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REM sleep estimation only using respiratory dynamics
Chung, Gih Sung,Choi, Byung Hoon,Lee, Jin-Seong,Lee, Jeong Su,Jeong, Do-Un,Park, Kwang Suk IOP Pub 2009 PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT Vol.30 No.12
<P>Polysomnography (PSG) is currently considered the gold standard for assessing sleep quality. However, the numerous sensors that must be attached to the subject can disturb sleep and limit monitoring to within hospitals and sleep clinics. If data could be obtained without such constraints, sleep monitoring would be more convenient and could be extended to ordinary homes. During rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, respiration rate and variability are known to be greater than in other sleep stages. Hence, we calculated the average rate and variability of respiration in an epoch (30 s) by applying appropriate smoothing algorithms. Increased and irregular respiratory patterns during REM sleep were extracted using adaptive and linear thresholds. When both parameters simultaneously showed higher values than the thresholds, the epochs were assumed to belong to REM sleep. Thermocouples and piezoelectric-type belts were used to acquire respiratory signals. Thirteen healthy adults and nine obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients participated in this study. Kappa statistics showed a substantial agreement (κ > 0.60) between the standard and respiration-based methods. One-way ANOVA analysis showed no significant difference between the techniques for total REM sleep. This approach can also be applied to the non-intrusive measurement of respiration signals, making it possible to automatically detect REM sleep without disturbing the subject.</P>
정기제(Gih Jeh Jeong),김인기(In Ki Kim),윤혜정(Hye Jeong Yoon),김학근(Hak Geun Kim),이동환(Dong Hwan Lee),서화령(Hwa Ryoung Suh),김대현(Dae Hyun Kim),이병기(Byung Ki Lee),이중기(Choong Ki Lee),차승익(Seoung Ick Cha),박재용(Jae Yong P 대한내과학회 1997 대한내과학회지 Vol.52 No.1
N/A Objectives : The respiratory compensation threshold(RCT) is thought to be one of parameters by some for the evaluation of physical performance despite its controversial status. The purpose of this investigation is to establish the reference values of the RCT in healthy Korean adults, and to examine the usefulness of this parameter in evaluating physical performance. Methods: Symptom-limited maximal exercise test by Bruce protocol was carried out, and RCT and AT were determined by the aid of the computerized V-slope method, along with the VO2 max, in 441 healthy Korean adults consisting of 284 men and 157 women aged from 20`s to 60`s. In addition, correlation between RCT and AT was observed, and regression equations of the RCT were also derived. Results : The RCT VO2 was tended to decrease with age in men, but not in women and the RCT VO2 of women was 26-30% less than that of men. The ratio of RCT VO2 to VO2 max (RCT VO2/VO2 max) was tended to increase with age and the RCT V was significantly correlated with AT VC4 and VO2 max in both sexes. Conclusion: Our study reveals that the RCT is another useful submaximal index along with the AT in evaluating physical performance. The regression equation of the RCT was RCT VO2(L/min)=1.4232 - 0.0102 A(age in year)+0.0204 W(weight in kg) - 0.4889 S (sex, coded O for males and 1 for females).
안윤기(Yoon-Gih Ahn) 표준인증안전학회 2016 표준인증안전학회지 Vol.6 No.2
파리협정 체결로 저탄소 경제패러다임으로 전환이 본격화될 전망이다. 특히, 파리협정은 온실가스 감축실적에 대한 제3자 전문가검토를 요구하는 13조를 규정하고 있다. 이는 미래 저탄소 경제패러다임 시대의 지속가능경쟁력은 온실가스에 대한 적합성평가에 의해서 좌우될 수 있음을 의미한다. UNFCCC, ISO, SRI 등은 금융시장과 연계한 온실가스 적합성평가 체제를 이미 적용하고 있다. 그리고 주요국은 자국 산업의 특징 및 기술경쟁력을 온실가스 적합성평가 표준 및 절차를 반영하려는 노력을 해 오고 있다. 이에 본 논문은 우리의 온실가스 적합성평가 적용 현황을 파악하고, 미래 온실가스 적합성평가 체제에 큰 영향을 미칠 UNFCCC, ISO, SRI의 관련 체제 및 운영방식을 글로번 관점, 합목적성, 운영효율성 등의 기준에 준하여 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과, ISO 국제표준에 기반한 적합성평가 체계가 세 기준에 가장 부합할 수 있다는 결론을 도출하였다. 특히, 새로운 체제에 대한 산업계 적응, 상호인정(MRA) 등을 감안할 때, ISO 국제표준에 준한 적합성평가 체계가 우리 기업에게 우선적으로 고려해 볼 수 있다고 판단하였다. 또한, UNFCCC의 CDM/JI MRV 방법론과 절차는 실효성 제고 측면에서 가장 의미가 있다는 사실도 확인하였다. 즉 ISO와 UNFCCC 체제를 결합한 하이브리드 형태를 적극 검토할 필요가 있다. 또한 온실가스 적합성평가 체제의 활성화를 위해서 정책도 건의하였다. Paris Agreement, which has come to an agreement by 196 countries on 12 Dec. 2015, is expected to accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy paradigm era. In particular, given that the Paris agreement emphasizes a third party expert review regarding the efforts and performance to reduce greenhouse gas, its conformity assessment in a low-carbon economy paradigm era is expected to be a cornerstone of sustainable competitiveness. The UNFCCC, ISO, and SRI etc. have already been operating a greenhouse gas-related conformity assessment system in connection with the financial markets. And, major countries such as USA, EU, JAPAN etc. have been attempting to reflect the greenhouse gas standards and conformity assessment procedures based on the characteristics and technical competitiveness of its industry. Thus, the paper identified the status of GHGs-related conformity assessment in Korea, and it tried to compare and analyze framework and operation procedure of conformity assessment of the UNFCCC, ISO, SRI. Because, they will have a big impact on future greenhouse gas related conformity assessment systems in the world. As a result, the paper concluded that the conformity assessment system based on the system approach of the ISO is appropriate, when viewed from a global perspective, finality, operational efficiency standpoint. In particular, the system based on ISO conformity assessment was the most sense, considering the adaptation of Korean Industries for the new system, MRA(Mutual Recognition Agreement) etc. However, CDM / JI MRV methodology and procedures of the UNFCCC will be helpful in terms of improving effectiveness. It also confirmed the need to actively review a hybrid form that combines ISO and the UNFCCC system. In addition, the paper has also suggested some policies to be activated GHG-related conformity assessment.
김기화 대한언어학회 1993 언어학 Vol.1 No.-
Kim, Gi-hwa (1993) The models of the teacher-learner activities for the development of the learner's communicative competence. Linguistics, vol 1. In this paper I present the models of the teacher-learner activities, which are designed to develop the learner's communicative competence. This paper consists of three subparts. First, I examine today's English education and then the new direction of the English education. Finally, I discuss the models for the teacher -learner activities. The focus of the English education in Korea is on the acquisition of the communicative competence rather than on that of the linguistic competence, with the result that the emphasis is on the performance of the linguistic functions and on the student-centered learning. Taking it into consideration, I present a model for the reading material and a model for the dialogue.