조혈모세포이식술이 골수기질세포의 기원 및 조골세포로의 증식 및 분화에 미치는 효과

강무일,조성원,오은숙,백기현,이원영,오기원,김혜수,한제호,윤건호,차봉연,이광우,손호영,강성구,김춘추 대한내분비학회 2000 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.15 No.4·5

한국의 보수정치게임과 지배블록의 헤게모니

강봉구 경상대학교 1993 民族統一論集 Vol.1993 No.8

Conservative game of politics is the scheme of game which restricts the width of institutionalized politics and excludes non-institutionalized politics. Therefore only conservative trademarks are admitted to be sold among various labels in the conservative political market. In a single word, conservative game of politics is the form of political strategy which can reproduce political power easily and stably, in case the hegemony of ruling power is in fragile. From Park's regime to the presidential election in 1992, the major framework of the politics of institutional realm in Korea has showed up itself as the confrontation between conservative ruling party and opposition party. Conservative game of politics has been carried out by prime ruling strategy(the scheme of confrontation between two Kims)during the period of presidential election in both 1987 and 1992. It can be said that this scheme is the political expression of regionalism and parochialism The presidential election in 1987 was manipulated by the strategy of "divide and rule", and was the conservative game of politics which ruling power had great confidence in. The presidential election in 1992 is also the conservative game of politics that is not different from the pre-games. The political terrain of this election is the following; firstly, the "democracy VS. anti-democracy" front was collapsed, secondly, the ideology of anti-communism and anti-North Korea remained strongly. On the base of this political terrain, the regionalism reoccured made ruling power gain an overwhelming victory. Shortly, as in the case of two presidential elections the conservative game of politics which we have analized is the political outcomes of the passive hegemony of ruling bloc, and vice versa the passive hegemony of ruling bloc can be legitimatized and reproduced by the conservative game of politics. The ruling form of ruling bloc in Korea is summed up as passive and fragile hegemony, but relatively stable rule. The political faction of ruling bloc in Korea has to get hegemony not only inside the classes/factions of ruling bloc but in the level of whole society. The reasons ruling bloc in Korea can continually reproduce power, despite the passivity of hegemonic competence, are overgrown state apparatuses(especially the army)and ruling ideology. The main elements of ideological terrain in Korean politics are economic development and public welfare, liberal democracy, and anti-communism. As former two ideologies are, because of objective constraints, not useful to induce voluntary consent and support, the ruling power connot but depend upon the fuction and role of anti-communism. Therefore anti-communism is the main politico psychological base of operation in the conservative plitical game and the chief ground of ruling bloc hegemony. Shortly, the hegemony of ruling bloc could be characterized not by positivity and receptivity but by passivity and rejection. In view of present situation we could assume two variables which are able to bring about changes in the hegemonic system or ruling bloc. First hypothesis is that labor party is formed, represents workers' class interests, and organizes politically working mass who are scattered. Second hypothesis is that the substantial changes of South―North relations break down the passive hegemony system of ruling bloc. Actually the political consciousness of working mass and political leadership of workers' leading group are too weak to develop counter-hegemony which can erodes fragile passive hegemony of ruling bloc. And also unfeasible is the real changes of South―North relations, since both ruling power of South and North have primary concern in sustaining ruling power(especially authoritative and stiff leadership in North Korea's monocratic system cannot smoothly cope with these changes).

Gramsci의 이데올로기론

강봉구 경상대학교 1988 民族統一論集 Vol.1988 No.4

Gramsci was opposed to economism. He denied epiphenominalism that ideology was no more than the reflection of base, and stressed the autonomy of ideology from base. He criticized the reductionist interpretation of historical materialism which took ideology to be reduced to class. He stressed the material-institutional characters of ideology. Ideology is more than a specific system of ideas in him. He distinguishes between historically organic ideologies, those, that is, which are necessary to a given structure, and ideologies that are arbitrary, rationalistic, or willed. Ideology, when it acquires the force of popular belifes, often has the same energy as a material force. He expanded the concept of ideology into the field of the common sense which was the most widespread form of ideology. Common sense, in the ideological struggle, is the terrain on which hegemony is formed and also challenges are made. Ideology is core foundation in the war of position which is new strategy of revolution. In the formation of national-popular collective will, ideology is the arms for intellectual-moral reform, and operates as cement for the formation of historical bloc which unites organically various social forces.

初乳의 分泌期間中의 成分變化 및 保存性에 관한 硏究

李鳳求,金相根,李晩徽,金武剛 충남대학교 수의과대학 동물의과학연구소 1995 動物醫科學硏究誌 Vol.3 No.-

The study was carried out to investigate the charges of hourly and daily components and preservation of colostrum produced 1st through 7th day after parturition of Holstein cows. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. The specific gravity in colostrum was 1.032-1.057 from 1 to 24 hrs after parturition and then showed slightly higher than normal milk. The pH and titerable acidity were 6.43 and 0.170% at 1 hrs after parturition respectively and thereater gradually increased. 2. The solids not-fat, fat and protein of colostrum were 16.24%, 6.60% and 14.20% at 1hrs after parturition respectively, and then showed markedly higher than normal milk. 3. The solids not-fat, fat and protein of colostrum were 9.02%, 6.66% and 3.92% at day 1 postpartum respectively and thereafter gradually decreased. But milk lactose ranged from 2.47% to 4.76% at day 1-7 postpartum and thereafter gradually increased. 4. The F, Mg and Fe of colostrum were 0.244%, 0.064% and 0.430% at day 1 postpartum respectively. The Ca and Na were 0.262% and 0.074% at day 1 postpartum and then showed markedly higher than normal milk and thereafter gradually decreased. 5. The pH from 1st through 5th days of milking was decreased from 6.4 to 5.3. The number of common bacteria reached a peak levels of 1×10^7.5/ml after 3-7 days and then slightly decreased. The number of coli from group reached a peak levels of 1×10^8/ml after 3 days and thereafter rapidly decreased to 10^3/ml after 20 days. 6. The number of common bacteria of colostrum added 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% of propionic acid and acetic acid at 20℃ were inhibited from 1 to 20 days in addition of 0.5%-2% propionic acid and acetic acid. The number of coli form group was retarded from 3 to 7 days addition of 1.0%-2.0% propionic acid and acetic acid. The addition of propionic acid and acetic acid to colostrum were effective in retarding the growth of bacteria than acetic acid.

전자상거래의 과세개념과 범 지구적 조정의 필요성에 대한 고찰

한봉수,강승구 대구대학교 경제경영연구소 2003 경제경영연구 Vol.2 No.1

현재 국경을 가로지는 전자상거래에 대한 조세와 관세에 대한 면제는 일반적인 관행이다. 전자상거래의 정의 또는 분류의 문제와 관련된 조세화 이슈는 WTO에서 논의되고 있는 주요한 주제들 중의 하나로서, 미국, EU, 그리고 OECD 내에서 주요하게 다루어지고 있다. 전자상거래에 대한 소비세와 소득세와 관련된 범지구적 원칙은 아직 확립되지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 한편, 인터넷 사이트와 관련 거래를 지배할 적절한 관할권 설정에 대한 분명한 레벨링을 위해서 원산국 원칙의 확립이 필요하다. 그리고 전자상거래에 대한 범 세계적인 공통의 표준은 전자상거래 네트워크에 대하여 자유롭고 비 차별적인 접근을 보장하기 위해 필수적인 요소이다. Cross-border electronic commerce is currently operating in a tax- and tariff-free environment. The definition or classification of e-commerce is a topic that has dominated the discussion in the WTO. The main players in the debate on e-commerce taxation have been the United States, the EU and the OECD. The Global Principle of Consumption tax and Income tax of e-commerce has not been fully established yet. The establishment of the country of origin principle will necessitate the clear labeling of the applicable jurisdiction that govern an internet site and therefore the related transactions. And World-Wide common standards will be necessary for basic rules for electronic commerce that ensure free and non-discriminatory access to the national networks.

동종골수이식 후 혈당 및 혈중 지질농도의 변화양상 및 관련인자

이원영,강무일,오은숙,오기원,손현식,윤건호,차봉연,이광우,손호영,강성구,신완식,민우성,김춘주 대한당뇨병학회 2002 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.24 No.6

연구배경:골수이식은 비교적 젊은 연령의 환자들을 대상으로 하며 면역억제제의 사용기간이 비교적 짧으므로, 주로 고령의 만성 질환 환자에서 시행되는 고형장기이식에서와는 달리 당대사 및 지단백 대사에 있어서 많은 차이점이 있을 것으로 추측된다. 저자들은 전향적 연구를 통하여 골수이식 후 시기별로 혈당 및 혈중지단백 변화 양상을 알아보고 이와 관련된 임상인자들을 규명하고자 하였다. 방법:1998년 10월부터 1999년 8월까지 가톨릭대학교 성모병원에서 동종골수이식을 시행한 환자들 중 43명을 대상으로 이식 전 및 이식 후 1, 2, 3, 4주와 3개월, 6개월에 공복 혈당, 혈중 총 콜레스테롤, 중성지방, 고밀도지단백을 측정하여 골수이식 후 시기별 변화를 관찰하고 여러 임상인자들에 따른 차이를 알아보았다. 결과:1. 공복혈당은 골수이식 수 첫4주 동안 상승하였고 이후 감소하였으나 이식 6개월 시점의 평균 공복혈당은 이식 전보다 유의하게 높게 관찰되었다. 혈중 총 콜레스테롤은 이식 후 1주에 최고치를 형성하였고 이후 기저수준으로 회복되었다가 이식 수 3,6개월에 다시 증가하여 기저치에 비해 유의하게 높았다. 혈중 중성지방은 이식 후 1개월까지 유의하게 증가하였고 이후 감소하여, 3,6개월에는 기저치와 유의한 차이가 관찰되지 않았다. 혈중 고밀도지단백은 이식 후 2,3주에 이식 전보다 유의하게 감소하였고 이후 이식 전 수준으로 회복되었다. 혈중 저밀도지단백은 총 콜레스테롤의 변화와 매우 유사하였다. 2. 골수이식 후 6개월 시점에서 공복 혈당이 126㎎/dL이상인 환자는 7명(16%)이었다. 이들 환자들과 공복혈당 126㎎/dL 미만의 환자 36명을 비교한 결과, 공복혈당이 126㎎/dL 이상인 환자군에서 스테로이드 평균 투여량이 많았고 고밀도지단백이 유의하게 낮았다. 3. 이식편대숙주질환이 발생한 환자는 그렇지 않은 환자보다 이식 후 1, 2, 3주 및 6개월의 총 콜레스테롤이 더 낮았고, 3개월의 공복혈당이 더 높았다. 혈연골수이식 환자군은 비혈연골수이식 환자에 비해 투여된 스테로이드 용량이 더 적음에도 불구하고 이식 후 1, 2, 3주 및 6개월의 총 콜레스테롤 수치가 더 높았다. 스테로이드 고용량 투여군(하루 평균 7.5㎎기준)은 저용량군보다 이식 후 3개월 시점의 공복혈당이 더 높았으나 나머지 시점의 혈당, 혈중 지질농도에 있어서는 유의한 차이가 관찰되지 않았다. 결론:골수이식 후 초기시기에 주로 당 대사 및 지질대사이상이 관찰되며 이는 면역억제제 투여와 관련이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 면역억제제가 고용량 투여되는 합병증 발생 시 이들 대사이상에 관심을 기울여 대처해야 할 것이다. Background: In bone marrow transplantation(BMT), recipients are usually younger and immunosuppressants are open used in shorter period than in solid organ transplantation. Therefore, there might be a difference in glucose and lipid metabolism between BMT and solid organ transplantation. However, the serial changes of metabolic parameters following BMT have not been studied. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the serial changes of blood glucose, lipids and the putative factors that are related with these changes after BMT. Methods: We have prospectively investigated 43 patients who underwent allogeneic BMT. Fasting plasma glucose(FPG), total cholesterol, triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein(HDL) were measured before BMT, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 12 weeks and 6 months after BMT. The serial changes of these metabolic parameters according to clinical factors including type of BMT, mean daily steroid dosage, and occurrence of graft versus host disease (GVHD) were examined. Results: 1. Mean FPG level increased during 4 weeks after BMT and remained above basal value at post-transplant 6 months. Total Cholesterol level was increased during initial 4 weeks after BMT and was above basal value at post-BMT of 3 and 6 months. Triglyceride level was progressively increased during initial 4 weeks after BMT, but returned to basal value there after. HDL-cholesterol level was significantly decreased during initial 4 weeks after BMT, but returned to basal value there after. 2. Patients with FPG above 126 mg/dL and the other patients, the former received larger amounts of daily steroid and had lower HDL-cholesterol level. 3. The changes of metabolic parameters were different according to type of BMT, steroid dose, and occurrence of GVHD. Conclusion: Although there was increase of FPG, TC, TG and decrease of HDL-C during initial 4 weeks after BMT, these metabolic changes recovered slowly thereafter. Immunosuppressants are thought to be associated with these changes. Further observation will be needed for the long-term effect of BMT on metabolic changes(J Kor Diabetes Asso 24:689~698, 2000).

당뇨병과 동반된 화농성 간농양의 임상상 및 예후인자

오은숙,강무일,이원영,오기원,임동준,이소영,이정민,고승현,김성래,안유배,손현식,윤건호,차봉연,이광우,손호영,강성구 대한당뇨병학회 2000 임상당뇨병 Vol.1 No.1

연구배경: 감염질환은 혈관질환과 함께 당뇨병의 중요한 사망원인의 하나이며, 혈당조절이 불량할수록 감염 빈도가 증가됨은 잘 알려져 있다. 간농양의 발생이 있어서도 당뇨병은 중요한 기저질환 중의 하나이다. 일반적으로 간농양의 가장 흔한 원인균은 Escherichi coli라고 알려져 있으나, 최근 당뇨병을 가진 간농양 환자에서 Klesiella pneumoniae의 검출이 증가되고 있다. 또 최근 연구에 의하면 K.pneumonie가 간농양의 가장 흔한 원인균이며, K. pneumoniae에 의한 간농양은 K.pneumoniae 이외의 균주에 의한 간농양보다 당뇨병과 밀접히 관련되어 있다고 보고된 바 있다. 이에 저자들은 간농양 환자를 대상으로 당뇨병환자의 빈도를 알아보고, 그 원인균 및 특징을 비당뇨병 환자들의 경우와 비교해 보고자 하였다. 방법: 1992년 1월부터 1999년 6월까지 방사선학적 검사 혹은 수술에 의해 간농양이 확인되거나, 경피적 천자나 수술을 통한 배농액 배양, 혹은 혈액 검사에서 원인균이 증명된 182명의 환자를 대상으로 후향적 임상고찰을 실시하였다. 결과: 화농성 농양을 가진 167명의 환자(남:94명, 여:73명)중 당뇨병을 가진 환자는 54명 (남:30명, 여:24명)으로 32.3%를 차지하였다. 환자의 평균나이는 당뇨군에서 62.1 ± 13.4세, 비당뇨군에서는 55.1 ±15.5세로 당뇨군에서 높았으며(p=0.0021), 남녀간의 평균나이 비교 시 두 군 모두 여성의 나이가 의미있게 높았다. 비당뇨군에 비하여 당뇨군의 경우 저알부민혈증의 빈도와 aspartate transaminase가 증가되어있었다. 원인균주는 K. pneumoniae (당뇨군54%, 비당뇨군 39.1%), E. coli(당뇨군 17.5%, 비당뇨군 18.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus viridans, Enterococcus 순이었으며 두 군간의 의미는 차이는 없었으나 K. pneumoniae의 경우 다른 균종에 비해 단독감염의 빈도가 높았다(82.8%). 사망률은 당뇨군에서 16.7%, 비당뇨군에서 7.1%로 당뇨군에서 의미있게 높았으며(p=0.019), 당뇨군에서의 사망환자는 모두 패혈증이 동반되어 있었다. 당뇨환자의 사망군은 생존군에 비해 당뇨병 이환기간이 길고 혼합감염의 빈도가 높았다(p=0.046). 검사실 소견에서는 총 빌리루빈 및 알카리성 포스파타제의 증가가 관찰되어 있었다. 결론: E. coli가 간농양의 주된 원인균이라는 기존 보고와는 달리 당뇨군과 비당뇨군 모두 K. pneumoniae가 간농양의 주된 원인균이었다. 또한 당뇨 유병기간이 길고 당뇨조절이 불량한 환자에서 혼합감염이며 총 빌리루빈 및 알카리성 포스파타제의 증가등과 같은 위험인자가 존재할 경우 사망률이 증가될 수 있으므로 이들 군에서는 적극적인 치료가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. Background: Liver abscesses are commonly associated with underlying disease, particularly diabete mellitus. The number of the liver abscesses caused by Klebslella pneumoniae in diabetic patient has been increased in Korea nowadays. This study was conducted to clarify the clinical presentation and prognostic factors of pyogenic liver abscesses, especially in diabetic patients and to determine the proportion of K. pneunomiae as a pathogen in liver abscess in Korea. Methods: Medical records of 167 patients treated for pyogenic liver abscess from January, 1992 through June, 1999 were reviewed retrospectively in detail. Major Pathogenic organism, clinical manifestations, prognostic factors, the importance of diabetes mellilus as an underlying disease and its effect on clinical features and prognosis were analyzed. Results: Among 167 cases of pyogenic liver abscess, underlying diabetes mellitus was present in 32.3%. The mean age of patients was 62.7 13.4 years in diabetic liver abscess group and 55.1 15.5 years in non-diabetic liver abscess group. Most liver abscesses were cryptogenic in origin or secondary to the billary tree diseases. The clinical presentations among the two groups were not significantly different. When compared to patients without diabetes, patients with diabetes had significantly higher proportions of hypoalbuminemia and elevated aspartate transaminase level. The most common organism of the pyogenic abscess was K. pneumoniae in both groups. Percutaneous drainage of the abscess with appropriate antibiotics was the most commonly used therapeutic modality in liver abscess. The mortality rate of diabetic liver abscess is 16.1 % and 7.1% in nondiabetic liver abscess. Complications, especially septicemla, were found more frequently in patients with diabetes than in patients without diabetes (64.8% vs 28.3%, septicemia : 31.5% vs 9.7%). The factors influencing mortality in the diabetic liver abscess were disease duration, mixed infection, presence of septicemia, elevated bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase. Conclusions: In contrast to prior report that the E. coli was the most common pathogen in liver abscess, we found that K. pneumoniae was the most common organism cultured in liver abscess. Diabetic patients have more complications and higher mortality than patients without diabetes. Early detection and proper treatment are needed to improve the outcome for diabetic patient with liver abscess.

국가독점자본주의의 기제와 위기

尹龍熙,姜鳳求 경북대학교 1987 社會科學 Vol.6 No.-

State intervention in monopoly capitalism has two main reasons: firstly, monopoly capitalism is faced with crisis of capital accumulation because of fundamental contradiction between socialization of production and private ownership, and secondly, the domination of monopoly capital is becoming fragile, since economic confrontation has shifted to political realm owing to new antagonistic relation between classes. Social integration and capital accumulation is two essential functions of state intervention in state monopoly capitalism, but whatever policy the state in a capitalist society may choose, that is ineffective in view of legitimization and capital accumulation. In state monopoly capitalism, the politicization of economic struggles requires labor class to get into political arena, that is to say, social relation is reproducted so that class struggle may be carried out within boundary of the mode of production. The development of state monopoly capitalism is likely to accelerate political movement and resistance of anti-monopoly bodies, and bourgeois democracy faces attack of the working class masses because of its bias against labor class. Crisis of state monopoly capitalism and democratic change could depend upon whether labor class recognizes necessity of fundamental change and how antimonopoly democratic bodies unite their powers.

골수이식 후 골밀도 및 골대사의 변화 : 2년 추적관찰 2-Year Prospective Study

이원영,강무일,오은숙,오기원,한제호,손현식,윤건호,차봉연,이광우,손호영,강성구,신완식,민우성,김춘추 대한내분비학회 2000 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.15 No.4·5

탐구 학습과 STS 관점에서 본 5,6차 과학 교과서의 비교 분석 : 중학(Ⅰ) 교과서의 화학 영역을 중심으로 Reference to the Chemistry Field of Science Textbooks(Ⅰ) in the Middle School

김동백,강대호,구인선,김봉곤 경상대학교 과학교육연구소 1996 科學敎育硏究所報 Vol.16 No.1

This study treats of the comparative analysis of the science textbooks in relation to the inquiry learning ability and STS viewpoint in order to offer some aids that help teaching/learning in class. The major findings of the study are summarized below. 1. The textbooks on the 6th curriculum contain more variety of inquiry process than those on the 5th, which makes students get interested in their learning and get the result of experiments without making experiments. 2. The pictures on the 6th rose 27 percent compared with 5th. It can help students reduce the burden of learning and understand science more easily. 3. The textbooks on the 6th are intended to develop a balanced and varied inquiry ability, while the textbooks on the 5th are rather biased to several items. 4. The textbooks on the 6th have more contents and pictures connected with everyday science than those on the 5th.