全秉薰의 天人合一 思想

이근철(Lee Geun-Cheol) 한국도교문화학회 2009 道敎文化硏究 Vol.31 No.-

老子가 말하는 天人合一은 儒家와 다른 차원으로서 자연의 법칙과 조화를 이룬, 인간과 자연이 合一된 경지를 말한다. 이와 같은 경지에 도달하면 백성을 다스림에 있어서도 자연스럽고 조화로운 정치를 해야 한다는 것이다. 莊子는 天人合一을 이룬 聖人이 살았던 至德의 세상에서는 만물이 모두 평등했으나 각자의 욕망에 따라 살게 되면서 사회가 혼란해졌으므로 임금이 無爲의 정치를 할 때 백성들의 본성이 되살아난다고 보았다. 道敎 內丹家의 天人合一은 내단 수련의 단계에서 煉神還虛에 해당한다고 볼 수 있는데, 어린아이와 같은 모습으로 돌아가는 ‘逆煉返本’을 그리고 있다. 그러나 개인적 修養에 치우친 나머지 사회 구제에 대한 관심을 소홀히 하였다. 그리고 全秉薰의 天人合一 思想은 ?精神哲學通編?의 1卷 精神哲學에 속하는 「天符經 註解」와 「精神運用哲理」에 주로 나타나 있다. 특히 「天符經註解」에서는 ?天符經? 81字 중에서 ‘五七一妙衍 萬往萬來 用變不動本 本心本太陽昻明 人中天地一一終’에 해당하는 부분에 대한 주해를 하면서, 「精神運用哲理」에서는 內丹 修練의 과정 중에서 ‘煉神還虛ㆍ合天成眞’의 경지에 대한 설명을 하면서 天人合一과 兼聖을 말하고 있다. 여기서 그는 陽神ㆍ出胎하여 太虛와 하나가 되고, 神氣가 天地를 가득 채워 하늘과 더불어 長久한 세월을 보낼 수 있는 煉神還虛ㆍ合天成眞의 경지를 天人合一로 보았다. 그러나 그는 還虛라고 하여 모든 세속을 초탈하는 것이 아니라 사사로움을 떠나 더 큰 公德을 이루어야 한다고 보고, 合天이라 하여 세상을 떠나 하늘과 합하는 것이 아니라 하늘의 뜻을 세상에 실천해야 한다고 보아, 진정한 天人合一은 兼聖을 통해 이루어진다고 보았다. The theory of Heaven-Man Unity said by Lao-tzu is different from that of Confucianist and suggests the stage in which nature and human beings are united. According to the theory, When a man attains this stage, he/she should govern his/her people naturally and harmoniously with surroundings. Chuang-tzu thought that all things under the sun are equal in the world of knowledge and virtue, where sages who attain the stage of Heaven-Man Unity live. According to Chuang-tzu, however, the world becomes confused as people live just to satisfy his desires and in this circumstances, the original nature of people could be revived only when a king leaves the world as it is. When Nae-Dan-Ga of taoism says the stage of Heaven-Man Unity, this stage corresponds with Yeon-Sin-Hwan-Heo(煉神還虛), a stage in Nae-Dan trainings, and describes Yeok-Yeon-Ban-Bon(逆煉返本) which means a man's returning to a child. But taoism mainly focuses on self-improvement and pays little attention to social relief. Jeon Byung-Hoon's theory of Heaven-Man Unity is mainly described in the 「Cheon-Bu-Kyeong Ju-Hae」 and the 「Jeong-Sin Woon-yong Cheol-ri」 which are written about Jeong-Sin philosophy and parts of the first volume of the ?Jeong-Sin Cheol-Hak Tong-pyun?. In 「Cheon-Bu-Kyeong Ju-Hae」, his ideas are especially described in 'O-Chil-Il-Myo-Yeon(五七一妙衍) Man-Wang-Man-Rae(萬往萬來) Yong-Byun-Bu-Dong-Bon(用變不動本) Bon-Sim-Bon-Tae-Yang-Ang-Myung(本心本太陽昻明) In-Joong-Chung-Ji-Il-Il-Jong(人中天地一一終)' that are parts of 81 letters in ?Cheon-Bu-Kyeong?. In 「Jeong-Sin Woon-yong Cheol-ri」, his thoughts are described in the explanation about the stage of 'Yeon-Sin-Hwan -Heo(煉神還虛)ㆍHap-Cheon-Seong-Jin(合天成眞)' which are parts of Nae-Dan's training. Jeon Byung-Hoon considers the stage of 'Yeon-Sin-Hwan-HeoㆍHap-Cheon-Seong-Jin' as Heaven-Man Unity. In the stage, Human beings attain the level of 'Yang-Sin(陽神)ㆍChul-Tae(出胎)' and are united with Tae-Heo(太虛). As a result, Sin-Gi(神氣) fills in the heaven and the earth and human beings can live long period of time with the heaven. But he adds the word, Hwan-Heo(還虛), and this reavires that human beings should accumulate publics can ous deeds and ht rise above the ways of the world. Also he says 'Hap-Cheon(合天)' and this reavires that human beings should not keep aloof from the world to be united with heaven, but should practice the will of heaven to the world. Through these thoughts, he argues that true stage of Haeven-Man Unity could be attained through 'Gyum-Sung(兼聖)'

감술제조에 관한 연구

안용근,편재영,김승겸,신철승 한국식품영양학회 1999 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.12 No.5

홍시를 살균처리하지 않은 것, 열처리 살균한 것, 염산처리 살균한 것과 염산처리 살균한 곶감 12%에 설탕 15% 용액을 17℃에서 36일간 발효시켰다. 무처리구와 염산처리구는 감에 부착되어 있던 유산균과 초산균으로 오염되어 산패되었다. 그래서 곶감의 산도는 4.4, 열처리한 것은 산도는 5.0, 산처리한 것은5.8, 무처리함 것은 13.5ml(0.1N NaOH/10ml sample)를 나타냈다. 에탄올 함량은 열처리구는 11.2%, 곶감은 10.0%, 산처리구는 9.4%무처리구는 6.1%였다. 가장 기호성과 안정성이 높은 것은 열처리하여 28일간 발효시킨 것이었다. 열처리구로 36일간 발효시킨 술은 총당 4.65%, 환원당 3.65%, 단백질, 0.03㎎/ml, 아미노산 0.17㎍/ml, pH 3.4, 펙틴 13.02㎍/ml, 균체수 5.75 logCFU/ml를 나타냈다. 곶감주도 기호성은 높았으나 발효속도가 낮았다. The possibility of wine making from soft and dried persimmon and the effects of treatment for persimmon on the quality of wine have been investigated. Soft persimmon was pretreated by two methods, of heat and hydrochloric acid treatment. Fermentation mash was composed of 12% persimmon and 15% of sucrose, and was fermented at 17℃ for 36 days. The fermentation using persimmons which were untreated and treated by acid was not successful because of contamination caused by lactic acid and acetic acid bacteria. Acidity of the fermented broth produced from boiled, dried, acid treated and untreated persimmon was 4.4, 5.0, 5.8 and 13.5ml(0.1N NaOH/10ml broth), respectively. Ethanol concentration of the fermented broth produced from boiled, dried, acid treated and untreated persimmon was 11.2, 10.0, 9.4 and 6.1%v/v, respectively. The wine fermented for 28day's fermentation using boiled persimmon as substrate had the best quality and stability. After 36 day's fermentation using boiled persimmon, following composition was obtained: 4.65% of total sugar, 3.65% of reducing sugar, 0.03㎎/ml of protein, 0.17 ㎍/ml of amino acid and 13.02 ㎍/m1 of pectin. The pH and yeast cell of the boiled persimmon broth were 3.4 and 5.75 logCFU/ml. Fermented wine using dried persimmon had also good quality but the fermentation rate was slow.

부산지역 워터프런트의 기후특성에 관한 연구

도근영,이한석,고성철,현번수,유종수 韓國海洋大學校 附設 海洋科學技術硏究所 2002 硏究論文集 Vol.11 No.2

워트프런트는 도심 및 내륙지역과는 다른 독특한 기후특성을 가지고 있으며 이를 고려하지 않고 개발할 경우 시설물의 하자발생, 에너지 및 유지관리비용의 상승을 초래하게 됨은 물론 배후지, 도시기후에 악영향을 미치게 된다. 본 연구는 부산지역의 10개 기상관측지점을 해안선에서 거리에 따라 워터프런트 및 내륙지역으로 분류하고 5년간의 기상데이터를 이용하여 워터프런트의 기후특성에 대해 검토한다. 또한 원터프런트지역임에도 내륙지역과 유사한 기후특성이 나타나고 있는 대연지점을 대상으로 기후특성변화의 원인에 대해 검토한다. The waterfront has distinct climate characteristics different from urban or inland area. These may create not only the rise of energy and maintenance costs for facilities located at waterfront areas, but also negative effects on the climate of the nearby inland area, unless these are treated with particular care. For the present study, the climate characteristics of waterfront were examined with climate data of 10 observation points carefully selected in Busan area. Each weather observation point was classified into either waterfront area of inland area, based on the distance from the coastal line. Special considerations were given to the climate data gathered at the Dae-Yeon weather station because it shows the climate characteristics similar to those of inland area although it is located very near the waterfront area. Results indicates that this peculiar climate condition attributes, at least in part, to the reclamation of frontal coastal area.

敎育大學 美術科敎育 實技能力 仲張方案 : 實態調査 分析을 通하여

梁哲模,沈鳳燮,金鍾根 釜山敎育大學 1987 부산교육대학 논문집 Vol.23 No.1

24주간 추적하는 임상 연구에서 한국인 남자 알코올 의존 환자의 비재발률

강철중,김성곤,남궁기,조동환,이병욱,최인근,최용성,박성봉,제영묘,김현경,김성연 大韓神經精神醫學會 2006 신경정신의학 Vol.45 No.1

Objetives : In order to provide useful data tbr the further clinical studies with Korean alcohol-dependent patients, enrollment and non-relapse rates were investigated while alcohol-dependent patients wcre followed up for 24 weeks. Methods : The subjects of this study were alcohol-dependent male patients who, for the first time, visited a hospital among 3 groups of hospitals, University Hospital, General Hospital or Mental Hospital, or those who needed to be followed up after discharge from those hospitals. After assigning 12 subjects to each hospital, we investigated enrollment and non-relapse rates while cognitive-behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy were provided. Results : 1) Forty-eight patients were enrolled and the rate of enrollment was 36.4%. The enrollment rate in the University Hospital group was 52.1%, in the General Hospital group 50.0%. and in the Mental Hospital group 10.4%. 2) In 48 patients, non-relapse rate was 27.1% at 12 week and 18.8% at 24 weeks after starting follow-up. It was 24.4% and 20.0% at 12 and 24 weeks, repectively, in the University Hospital group while the General Hospital group showed 33.3% and 16.7%, respectively, and the Mental Hospital Group showed 20.0% at both 12 and 24 weeks. Conclusion : These results provide important data for further clinical studies of Korean alcohol-dependent patients.

인삼식초에 관한 연구

안용근,김승겸,신철승 한국식품영양학회 1999 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.12 No.5

5% 에탄올 용액에 인삼, 홍삼, 인삼박, 홍삼박을 가하여 Aceotbacter aceti 3281로 35℃에서 26일간 발효시켜서 인삼식초를 제조하였다. 인삼식초와 홍삼식초의 총당은 0.236㎎/ml 환원당은 0.236㎎/ml, 비중 1.005, 에탄올 함량 0.05%, 균체수 8058CFU/ml, pH .024, 산도 5011을 나타냈다. 물추출 홍삼박과 에탄올 추출 홍삼박의 총당은 1.27㎎/ml 및 1.60㎎/ml, 환원당은 0.077㎎/ml 및 0.727㎎/ml, 비중은 1.001 및 1.004, 에탄올은 모두 0.03%, 균체수는 8051 및 8.1CFU/ml, pH는 2.81 및 2.89%, 산도5.18 및 5.32, 물추출 홍삼박이 4.46, 인삼 및 홍삼은 4.20을 나타냈다. 침출식 식초는 10% 화이트 식초에 인삼, 홍삼, 홍삼박을 단계적으로 가하여 30일간 침출하여 제조하였다. 인삼 추출식초는 0.4∼1.6%, 홍삼 추출식초 0.8% 이상에서, 물추출 홍삼박 식초는 0.8∼1.6%, 에탄올 추출 홍삼박 식초는 0.4∼1.6% 사이에서 기호도가 가장 높았다. Ginseng-vinegars were produced by the fermentation of 5% ethanol solution contained ginseng, red ginseng, ginseng mare, and red ginseng mare, using Acetobacter aceti 3281 for 26 days at 35℃. The ginseng and red ginseng vinegar contained 0.236㎎/ml of total sugar, 0.236㎎/ml of reducing sugar and 0.05% of ethanol, and 1.005 of specific gravity, 8.58CFU of viable cell count, 3.24 of pH and 5.11% of acidity. Whereas, the vinegars produced using the water-extracted red ginseng mare and the ethanol-extracted red ginseng mare, were consisted of total sugar was 1.27㎎/ml and 1.60㎎/ml, reducing sugar was 0.077㎎/ml and 0.725㎎/ml, specific gravity was 1.001 and 1.004, the number of viable cells was 8.51CFU/ml and 8.1CFU/ml, pH was 2.81 and 2.89, acidity was 5.18% and 5.32%, respectively, ethanol concentration was 0.05% in both cases. In five-grade scoring test of sensory evaluation, it was estimated favorable that each vinegar, made by water-extracted red ginseng mare, ethanol-extracted red ginseng mare, ginseng, and red ginseng, scored 4.53, 4.46, 4.20, and 4.20, respectively. And extraction vinegar made from 0.1 to 12.8% of ginseng and red ginseng, from 0.5 to 32% of water- and ethanol-extract red ginseng was extracted with 10% white vinegar for 30 days. The best sensory vinegars were obtained that ginseng of 0.4∼1.6%, above red glnsend of 0.8%, water-extracted red ginseng mare of 0.8∼1,6%, and ethanol-extracted red ginseng mare of 0.4∼1.6% added in 10% white vinegar, respectively.

온라인 紛爭解決에 관한 硏究

박철수,류건우 계명대학교 국제학연구소 2003 국제학논총 Vol.8 No.-

One of the main challenges facing e-commerce is how to resolve cross-border disputes in the electronic business environment. The main forms of ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) are arbitration, mediation and negotiation, processes that are effective in settling disputes out of court and in a manner that is less formal than litigation in court. When ADR takes place using computer-mediated communications in the online environment, it is often referred to as ODR (Online Dispute Resolution). The value of ODR extends beyond the number of disputes actually resolved. This paper looks at the history of ODR, its nature and use in different contexts, and what role it can perform in fostering the trusting relationships that are necessary for e-commerce to grow in developing countries. Also, focuses on the challenges involved in implementing ODR in developing countries. The history of ODR can be divided into three main time periods: pre-1995, 1995 to 1999 and post-1999. Although ODR is still in its infancy or non-existent in a majority of developing countries, it has the potential to grow and to provide fair and inexpensive adjudication of disputes arising out of online transactions. Developing countries wishing to promote and facilitate ODR as an alternative to national litigation can consider the following recommendations. ⅰ) Treat as a priority education and awareness raising among merchants and consumers regarding the impact and increasing importance of ADR/ODR in resolving commercial disputes. Educational programmes aimed at promoting awareness and knowledge of out-of-court dispute settlement mechanisms in developing countries could play a crucial role in the development of ODR. ⅱ) Give sufficient attention to cultural and linguistic differences in providing ODR services. ⅲ) Ensure that national legislation facilitates the use of out-of-court dispute settlement schemes. ⅳ) Consider acceding to the 1958 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, which allows the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. ⅴ) Promote voluntary adherence by e-businesses to trustmark and reliability programmes.

동아를 이용한 미용식품 및 화장품 개발 : 1. 멜라닌 생성 억제와 여드름균 억제에 미치는 동아 추출액의 효과

안용근,김승겸,신철승,민주홍 한국식품영양학회 2002 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.15 No.2

고형분 함량은 어린 동아 착즙에서는 3.1%, 익은 동아 착즙액에서는 0.1%를 나타냈고, 주성분은 당으로 89.7%를 나타냈다. 팩틴 함량은 익은 동아즙은 4.11mg/ml, 어린 동아즙은 4.43mg/ml이었다. 당 함량은 익은 동아 육질은 sucrose 0.1%, glucose 0.32%, fructose 0.35%, 미확인당 1이 0.06%, 2가 0.04%로 합계 0.87%를 나타냈다. 어린 동아 육질은 sucrose 0.33%, glucose 1.04%, fructose 1.12%, 미확인당 1이 0.18%, 2가 0.12%로 합4계 2.79%를 나타냈다. pH는 익은 동아는 4.64, 육질은 4.94, 어린 동아의 속은 4.96, 육질은 5.40을 나타냈다. 유기산은 익은 동아 육질에는 citric acid 0.409, malic acid 0.084, succnic acid 0.048%, 속에는 citric acid 0.648, malic acid 0.127, succinic acid 0.057%, 어린 동아 육질에는 citric acid 0.028, malic acid 0.219, succinic acid 0.298%, 속에는 citric acid 0.039, malic acid 0.360, succinic acid 0.224% 들어 있다. Fumaric acid는 미미하다. 총량은 익은 동아 속이 0.833, 어린 동아속 0.624, 어린 동아 육질 0.546, 익은 동아 육질 0.541이었다. 여드름균(Propionibacterium acnes)에 대한 항균력은 대조군이 9(Ø, cm)인데 반해, 비열처리 동아즙은 2.6, 열처리 동아즙은 2.5, 1/5 농축한 것은 1.9, 1/10 농축한 것은 2.5, 동결건조한 것은 2.3을 나타냈다. 멜라닌 생성 억제력은 0.01%에서 대조군이 29 ㎕/ml인데 반해 열처리 동아즙은 15 ㎕/ml을 나타냈고, 비열처리 동아즙은 이보다 약간 높았다. 1/5 농축한 것은 24 ㎕/ml, 1/10 농축한 것은 23 ㎕/ml, 동결건조한 것은 19 ㎕/ml를 나타냈다. 이들 결과에 따라 동아즙을 30% 가하여 나리싱크림과 밀크로숀을 조제하였다. Lyophilizate of immatured wax gourd extract was 3.1%, matured wax gourd extract was 1.0%, and its main ingredient was sugar, which accounts for 89.7% in total residue. In matured wax gourd, pectin contents was 4.1 lmg/ml, and in immatured wax gourd 4.43mg/ml. In matured wax gourd sarcocarp, sugar contents was 0.1% of sucrose, 0.32% of glucose, 0.35% of glucose, 0.35% of fructose, the first unidentified sugar was 0.06% and the second was 0.04%, and all total 0.87%. In sarcocarp of immatured wax gourd, sucrose was 0.33%, glucose was 1.04%, frutcose was 1.12% and the first unidentified sugar 0.18%, and the second was 0.12%, which total 2.79%. In matured wax gourd core, pH was 4.64, sarcocarp 4.94, immatured wax gourd core 4.96, sarcocarp 5.40. According to the organic acid analysis, in sarcocarp of matured wax gourd, citric acid of 0.409 was contained, malic acid 0.084, succnic acid 0.048%, in matured wax gourd core, citric acid was 0.648, malic acid 0.127, succnic acid 0.058%, in immatured wax gourd, citric acid 0.023, malic acid 0.219, succinic acid 0.298%, in immutured wax gourd, citric acid was 0.039, malic acid 0.350, succinic 0.224%. Fumaric acid was trace in all cases. Total organic acid in matured wax gourd core was 0.833, immatured wax gourd core wax 0.624 and immatured wax gourd sarcocarp was 0.546, matured wax gourd sarcocarp was 0.541%. In inhibition rate to Propionibacterium acnes, control was 9 (Ø, cm) was gourd that was not heated was 2.6 and wax gourd which was heated was 2.5, concentrated by 1/5 was 1.9, wax gourd by 1/10 was 2.5, freezing dry was 2.3. Wax gourd which not heated on producing melanin in B-16 melanoma cell, the melaning forming unit was 15㎕/ml in addition of 0.01%, while that as a control was 29 ㎕/ml. The unit from heated was gourd shows little lower value than that heated. The concentrate by 1/5 was 24 ㎕/ml. The extract by 1/10 was 23 ㎕/ml, freezing dry was 19 ㎕/ml. Milk lotion and nursing cream were made with the addition of 30% was gourd according to the above results.

海洋微生物에 의한 高濃度鹽分含有 廢水處理의 基礎硏究 (Ⅰ)

尹星閏,河淸根,李泰永,張哲鉉,朴勝祚 동아대학교 환경문제연구소 1989 硏究報告 Vol.12 No.1

This study considered organic matter decomposition by ocenic microbes as researching organic matter decomposition on kinetics which is in salinity wastewater under condition that the salinity contains 18,000㎎/l Cℓ^(-) The results of this study are obtained as following : 1. Oceanic microbe of this study is yeast, R. glutinis var. salinaria of marina of Rhodotorula genuses. 2. When retention time of filter bed in Bio-coal tower is 24 hr, 1/2V_(max) is 33.75㎎/l·hr, When 72hr, 1/2V_(max) is 15㎎/l·hr, When 120hr, 1/2V_(max) is 10㎎/l·hr. 3. The reaction between oceanic microbes and organic matter is said to be first order and when contact time of filter bed is 2.0hr, k is 0.40 day^(-1).

악성종양환자와 정상인이 발성한 모음의 좁은대역 스펙트럼값의 상관계수와 절대차이합 비교

양병곤,왕수건,조철우,김형순,김은지,권순복 한국음성과학회 2003 음성과학 Vol.10 No.4

The objective of this study was to examine two new parameters by which we could screen people with malignant vocal folds. The new parameters were the difference sums and Pearson correlation coefficients between adjacent pairs of intensity level matrices of narrow-band spectra. Audio files from the Korean Disordered Speech Database were analyzed by Praat, a speech analysis softWare, to obtain matrices of 400 intensity levels at 16 time points of each sustained vowel spectra. We limited our study to 12 normal subjects and 20 patients with malignant vocal folds who recorded at least three Korean vowels at a sound-proofed booth in Busan National University Hospital. Results indicated that the average coefficients of the abnormal subjects were much lower than those of the normal subjects while the average difference sums of the patients were much higher than those of the normal ones. Also, we found that the degree of the malignancy of the vocal folds was related to the coefficients and sums. However, some subjects at the initial stages of cancerous vocal folds yielded almost comparable coefficients and difference sums to those of the normal speakers. Further studies on larger databases will be desirable to set certain criteria or threshold levels for screening people with vocal fold diseases.