1930년대 대중소설에 나타난 여성 가정교사 재현 문제 - 김말봉 <찔레꽃>(1937)을 중심으로 -

허예슬 ( Huh¸ Ye-sel ) 반교어문학회 2020 泮橋語文硏究 Vol.0 No.56

본고는 김말봉의 <찔레꽃>(1937)을 중심으로 1930년대 대중소설에 나타난 여성 가정교사의 재현 문제를 탐구하고자 한다. 가정교사, 특히 여성 가정교사가 가지고 있는 위상은 독특하다. 그들은 ‘선생’이라고 불리는 엘리트이면서, 동시에 부르주아는 아닌 사람, 가족이 아닌 자가 한 가정에 머무르는, 즉 ‘더부살이’를 하지만 하인 혹은 식모와는 차별화되는 여성이다. 더불어 가정에 들어온 낯선 여성은 로맨틱하거나 에로틱한 상상력을 불러올 수 있는 존재이면서 가족구성원이 될 수 있는 가능성을 내포한 존재라고 할 때, 그가 대중소설의 영역에서 제재로서 차용된다는 것은 어떠한 의미이며, 어떤 방식으로 재현되고 있는지 그 역사와 더불어 종합적으로 탐구해 볼 필요가 있다. 이에 앞서 김말봉이 왜 ‘가정’을 그 소설의 배경으로 삼았는가에 대해 해명할 필요가 있다. 이는 첫째, 가사사용인의 수는 공장 노동자의 수보다 2배 이상 많았다는 것, 둘째, 부유한 권력층의 가정에 기거하는 가난한 낯선 여성이 극적인 ‘성적 긴장감’을 유지하면서도 순결을 지키고 사랑을 지켜내는 서사야말로 독자들의 흥미와 이목을 끌기에 가장 적합한 소재였을 것이라고 설명할 수 있다. 한편 가르치는 공간의 의미를 내포하고 있는 ‘가정교사’가 미디어에서 처음 발견되는 시기는 1907년이다. 이후 1909년에는 개인을 규정하고 신분을 보장하는 하나의 ‘직업’으로서 그 직책이 사회적으로 인정받았음을 확인할 수 있으며, 한일합병 이후인 1910년대 중반에 들어서면 효과적인 일본식 가정 교육을 위한 가정교사 고용이 홍보되기도 한다. 1920년대 초부터는 조선 왕족 내 가정교사의 존재를 전면적으로 내세우는 기사가 발견되기도 하며, 누가 가정교사로 임명되었는가에 대해서도 비중 있게 보도되는 바, 상류층-가정교사의 공고한 공생관계가 지속된다. 상류층의 자녀 교육 및 입시에의 열망과 학비가 필요한 고학생의 이와 같은 공고한 공생관계는 1930년대부터 제기되기 시작한 가정교사 필요성 논란을 미끄러지게 만들었으며, 가정교사는 변형을 거칠 뿐 사라지지 않은 채 그 수명을 길게 이어간다. 한편 1930년대 여성 가정교사는 차장, 여공, 여급 등과 함께 새로 생겨난 ‘위태위태한’ 직업으로 소개되곤 했다. 이는 자세히 들여다볼 필요가 있다. 당시 시선처럼, 성적 위계의 문제에 있어서 ‘고용주’를 비롯한 남성들로부터 성적 대상화되고 신체적 위협을 당할 위험을 내포하고 있다는 점에서는 공통적이다. 남성 가정교사들이 나오는 작품들에서는 학생-엘리트, 가난 극복-성공의 서사구조로만 이루어진 반면, 여성 가정교사의 경우 그를 욕망하는 남성 인물이 등장한다는 점에서도 그러하다. 그러나 이들의 노동 행위인 ‘돌봄’에서 발현되는 가장 순결한 형태의 모성은 남성 인물들로 하여금 윤리적 죄책감을 느끼게 하면서 신체적 위협을 지연시킨다. 이는 다름 아닌 이들의 노동 공간인 가정이 내재한 특수성, 즉 ‘여성으로 하여금 장래를 그르치게 할 위협을 내재한’ 공적노동 공간인 동시에 가장 순결한 형태의 모성의 발현이 가능한 사적 노동 공간이라는 특수성 때문에 가능했다고 할 수 있다. 그리고 이러한 특수성으로 말미암아 여타의 직업군과 달리 그 위태로움, 즉 타락의 혐의로부터 어느 정도 벗어나 대중소설의 독자층이 갈망했던 경제적 자립성과 ‘순결’을 동시에 확보할 수 있었다고 할 수 있다. This study was conducted on Kim Mal-bong's "Cillekot(A Brierrose Flower)" (1937). Through this novel, I want to explore female private teachers who appeared in popular novels in the 1930s. The status of private teachers, especially female private teachers, is unique. They are housekeepers, like servants or maids. But they are either romantic or erotic creatures that stimulate imagination. First, it is necessary to explain why Kim Mal-bong used "Home" as the background of the novel. First, the number of housekeepers was more than twice that of factory workers, and secondly, the narrative of poor strangers living in wealthy power families keeping purity and protecting love would have been the most suitable material for readers' interest and attention. Meanwhile, it was in 1907 that "private teacher," which implies the meaning of teaching space, were first discovered in the media. Later in 1909, private teachers were socially recognized as a "job" that defined individuals and guaranteed their identities. In the mid-1910s, after the annexation of Korea, the employment of private teachers for effective Japanese-style home education is also promoted. Since the early 1920s, articles have been found highlighting the existence of domestic teachers in Joseon royal families. It is also reported that who was appointed as a private teacher. The solid symbiotic relationship between the upper class and the private teacher continues like this. Such a strong symbiotic relationship between high-class students who need education and tuition for their children's education and entrance exams has overshadowed the controversy over the need for private teachers that began to be raised in the 1930s. Private teachers only change its name and form little by little and do not disappear. In the 1930s, female private teachers, along with other female professions, used to be introduced as a new 'dangerous' profession. It is necessary to take a closer look at this. As in the eyes of the time, female private teachers were at high risk of being physically threatened by men, including "employers." In addition, works featuring male private teachers consist of only student-elite, poverty-stricken-successful narrative structures, while works starring female private teachers feature male characters who sexually threaten women. But the purest form of motherhood, expressed in the labor act of female private teachers, makes male figures feel ethical guilt. This guilt delays physical threats. This is possible because of the inherent specificity of their working space, the "home." In other words, it was possible because "home" was a public working space that "could ruin her future" and was also a private working space that could express the purest form of motherhood.

Paradoxical Procoagulant Effect of Early Doses of Warfarin: Possible Role of Non-Vitamin K Oral Anticoagulant in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation-Related Stroke

Yesel Kim,방오영 대한뇌졸중학회 2015 Journal of stroke Vol.17 No.2

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A rare case of chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis of the mandible in a young adult male

( Yesel Kim ),( Jinhyuk Choi ),( Hoi-in Jung ),( Jeong-kui Ku ) 조선대학교 치의학연구원(구 조선대학교 구강생물학연구소) 2020 Oral Biology Research (Oral Biol Res) Vol.44 No.1

Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO), also known as chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, is a rare disease of unknown etiology mainly affecting girls with a mean age of 10 years. The disease is characterized by nonbacterial osteolytic lesions and swelling of the adjacent soft tissues and has nonstandard treatment protocols. Unifocal CNO typically involves the mandible. Mandibular CNO is difficult to differentiate from bacterial osteomyelitis because of its similar radiographic profile and clinical symptoms. Therefore, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should be considered if infectious osteomyelitis has not been diagnosed by laboratory examination. Our patient was a young adult man with mandibular CNO presented with atypical bone fragments on MRI. Clinical symptoms improved within 3 days after surgical intervention to remove the fragments and treatment with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). NSAID therapy was discontinued at postoperative day 20, and the patient has experienced no recurrences at 5 months after surgery.

Multisensory Congruence in Brand Identity: Evidence from the Global Automotive Market

Yesel Jun,Hyunju Lee 한국디자인학회 2020 디자인학연구 Vol.33 No.4

Empirical Study of Space Localization Approach on Brand Attitude: The Case of Starbucks in South Korea

Yesel Jun,Yena Ma,Hyunju Lee 한국디자인학회 2019 디자인학연구 Vol.32 No.4

Association of maxillary dental developmental abnormality with precocious puberty: a case-control study

Kim, Yesel,Lee, Nam-Ki,Kim, Jae Hyun,Ku, Jeong-Kui,Lee, Bu-Kyu,Jung, Hoi-In,Choi, Sun-Kyu Korean Association of Maxillofacial Plastic and Re 2020 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.42 No.-

Background: Dental studies of precocious puberty have focused on examination of jaw and dentition growth. The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between precocious puberty and maxillary dental developmental abnormalities (DDAs). Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on the Korean patients in whom dental panoramic and hand-wrist radiographs had been taken before they were 15 years of age. The maxillary DDAs were assessed as mesiodens, congenital missing teeth, peg-shape lateral incisors, or impacted teeth. The chronological ages of the control group members were within the normal range of the hand-wrist bone age. Others with a peak luteinizing hormone of ≥ 5 and < 5 IU/L were allocated to central precocious puberty (CPP) and peripheral precocious puberty (PPP), respectively. Results: Of the enrolled 270 patients, 195, 52, and 23 were allocated to the control, CPP, and PPP groups, respectively. The maxillary DDAs were significantly more prevalent in the CPP group than in the other groups. Among those with maxillary DDA, the mesiodens predominated. Age- and sex-adjusted multivariate analysis revealed maxillary DDA (odds ratio, 3.36; 95% CI, 1.60-7.05) and especially mesiodens (odds ratio, 5.52; CI, 2.29-13.28) to be significantly associated with CPP. Conclusions: Maxillary DDAs were significantly more prevalent in the CPP group than in the PPP or control groups. Among the many types of maxillary DDAs, mesiodens was significantly associated with CPP and may be considered a predictor of the development of CPP.

인터랙티브 전시 프레젠테이션 방법에 따른 방문객 참여 특성 - 국립어린이과학관을 중심으로 -

홍슬기 ( Suelgi Hong ),전예슬 ( Yesel Jun ),황동은 ( Dongeun Hwang ),김소연 ( Soyeon Kim ) 한국디자인트렌드학회 2020 한국디자인포럼 Vol.25 No.1

연구배경 박물관의 역할 변화 및 관람객 요구에 따라 다양한 참여형 인터랙티브 전시가 증가하고 있다. 그러나 대부분의 인터랙티브 전시물은 개별적 체험의 형태로 다양한 대중과의 커뮤니케이션에 한계를 보이고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 인터랙티브 전시의 프레젠테이션 유형에 따른 관람객의 참여특성 분석을 통해 다양한 방문객과의 커뮤니케이션을 위한 인터랙티브 전시 프레젠테이션 방법을 모색해 보고자 한다. 연구방법 인터랙티브 전시의 프레젠테이션을 유형별로 분류하고, 이를 기반으로 국립어린이과학관의 인터랙티브 전시물을 분석한 후, 대표유형을 선정하여 관람객들의 행동관찰조사를 통해 유형별 참여특성을 분석하였다. 연구결과 인터랙션과 몰입도가 높을수록 적극행동단계의 참여특성이 많이 나타났으며, 참여자의 인터랙션 행동 및 인터랙션의 결과가 시청각적으로 많이 공유될수록 주변의 많은 간접체험자가 관찰되었다. 결론 직접체험자의 자연스러운 인터랙션을 통해 높은 몰입도를 유도할 뿐 아니라, 직접참여자의 인터랙션이 타 방문객에게 쉽게 노출될 수 있는 프레젠테이션 방법의 모색을 통해 더욱 다양한 방문객과 다채로운 커뮤니케이션이 이루어질 수 있도록 해야 한다. Background Various participatory interactive exhibits are being introduced in response to the expansions of the role of museums and of consumer expectations. However, these exhibits are experiencing limitations in communication due to the fact that the majority of them involve only a small number of participants at a time. This study explores the ways in which interactive exhibits can communicate more effectively with a wider range of audience by analyzing visitor engagement characteristics induced by different types of interactive exhibit presentations. Methods Interactive exhibit presentations are classified, by which exhibits at the National Children’s Science Museum are analyzed. Representative presentation classifications are selected, and behavioral observations are conducted to deduce participation characteristics of the presentation types. Result Active behaviors were observed more frequently for exhibits rated high in interaction level. Further, the number of indirect participants is found to increase as direct participants' active interaction behavior and exhibits' responses were shared audiovisual. Conclusion Interactive exhibits can achieve a rich communication with a more diverse range of visitors by inducing higher levels of immersion from naturally participating behaviors of direct participants as well as by adopting presentation types that expose direct participants’ behaviors to peripheral visitors.

Fully Solution-Processed Transparent Conducting Oxide-Free Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Spray-Coated Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Thin Films Loaded with Chemically-Reduced Platinum Nanoparticles

Kim, Sang Yong,Kim, Yesel,Lee, Kyung Moon,Yoon, Woo Sug,Lee, Ho Seok,Lee, Jong Tae,Kim, Seung-Joo,Ahn, Yeong Hwan,Park, Ji-Yong,Lee, Tai Kyu,Lee, Soonil American Chemical Society 2014 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.6 No.16

<P>We report fully solution-processed fabrication of transparent conducting oxide-free counter electrodes (CEs) for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) by combining spray-coating of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and chemical reduction of chloroplatinic acid precursor to platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) with formic acid. The power conversion efficiency of a semitransparent DSSC with such SWCNT-based CE loaded with Pt NPs is comparable to that of a control device with a conventional CE. Quantification of Pt loading shows that network morphology of entangled SWCNTs is efficient in forming and retaining chemically reduced Pt NPs. Moreover, electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results show that mainly Pt NPs, which are tens of nanometers in diameter and reside at the surface of SWCNT CEs, contribute to electrocatalytic activity for triiodide reduction, to which we attribute strong correlation between power conversion efficiency of DSSCs and time constant deduced from equivalent-circuit analysis of impedance spectra.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/aamick/2014/aamick.2014.6.issue-16/am5019447/production/images/medium/am-2014-019447_0008.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/am5019447'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Acute-onset chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy following hepatitis A virus infection

Eui Sung Jung,Yesel Kim,Ju-Hong Min,Kyusik Kang,Jung Ju Lee,Jong-Moo Park,Byung-Kun Kim,Ohyun Kwon 대한임상신경생리학회 2017 Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology Vol.19 No.1

An infection is less likely to elicit chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) than Guillain-Barré syndrome. We here report a case of acute-onset CIDP following hepatitis A virus infection and briefly comment on the potential mechanisms regarding the induction and chronicity of autoimmunity after a viral infection.

Establishment of Multiplex RT-PCR for Differentiating between the CD1901 and Lederle Strains of Canine Distemper Virus

Dong-Kun Yang,Yu-Ri Park,Yesel Park,Bang-Hun Hyun 대한바이러스학회 2022 Journal of Bacteriology and Virology Vol.52 No.1