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Consonant-tone interaction in Siswati
Mary M. Bradshaw 한국음운론학회 2003 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.9 No.2
This paper argues that Siswati is a three tone language, although it has traditionally been analyzed as a two tone language. Despite three audibly different tone levels, the presence of a L tone has been previously denied phonological status because it occurs primarily after depressor consonants. However, the existence of L tone lexically and grammatically as well as its actual behavior in consonant-tone interaction justify its phonological status, as argued here. In addition, Siswati provides an interesting example of the phenomenon of consonant-tone interaction. Depressor consonants in Siswati trigger a number of phonological effects involving tone spreading, tone shifting and the blocking of tone shift.
Mary L.S. Queiroz,Cristiane Okuda Torello,Anderson T. Constantino,Aline Lisie Ramos,Julia de Souza Queiroz 한국식품영양과학회 2010 Journal of medicinal food Vol.13 No.6
The effects of a dry extract of the roots of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (ASE) on the growth and differentiation of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFU-GM) in normal and Listeria monocytogenes-infected mice were studied. Myelosuppression concomitant with increased numbers of spleen CFU-GM was observed in infected mice. Prophylactic administration of ASE (10, 25, and 50mg/kg) stimulated marrow myelopoiesis in a dose-dependent manner and reduced spleen colony formation to control values. The dose of 50mg/kg ASE was the optimal biologically active dose in infected mice, and this dose schedule significantly increased survival of mice infected with a lethal dose of L. monocytogenes, with survival rate up to 30%. Investigation of the production of colony-stimulating factors revealed a dose-dependent increased colony-stimulating activity in the serum of infected mice, with higher response produced by the 50mg/kg dose. Notably, no effects were observed with the 100mg/kg dose, compared with infected nontreated controls. Further studies to investigate the production of factors such as inteferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α demonstrated increased levels of both cytokines in mice infected with L. monocytogenes and treated with 50mg/kg ASE. We propose that ASE indirectly modulates immune activity and probably disengages Listeria-induced suppression of these responses by inducing a higher reserve of myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow in consequence of biologically active cytokine release (colony-stimulating factors, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α).
Carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks exhibit risks for human enamel surface loss
Mary Anne Sampaio de Melo,Vanara Florencio Passos,Juliana Paiva Marques Lima,Sergio Lima Santiago,Lidiany Karla Azevedo Rodrigues 대한치과보존학회 2016 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.41 No.4
Objectives: The aim of this investigation was to give insights into the impact of carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks on the likely capacity of enamel surface dissolution and the influence of human saliva exposure as a biological protective factor. Materials and Methods: The pH, titratable acidity (TA) to pH 7.0, and buffer capacity (β) of common beverages ingested by patients under physical activity were analyzed. Then, we randomly distributed 50 specimens of human enamel into 5 groups. Processed and natural coconut water served as controls for testing three carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks. In all specimens, we measured surface microhardness (Knoop hardness numbers) and enamel loss (profilometry, μm) for baseline and after simulated intake cycling exposure model. We also prepared areas of specimens to be exposed to human saliva overnight prior to the simulated intake cycling exposure. The cycles were performed by alternated immersions in beverages and artificial saliva. ANOVA two-way and Tukey HDS tests were used. Results: The range of pH, TA, and β were 2.85 - 4.81, 8.33 - 46.66 mM/L and 3.48 - 10.25 mM/L × pH, respectively. The highest capacity of enamel surface dissolution was found for commercially available sports drinks for all variables. Single time human saliva exposure failed to significantly promote protective effect for the acidic attack of beverages. Conclusions: In this study, carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks usually consumed during endurance training may have a greater capacity of dissolution of enamel surface depending on their physicochemical proprieties associated with pH and titratable acidity.
An Account of the Concept of Metaphor as a Figure of Speech and a Conceptual Phenomenon
Mary Njeri Ndung’u 한국외국어대학교 아프리카연구소 2021 Asian Journal of African Studies Vol.- No.51
Metaphor tends to be preponderant in literature and it is even more so to language as used in daily communication. It is for this reason that, over the years, metaphor has attracted a lot of studies. Earlier studies on Kiswahili metaphor, such as Chacha (1987), have investigated metaphor in Kiswahili literature using traditional approaches where metaphor is seen as a poetic device and also as an aesthetic figure of speech. This paper interrogates the nature of metaphor by examining the earlier views on metaphor according to traditional theorists who saw metaphor as an aesthetic figure of speech used in literary studies. The paper further makes an account of the concept of metaphor as a conceptual phenomenon in the view of conceptual metaphor theorists such as Lakoff and Johnson (1980). In so doing, data for analysis is sourced from three Kiswahili literary plays; Kijiba cha Moyo (Arege, 2009), Natala (Mberia, (1997), and Maua Kwenye Jua la Asubuhi, (Mberia, 2004). The paper also draws upon the insights of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980), Cognitive Grammar (Langacker 1987), and Construction Grammar (Goldberg 1995) theories in order to account for the Kiswahili metaphorical constructions. The paper establishes that metaphor is not just an aesthetic figure of speech but also a conceptual phenomenon conceptualized in the mind of speakers of a certain language. It was also realized that Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) has its inadequacies in the analysis of metaphorical constructions. This insufficiency is resolved through the use of two cognitive linguistic theories.
Mary Valerie G. Embate,Mark Ian C. Calayugan,Renerio P. Gentallan Jr,Pompe C. Sta. Cruz,Jose E. Hernandez,Teresita H. Borromeo 한국작물학회 2021 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.24 No.3
Philippine pigmented traditional rice varieties (TRVs) ofer potential novel genes for genetic improvement. In this study, forty-three pigmented traditional rice varieties (TRVs) from Region X, XII and XIII in Mindanao were evaluated using 47 agromorphological (22 qualitative and 25 quantitative) traits, grain chemical properties, disease reaction, insect pests, and 64 SSR markers. The standardized Shannon–Weaver diversity index for phenotypic diversity averaged at 0.30 for qualitative and 0.88 for quantitative traits. Desirable traits observed in the TRVs include erect fag leaf, pubescent leaf blade, and strong culm for lodging resistance. Three TRVs, Malagkit (CollNo. 4555), Dinorado (CollNo. 11071), and Canayo (CollNo. 12794) showed resistance to blast. While Kabuyok (CollNo. 1091), Kabuyog (CollNo. 11052), Dinorado (CollNo. 12786), Lubang (Red) (CollNo. 4541), Manganahaw (CollNo. 4570), Palawenyo (CollNo. 6361), Boringan (CollNo. 4291), Mixture from Kabuyok (CollNo. 11070) and Mimis (CollNo. 1092) recorded intermediate resistance to whiteheads. Tapul (CollNo. 5156) was identifed to have blast resistance with desirable grain chemical properties: intermediate amylose content, low gelatinization temperature and medium cooked rice. The PIC values revealed that RM26550, RM28166, RM10665, RM27492 and RM23251 could be the best markers for genetic diversity estimation of these TRVs. The diversity at gene level showed average of 3.48 alleles ranging from 2 to 11 per locus. Mean gene diversity (H) value for all SSR loci was at 0.34, indicates moderate genetic diversity of TRVs used in the study. These pigmented TRVs can be tapped for pests/diseases resistance, and grain quality research, direct utilization or as parents in specifc breeding purposes.
The Syntax of Po Tangle Numerals
Mary Chimaobi Amaechi 세종대학교 언어연구소 2014 Journal of Universal Language Vol.15 No.2
This paper examines the endangered numerals of Po Tangle[taŋglɛ], a minority language spoken in four local government areas in Gombe State, north eastern Nigeria. The emphasis is onthe cardinal whole numbers. The study explores the structure of complex numerals which are derived from simple lexical ones using syntactic coordination and complementation. The study adopts the packing strategy framework of Hurford (1975, 1987,2003, 2007). This framework adopted applies very widely to numeral systems that uses syntactic constructions to signal multiplication and addition. It is found out that there is no overt marker for multiplicative arithmetic operation but there are two distinct markers for additive arithmetic operation, salai and ka,while the former is used for lower complex numerals in the base of ten, the latter is found in higher complex numerals of bases hundred and thousand.