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The ROK-US Alliance and the Future of US Forces in South Korea
( Seong Ryoul Cho ) 한국국방연구원 2003 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.15 No.2
During the Cold War, it was "convergent interest" that supported the ROK-US alliance. However, in the new circumstances, in which the former USSR collapsed, and with it the major external enemy to challenge US supremacy, the ROK-US alliance formed in the Cold War had to be redefined in accordance with the strategic environment of the 21st century. After the Cold War, there were largely three directions as to how the alliance should proceed. However, the only realistic format is the "redefinition" scenario, based on maintenance of the ROK-US alliance. There can be three aspects to the scenario redefinition. The first is "strengthening the alliance," the second is "flexibility of the alliance," and the third is "political alliance without US forces." The first scenario is more of "reassurance of the alliance" than of "redefinition of the alliance," in the sense that its purpose is to maintain the Cold War alliance in the post-Cold War era. The second and third scenarios can herald "transformation of the ROK-US alliance," in that it seeks to transform the nature of the existing alliance. Considering the new military strategy being pursued by the United States, it is believed to be not easy to present a clear direction for revising the ROK-US alliance. Whereas the United States is strengthening its alliances worldwide, the new Korean administration is maintaining a policy of moving toward a pliable alliance. So, at some point in time a clash between two opposing streams of thought on this issue is inevitable. But, if advantage is taken of the fact that the new US military strategy is developed into reduction of armed forces in the frontline, it will be possible with better efforts to develop the alliance relationship in a pliable way without damaging the traditional friendly relationship.
Microbiological Evaluations on Chicken Carcasses During a Commercial Chicken Processing and Storage
Chang-Ryoul Kim 한국식품위생안전성학회 1998 한국식품위생안전성학회지 Vol.13 No.3
Chicken carcass microflora were evaluated for aerobic microorganisms after defeathering, evisceration, washing, chilling, and sanitizing during a commercial chicken processing and storage at wholesale and retailsale levels. Sampling was at between December 1997, and March, 1998. Tap water washing and sanitizing with 25 ppm chlorine for 10 sec significantly (P$lt;0.05) reduced aerobic plate counts (APC) and gram-negative bacterial counts (GNC) on chicken carcasses from a commercial chicken-processing plant. After 4 days at 2±2℃, APC and GNC on chicken carcasses in retailsale store rapidly increased compared to those in wholesale store (P$lt;0.05). Chicken wings from retailsale store significantly (P$lt;0.05) decreased generation time (GT) compared to other chicken carcasses.
Jong-Ryoul Kim,Sung-Hee Kim,In-Ryoung Kim,Bong-Soo Park,Yong-Deok Kim 대한구강악안면외과학회 2016 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.42 No.1
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) with a diode gallium-aluminum-arsenide (GaAl-As) low-level laser device on the healing and attachment of titanium implants in bone. Materials and Methods: Thirteen New Zealand white male rabbits weighing 3.0±0.5 kg were used for this study. Dental titanium implants (3.75 mm in diameter and 8.5 mm in length, US II RBM plus fixture; Osstem, Seoul, Korea) were implanted into both femurs of each rabbit. The rabbits were randomly divided into a LLLT group and a control group. The LLLT was initiated immediately after surgery and then repeated daily for 7 consecutive days in the LLLT group. Six weeks and 12 weeks after implantation, we evaluated and compared the osseointegration of the LLLT group and control group, using histomorphometric analysis, removal torque testing, and resonance frequency analysis (RFA). The results were statistically significant when the level of probability was 0.05 or less based on a non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test. Results: The implant survival rate was about 96%. Histologically and histomorphometrically, we observed that the titanium implants were more strongly attached in LLLT group than in control group. However, there was no significant difference between the LLLT group and control group in removal torque or RFA. Conclusion: Histologically, LLLT might promote cell-level osseointegration of titanium implants, but there was no statistically significant effects.
Sung-Ryoul Kim,Jae-Woo Kwak,Sung-Ka Lee,Seung-Gon Jung,Man-Seung Han,Bang-Sin Kim,Min-Suk Kook,Hee-Kyun Oh,Hong-Ju Park 대한구강악안면외과학회 2012 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.38 No.1
Introduction: This study was conducted to evaluate ssrA expression resulting from adaptation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) to oral pathogens through signal exchange. Materials and Methods: Human cell lines Hep2 and HT29, wild-type E. coli (WT K-12), ssrA knock-out E. coli (Δ K-12), and Scleropages aureus (S. aureus) were used. A single culture consisting of Hep2, HT29, WT K-12, and Δ K-12, and mixed cultures consisting of Hep2 and WT K-12, Hep2 and Δ K-12, WT K-12 and S. aureus, Δ K-12 and S. aureus, and Hep2, WT K-12, and S. aureus were prepared. For HT29, a mixed culture was prepared with WT K-12 and with WT K-12 and S. aureus. Total RNA was extracted from each culture with the resulting expression of ssrA, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and p53 was evaluated by Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: The expression of ssrA in a single culture of WT K-12 was lower than that observed in the mixed culture of WT K-12 with S. aureus. Greater ssrA expression was observed in the mixed culture of WT K-12 with Hep2 than in the single culture of WT K-12. The expression of NF-κB was higher in the mixed culture of Hep2 with Δ K-12 than that in the mixed culture of Hep2 with WT K-12, and was lowest in the single culture of Hep2. The expression of ssrA was higher in the mixed culture of WT K-12 with Hep2 and S. aureus than in the mixed culture of WT K-12 with Hep2. Conclusion: These results suggest that ssrA plays an important role in the mechanism of E. coli adaptation to a new environment.
Myoung Ryoul Park,Ki Young Kim,Kuldeep Tyagi,So Hyeon Baek,Song Joong Yun 한국육종학회 2011 한국육종학회지 Vol.43 No.1
Low temperature stress is one of the major negative factors affecting vegetative and reproductive growth of rice. To better understand responses of rice plants to low temperature we analyzed transcriptome expression patterns in glumous flower of cold-tolerant japonica rice variety, Stejaree45, and cold-susceptible variety, HR19621-AC6 at booting stage under cold water irrigation. A total of 2,411 probes were differentially expressed by low temperature in glumous flowers of the two varieties. Some important genes involved in hormone biosynthesis showed variety-specific regulation. Expression of GA20ox3 and GA2ox, among the genes involved in GA biosynthesis, was regulated differentially in the two varieties. Among the genes involved in IAA biosynthesis, YUCCA1 and TAA1:1 showed variety-specific regulation. Among the genes involved in cytokinin biosynthsis and signaling, expression of LOG, HK1 and HK3 was significantly down-regulated only in the cold-susceptible variety. Among the genes involved in ABA biosynthesis, NSY and AAO3 were down-regulated only in the cold-tolerant variety. In general, genes involved in GA, IAA and cytokinin biosynthesis responded to cold temperature in such a way that capacity of those bioactive hormones is maintained at relatively higher levels under cold temperature in the cold-tolerant variety, which can help minimize cold stress imposed to developing reproductive organs in the cold-tolerant variety.