Effect of a synthetic cannabinoid agonist on the proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells

Xian, Xiang-Shu,Park, Hyeyeon,Cho, Yu Kyung,Lee, In Seok,Kim, Sang Woo,Choi, Myung-Gyu,Chung, In-Sik,Han, Ki-Hwan,Park, Jae Myung Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2010 Journal of cellular biochemistry Vol.110 No.2

<P>Although cannabinoids are associated with antineoplastic activity in a number of cancer cell types, the effect in gastric cancer cells has not been clarified. In the present study, we investigated the effects of a cannabinoid agonist on gastric cancer cell proliferation and invasion. The cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 inhibited the proliferation of human gastric cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner and that this effect was mediated partially by the CB<SUB>1</SUB> receptor. We also found that WIN 55,212-2 induced apoptosis and down-regulation of the phospho-AKT expression in human gastric cancer cells. Furthermore, WIN 55,212-2 treatment inhibited the invasion of gastric cancer cells, and down-regulated the expression of MMP-2 and VEGF-A through the cannabinoid receptors. Our results open the possibilities in using cannabinoids as a new gastric cancer therapy. J. Cell. Biochem. 110: 321–332, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</P>

Cannabinoid receptor agonist as an alternative drug in 5-fluorouracil-resistant gastric cancer cells.

Xian, Xiang-Shu,Park, Hyeyeon,Choi, Myung-Gyu,Park, Jae Myung Potamitis Press 2013 Anticancer research Vol.33 No.6

<P>Fluorouracil is the main chemotherapeutic drug used for gastrointestinal cancers, which suffers the important problem of treatment resistance. There is little information whether cannabinoid agonists can be used as an alternative drug for fluorouracil-resistant gastric cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of a cannabinoid agonist, WIN-55,212-2, on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-resistant human gastric cancer cells, to examine whether the cannabinoid agonist may be an alternative therapy. Survival of the 5-FU-resistant gastric cancer cell line, SNU-620-5FU/1000, was not significantly reduced even by a high dose of 5-FU treatment. However, WIN-55,212-2 inhibited the proliferation of SNU-620-5FU/1000 and enhanced their apoptosis, as indicated by an increase of apoptotic cell proportion, activated caspase-3 and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. Furthermore, WIN-55,212-2 reduced phospho-extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2, phospho-Akt (protein kinase B), B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL2) and BCL2-associated X (BAX) protein expression in 5-FU-resistant gastric cancer cells. These results indicate that a cannabinoid agonist may, indeed, be an alternative chemotherapeutic agent for 5-FU-resistant gastric cancer.</P>

중국인을 위한 비즈니스 한국어 교재 분석 연구

함향 ( Xian Xiang ),호길 ( Hu Ji ),진송철 ( Chen Songzhe ) 국제한국어교육학회 2017 한국어 교육 Vol.28 No.4

Recently, Chinese universities have been putting their priority on cultivating industry-academia linked talents, catching up with social change and industrial demand. Accordingly, vocational purpose education is being emphasized even in Korean language education. When facing active trade between Korea and China, the importance of business Korean language education will be magnified, and therefore, the demand for business Korean textbooks will grow accordingly. To strengthen the basis for the development of future business Korean textbooks, this study conducted a general analysis of a business Korean textbook for Chinese learners. Specifically, the textbook was examined by largely dividing it into external and internal structures. After dividing the internal structure into “purpose of compilation”, “composition of the textbook”, “learning contents”, and “learning activity”, the composition of the textbook was once again divided into “overall composition” and “unit composition”, and the learning contents was further divided into “subject”, “language content”, and “supplementary knowledge.” Furthermore, an analysis was conducted. The status and directions for future development of business Korean textbooks for Chinese learners are delineated and suggestions for improvement are provided. This study has its significant in that a general analysis was conducted on a business Korean textbook for Chinese learners, and is expected to be used as basic research material for the future development of business Korean textbooks. (Kyung Hee University)

한국어 2음절 완전어근 한자어의 형태구조 분석 -<고려대 한국어대사전> 표제어를 중심으로-

함향 ( Xian Xiang ),호길 ( Hu Ji ),김양진 ( Kim Ryang-jin ) 국제어문학회(구 국제어문학연구회) 2020 국제어문 Vol.0 No.84

본 연구에서는 한국어 2음절 완전어근 한자어의 형태구조적 특징을 밝히기 위해 『고려대 한국어대사전』에 수록된 비서술성 2음절 완전어근 한자어를 중심으로 어절(형태), 음절, 음소의 빈도 및 분포 양상을 살펴보았다. 본고의 분석결과, 첫째, 분석대상이 된 완전어근 80,161개에서 어절 종류수는 총 44,799개였고, 그중에 빈도수가 제일 높은 형태(일련의 소리 연속)는 ‘고사>조사>수장>기수>정사...’ 등의 순인데, 첫음절에서는 ‘戰>神>正>情...’의 순으로 동음이의어를 만드는 데 중요한 역할을 하고 두 번째 음절에서는 ‘事>死>士>史...’ 등의 순으로 중요한 역할을 하고 있음을 확인하였다. 둘째, 음절빈도에서 첫음절의 토큰은 총 423개였고, 끝음절 토큰은 총 462개였다. 첫음절과 끝음절에서 모두 높은 빈도를 보인 음절은 ‘사>수>전>정...’ 등의 순이고, 가장 낮은 빈도를 보인음절은 ‘눌, 짐, 츤, 탱, ...’ 등이다. 첫음절과 끝음절의 사용빈도에는 거의 차이가 없는 반면, 첫음절에만 쓰이는 일부 한자음절(‘줄’, ‘훌’, ‘쉬’, ‘튼’, ‘갹’, ‘훙’, ‘터’ 등)과 끝음절에만 쓰이는 일부 한자음절(‘닐’, ‘냥’, ‘왈’, ‘랄’, ‘뉵’, ‘뉴’, ‘댁’)이 구별되었다. 셋째, 2음절 완전어근 한자어의 첫음소 중에서 자음으로 시작한 음절은 66,573개, 반모음으로 시작한 음절은 7,622개, 모음은 5,966개로, 자음으로 시작하는 경우가 압도적인 비율을 차지했다. 자음에서 높은 빈도를 보인것은 ‘ㄱ>ㅅ>ㅈ>ㅎ>ㅂ...’의 순이고, 낮은 빈도를 보인 것은 ‘ㄲ<ㅋ<ㅆ<ㅌ...’의 순이다. 첫음절에서 모음으로 시작하는 한자어는 두음법칙에 따라 모음의 빈도수에 차이를 보였는데 이는 고유어에서는 보이지 않는 특징이라 할 수 있겠고 ‘자음-반자음-모음’ 전체를 고려한 2음절 완전어근 한자어의 어두음소의 빈도 배열은 고유어의 경우와 현저히 차이를 보이고 있다. 2음절 완전어근 한자어의 끝음절 끝음소에서 종성 끝소리는 47,966개이고, 모음 끝음소는 32,195개이다. 종성은 한국어 말음절에서 가능한 7음소 중, /ㄷ/를 제외한 자음 음소가 ‘ㆁ>ㄴ>ㄱ>ㄹ>ㅁ>ㅂ’의 순으로 나타났고, 모음 끝음소는 ‘ㅗ>ㅔ>ㅜ>ㅣ>ㅏ>ㅓ’의 빈도순으로 나타나는데 고유어와 한자어의 음절 말 구성에 현저한 차이가 있다. 다만 2음절 한자어에서 첫음절과 끝음절의 모음핵 빈도에는 별다른 큰 차이 없음을 확인할 수 있었다. This study focuses on the non-predicative 2-syllable complete root Sino-Korean words listed in < Korea University Korean Dictionary > to investigate the morphological structural characteristics of 2-syllable complete root Sino-Korean words and analyzed the frequency and the distribution pattern of the eojeol (morphology), syllable and phoneme. As a result of the analysis, first, the total number of eojeol types was 44,799 out of 80,161 complete roots analyzed, and among them, the morphology (a series of sound continuation) with the highest frequency of occurrence was in the order of “gosa>josa>sujang>gisu>jeongsa (고사>조사>수장>기수>정사) ……” For first syllables, the order of contribution in forming homonyms was “戰>神>正>情……”, and for the second syllables,”事>死>士>史......” was the order of importance. Second, in terms of the syllable frequency, the total number of tokens for the first syllable was 423, and the final syllable token was 462 in total. In the first syllables and the final syllables, the syllables that showed high frequency are in the order of “Sa> Su> Jeon> Jeong(사> 수>전>정) ......”, and the lowest frequency syllables were “Nul, Jim, Cheun, Taeng (눌, 짐, 츤, 탱) ……”. The frequency of use of the first syllable and final syllable showed almost no difference, while some differences were observed that some of the Sino-Korean syllables are used only for the first syllable, such as “Jul, Hul, Swi, Teun, Gyak, Hung, Teo(줄, 훌, 쉬, 튼, 갹, 훙, 터)” or only for the final syllable, such as “Nil, Nyang, Wal, Ral, Nyuk, Nyu, Daek(닐, 냥, 왈, 랄, 뉵, 뉴, 댁)”. Third, among the first phoneme of the 2-syllable complete root Sino-Korean words, 66,573 syllables started with a consonant, 7,622 syllables started with a semi-vowel, and 5,966 syllables started with a vowel, showing a dominant proportion of starting with a consonant. Among the consonants, the highest frequency was observed to be in the order of “ㄱ>ㅅ>ㅈ>ㅎ>ㅂ......” and the low frequency was in the order of “ㄲ<ㅋ<ㅆ< ㅌ......” Sino-Korean words starting with a vowel in the first syllable showed a difference in the frequency of vowels according to the initial law, which is a characteristic not observed in native Korean words. The frequency arrangement of the onset phoneme of the 2-syllable complete root Sino-Korean words considering the whole of ‘consonant-semi-consonant-vowel’ showed a clear difference from the native Korean words. In the final syllable final phoneme of -syllable complete root Sino-Korean words, the number of final sound of final consonant was 47,966, and the vowel final phoneme was 32,195. As for the final consonant, among the 7 phonemes possible in the Korean word syllables, the consonant phoneme excluding /ㄷ/ showed the frequency in the order of “ㆁ >ㄴ> ㄱ>ㄹ>ㅁ>ㅂ” and for vowel final phoneme, the frequency order was “ㅗ>ㅔ>ㅜ>ㅣ>ㅏ>ㅓ.” In this way, there was a clear difference in the syllable composition between the native Korean words and Sino-Korean words. However, in disyllabic Sino-Korean words, there was no significant difference in the frequency of the vowel nucleus between first syllables and final syllables.

두 자녀 정책, 비혼 출산과 출산 관념의 변혁

왕샹셴(WANG Xiang xian) 한국문화연구학회 2017 문화연구 Vol.5 No.1

2013년을 기점으로 하여 중국의 인구와 출산 분야는 크고 작은 두 가지 변화가 일어났다. 그중 큰 변화는 지난 30여 년간 시행해 오던 한 자녀 정책이 막을 내리고 “한 쌍의 부부가 두 자녀를 출산하는 것을 제창”(2015년 12월 27일 통과한 「중화인민공화국 인구와 산아제한법」 제18조항)하는 것으로 바뀐 것이다. 작은 변화는 “비혼 출산 자녀와 혼인 출산 자녀는 동등한 권리를 향유한다”(혼인법 제25조)라는 기존의 추상적인 법률 평등조항이 호적이 (허가에서: 역자 첨가) 신고제로 바뀜으로써 초보적으로 실현된 것이다. 두 가지 크고 작은 변화는 결코 우연히 생겨난 것이 아니어서 한편으로는 새로 태어나는 신생 인구를 엄격히 통제하던 것에서 이들을 귀하게 여기기 시작했다는 것, 다른 한편으로는 중국사회의 출산 관념을 되짚어 보고 재구성해 볼 필요가 제기되었다는 것을 의미한다. 오늘날 중국인의 출산관을 구성하는 두 가지 버팀목인 유교적 출산 관념과 산아제한이라는 국가정책의 핵심은 무엇이며, 이들이 공히 오늘날의 출산 관념을 어떻게 구성하였으며 또 그것이 현재 어떤 변화를 겪고 있고 향후 어떻게 변화·발전해 갈 것인지 그 방향에 대해, 두 자녀 정책과 비혼 출산을 연관 지어 고찰하고자 한다. There are two turnings on population and reproduction since 2013 in China, the big one is the two-child policy has replaced the single-child policy, and the small one is the chidlren born out of wedlock equal with ones in wedlock, which only existed in law, has become the reality on household registration. Both of the turnings share the common background that the new born population has started to become valuable as the result of the very low total fertility rate in China. It is needed to reflect and resonstruct the current perspective on reproduction, especially to creatively transform the Confucian trinity of heterosexuality, marriage and reproduction, if people are expected to have two children and the unwed birth will become the new resource of future population. The imagination on new perspective on reproduction is tentatively outlined at the end of the paper.

Two terpenoids activates close mating behavior and enhances trap efficiency of sex pheromone of Grapholita molesta

Hui-Ming Xiang,Zhen Chen,Xian-Wei Li,Yan-Qiong Guo,Xian-Chun li,Rui-Yan Ma 한국응용곤충학회 2019 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.22 No.4

Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a notorious pest of many Rosaceae crops worldwide. Enhancement of trap efficiency of its sex pheromone was devised by addition of E-β-ocimene and E-β-farnesene. The addition of E-β-ocimene or E-β-farnesene to sex pheromone increased electroantennogram response of male G. molesta compared to sex pheromone alone. Blend of pheromone and E-β-ocimene or E-β-farnesene in 1:0.1 increased the upwind flight and landing behaviors. Furthermore, field experiments showed that sex lures with Eβ-ocimene, or /and E-β-farnesene, enhanced trapping efficiency compared to sex pheromone alone. These results may provide the basis for the development of efficient pest management systems against G. molesta using plant volatiles and insect sex pheromones.

Proteomic Analysis and Extensive Protein Identification from Dry,Germinating Arabidopsis Seeds and Young Seedlings

Xiang Jin,Kai-hua Wei,Qiang Fu,Bai-Chen Wang,Hong-Bing Li,Pei Han,Xue-min Zhang,Yu-Xian Zhu 한국생화학분자생물학회 2005 BMB Reports Vol.38 No.6

Comparative analysis of transcriptomes revealed the molecular mechanism of development of Tricholoma matsutake at different stages of fruiting bodies

Xian Tang,Xiang Ding,Yi-ling Hou 한국식품과학회 2020 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.29 No.7

The purpose of the study is to investigate themolecular mechanisms of development of Tricholomamatsutake fruiting body at the primordial stage (TM-1), theintermediate stage (TM-2) and the mature stage (TM-3)using RNA-Seq sequencing technology. The analysis ofgene expression level revealed that the Spn2 and Eef1a1gene were the key genes in the primordial stage of T. matsutake by regulating cytokinesis, protein synthesis, andcell growth. And the Ubc, Atp6, Cytb, and Pth2 gene werethe key genes in the mature stage of T. matsutake by regulatingenergy metabolism and protein synthesis. Differentialexpression genes (DEGs) analysis results showedthat Cdc28, Rad53, Dun1, Pho85 and Pho81 were the keyDEGs regulating cell cycle genes of T. matsutake fromprimordial stage to intermediate stage. And APC, Cyr1,Cdc45, Spo11 and Rec8 genes were the key DEGs for themeiosis and sporogenesis of T. matsutake from the intermediatestage to the mature stage.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON A NOVEL DEFROST CYCLE FOR AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMP

XIAN-MIN GUO,YA-JING WANG,WEN-CHENG FU,XIANG-CHENG TAO 대한설비공학회 2010 International Journal Of Air-Conditioning and Refr Vol.18 No.1

On the basis of the hot-gas bypass defrost cycle, a new defrost method for air source heat pump is proposed. In the new defrost cycle, the outdoor heat exchanger is divided into two parts which are connected by a capillary tube. The front and rear parts of the heat exchanger are used as the evaporator and condenser respectively during defrosting, and can be defrosted orderly by using the four-way valve. The defrosting performance of the new cycle is investigated experimentally and the results are compared with that of the reverse-cycle defrost system. The experimental results indicate that the energy is used more e±ciently in the new defrost cycle, therefore, the defrosting duration and losses are less than those of the reverse-cycle defrost system. Moreover, it does not extract heat from the indoor space during defrosting in terms of the new defrost cycle. Compared with the reverse-cycle defrost system, it is found that the switching times of the fourway valve in the new defrost system are the same, and the fluctuation of the discharge and suction pressures during the defrosting is much less than that in the reverse-cycle defrosting, hence, the mechanical impact on the system is much less.

Cysteinyl Cathepsins: Multifunctional Enzymes in Cardiovascular Disease

Xiang Li,Zexuan Liu,Zeen Cheng,Xian Wu Cheng 전남대학교 의과학연구소 2012 전남의대학술지 Vol.48 No.2

Until recently, the role of lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsins in intracellular protein degradation was believed to be mainly restricted to scavenging. However, recent studies have revealed nontraditional roles for cysteine protease cathepsins in the extracellular space during the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. Although the precise mechanisms are unknown, data from animal studies suggest that members of the cathepsin family, like other extracellular proteases, contribute to extracellular matrix protein remodeling and interstitial matrix degradation, as well as to cell signaling and cell apoptosis in heart disease. Inflammatory cytokines and hormones regulate the expression and secretion of cathepsins in cultured cardiovascular cells and macrophages. Serum levels of cathepsins L, S, and K and their endogenous inhibitor cystatin C may be useful predictive biomarkers in patients with coronary artery disease and cardiac disease. Furthermore, in vivo pharmacological intervention with a synthetic cathepsin inhibitor and cardiovascular drugs (including statins and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists) has the potential for pharmacologic targeting of cathepsins in cardiovascular disease. This review focuses on cathepsin biology (structure, synthesis, processing, activation, secretion, activity regulation, and function)and the involvement of cysteinyl cathepsins in the pathogenesis of several heart and vessel diseases, especially with respect to their potential application as diagnostic and prognostic markers and drug targets to prevent inappropriate proteolysis in cardiovascular disease.