, 코치의 동기부여 경향, 즉 피드백(부정적, 긍정적 모두)과 사회적 지원이 코치로부터 기대된다는 것이다. 그러한 코치의 행동은 선수의 동기부여와 성과에 영향을 미치는 것으로 기대된다. 실질적으로 본 연구에 참여한 모든 선수들이 이 요소와 관련이 있었다. 선수들이 중요하게 생각하는 또 다는 요소는 코치와 친밀하고 사적인 인간관계를 기대한다는 것이다. 저자는 스포츠 영역의 코치들을 위하여 분석을 통해 도출한 두 가지 요소와 그 요소가 행동적 결과에 미치는 영향에 대해 논할 것이다.

The effects of attention training techniques on stress and performance in sports

( Frode Moen ),( Kristian Firing ),( Adrian Wells ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2016 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.28 No.2

The main aim of the present study was to investigate any effects from attention training techniques (ATT) on junior elite athletes` perceived level of stress, perceived performance in sports, and perceived performances in school. Fifty-eight athletes from various sports such as alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, handball, biathlon, ski-jumping and Nordic combined completed an ATT training program over a period of 12 weeks. A pre-test/post-test control group design was used to investigate any effects from the ATT training program. The results from this study showed that there was a decreased level of perceived stress, and a positive change in perceived performances in sports, but not in school performances, among the athletes in the experiment group. There were no positive changes in the control group. The implications are discussed according to the changes in the athletes` attentional awareness and control.

주니어 노르웨이인 스케이터들 사이에 효과적인 커뮤니케이션에 대한 주관적 인식

Frode Moen,Hannah Owens Svennungsen 한국주관성연구학회 2012 Journal of Human Subjectivity Vol.10 No.2

This study explores athletes`` subjective views about what they believe are effective communication during practices, where training on sport specific skills and capabilities are in focus. A Q-sample of 36 different opinions about underlying intentions for communication, and how this affects athletes`` abilities to understand better (knowing), to perform better (doing), and/ or to improve focus, were presented to junior athletes within sport. The Q-sample was presented to 33 junior cross country skiers who were asked to consider and rank-order the statements through a Q-sorting procedure. The author will discuss the analysis, where a four factors solution was chosen from the factor analysis. The general viewpoint among the athletes is that communication should be based on instructions during action. Instructions are intended to affect the athletes focus and performances in action. The importance of common understanding is also discussed in order to affect both focus and performance. One factor also emphasizes the importance of affecting emancipatory reflections during action, in order to affect understanding and focus. 본 연구는 운동선수들이 연습기간 동안 효과적인 커뮤니케이션은 무엇이라고 생각하는지, 어디에서 특별한 기술과 능력의 스포츠를 훈련하는지에 대한 운동선수들의 주관적 관점을 탐구하는 것에 목적이 있다. 커뮤니케이션에 대한 근본적인 관심과 운동선수들의 능력을 좀 더 이해하고, 좀 더 잘 할 수 있고, 그리고 선수들의 능력 향상시키기 위한 운동선수들의 능력에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지에 대한 여러 가지 다양한 36개의 Q 표본들은 스포츠 분야에서 주니어 선수들을 통해 나타났다. 33명의 주니어 스케이터 선수들을 대상으로 Q 표본을 Q 분류 작업을 거쳤다. 본 저자는 요인 분석을 통해서 나타난 4개의 요인에 대해 분석할 것이다. 운동선수들 사이에서 커뮤니케이션에 대한 일반적인 관점은 활동기간 동안 지시에 바탕을 두고 이루어져야 한다. 지시는 행위하는 동안 선수들의 집중과 퍼포먼스에 영향을 미치도록 의도되어져 있다. 일반적 이해의 중요성 또한 집중과 퍼포먼스 둘 다에 영향을 미치기 위해 논의되어 진다. 한 요인은 이해와 집중에 영향을 주기 위한 행위 동안 해방의 반영에 대한 영향의 중요성을 강조한다.

The effects of coach-athlete working alliance on affect, worry and performance satisfaction among junior elite athletes

Frode Moen,Maria Hrozanova,Kenneth Myhre 국민체육진흥공단 한국스포츠정책과학원 2017 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.29 No.2

The current study aimed to explore the association between subjective performance and coach-athlete working alliance, positive and negative affect, and worry among Norwegian junior elite athletes. A sample of 358 junior elite athletes from 3 different high schools specialized in sports participated in the investigation. A theoretical model was tested, in which working alliance between coaches and athletes was expected to be associated with positive and negative affect, worry and subjective performance. Results show that this theoretical model explains 27% of the variance in subjective performance, whereas working alliance is significantly associated with positive and negative affect. Furthermore, worry, and positive and negative affect are significantly associated with subjective performance, while worry is significantly associated with negative affect. These results are discussed based on the Cognitive Activation Theory of Stress, and indicate that there are three crucial facets essential for building an effective coach-athlete relationship. These include, firstly, coaches’ abilities to establish strong emotional bonds with their athletes; secondly, coaches’ competence in setting goals that are mutually understood; and thirdly, determination of tasks which are perceived by athletes as helpful in goal attainment.

Performance Progress and Leadership Behavior

Frode Moen,Rune Hoigaard,Derek M. Peters 한국코칭능력개발원 2014 International Journal of Coaching Science Vol.8 No.1

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between athletes’ perceptions of their coaches’ leadership behaviours and their rating of their own satisfaction with their performance progress whilst under the guidance of this coach. Participants were 120 competitive athletes (M age = 20.3 years, SD =4.6) from different individual sports. Participants completed the Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS) and rated their own perceived satisfaction with their own performance progress underneath their present coach on a scale of 1 ‘extremely dissatisfied’ to 7 ‘extremely satisfied’. A one-way ANOVA analyses was used to test the differences between three composite satisfaction categories of ‘not satisfied (1-4)’, ‘satisfied’ (5) and ‘more than satisfied’ (6-7). The results indicate that the athletes who are most satisfied with their performance progress, evaluate their coaches’ leadership behavior higher in the following domains: Training and Instruction, Democratic behavior, Social Support, and Positive Feedback. Findings from the present study highlight the importance of coaches’ training and instruction behavior. The present study also highlights that the coach-athlete relationship must entail elements of reciprocity, trust, as well as being of a genuine and helping nature, and that coach’s democratic behaviour, supportive style and their ability to give positive feedback seem to support such values.

Junior Athletes' Goal Orientation, Motivation, and Emotional and Physical Exhaustion

Frode Moen,Roger A. Federici,Einar M. Skaalvik 한국코칭능력개발원 2014 International Journal of Coaching Science Vol.8 No.2

Despite the considerable concern regarding burnout in sports, there has been a paucity of research investigating burnout’s relation to goal orientation and motivation. The purpose of the present study was therefore to explore a theoretical model of correlations between goal orientation, motivation, and emotional and physical exhaustion (a dimension of burnout) among junior athletes in elite sports gymnasiums in Norway. The theoretical model proposed that mastery goal orientation was positively and directly related to intrinsic motivation and negatively related to extrinsic motivation and exhaustion. Performance goal orientation was expected to be inversely related. Additionally, extrinsic motivation was expected to be positively related to exhaustion, whereas intrinsic motivation was expected to be negatively related. The results in this study partially confirm the proposed theoretical model. Mastery orientation was positively related to intrinsic motivation and negatively related to extrinsic motivation. However, mastery orientation was only indirectly related to exhaustion, mediated by intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The analyses revealed identical but inverse patterns for performance orientation.

Psychological reactions during competitive season and association with sleep among Norwegian junior elite athletes

Frode Moen,Maria Hrozanova,Kenneth Myhre,Christian Klöckner 국민체육진흥공단 한국스포츠정책과학원 2018 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.30 No.2

The current study investigated whether athletes with negatively charged psychological reactivity that includes worry and negative affect experience more sleep disturbance in comparison with athletes whose psychological reactivity involves positive affect. Objective sleep monitoring for a period of 3-4 months was utilized in 32 junior elite athletes. Athletes completed the Positive and Negative Affect Scale, and the Penn State Worry Questionnaire before and after the sleep-monitoring period. Results showed changes and disturbances in sleep as a result of a specific psychological reactivity involving high worry and negative affect. On the other hand, positive affect was associated with normal sleep/wake patterns.