MRI에 의한 모음의 성도 단면적 측정 및 면적 변이에 따른 합성 연구

양병곤 한국음성과학회 1998 음성과학 Vol.4 No.1

The author collected and compared midsagittal, coronal, coronal oblique, and transversal images of Korean monophthongs /a,i,e,o,u,??,??/ produced by a healthy male speaker using 1.5 T MR, VISION. Area was measured by computer software after tracing the cross-section at different points along the tract. Results showed that the width of the oral and pharyngeal cavities varied compensatorily from each other on the midsagittal dimension. Forman frequency values estimated from the area functions of the seven vowels showed a strong correlation (r=0.978) with those analyzed from the spoken vowels. Moreover, almost all of 35 students who listened to the synthesized vowels from area data perceived the synthesized vowels as equivalent to the spoken ones. Movement of constriction points of vowel /u/ with wider lip opening sounded /i/ and led to slight changes in vowel quality. Jaw and tongue movement led to major volume variation with an anatomicl limitation. Each corner vowel varied systematically from a somewhat constant volume of the average area. Thus, the author proposed that any simulation studies related to vocal tract area variation should reflect its constant volume. The results may be helpful to verify exact measurement of the vocal tract area through vowel synthesis and a simulation study before having any operation of the vocal tract. Keywords: vowel, MRI, vocal tract, area function, formant synthesis

영어 단모음의 지각 실험

양병곤 한국언어학회 2000 언어 Vol.25 No.4

대역별로 여과한 음성 강도의 차이값과 상관계수에 의한 화자확인 연구

양병곤 한국음성학회 2003 음성과학 Vol.10 No.2

악성종양환자와 정상인이 발성한 모음의 좁은대역 스펙트럼값의 상관계수와 절대차이합 비교

양병곤,왕수건,조철우,김형순,김은지,권순복 한국음성과학회 2003 음성과학 Vol.10 No.4

The objective of this study was to examine two new parameters by which we could screen people with malignant vocal folds. The new parameters were the difference sums and Pearson correlation coefficients between adjacent pairs of intensity level matrices of narrow-band spectra. Audio files from the Korean Disordered Speech Database were analyzed by Praat, a speech analysis softWare, to obtain matrices of 400 intensity levels at 16 time points of each sustained vowel spectra. We limited our study to 12 normal subjects and 20 patients with malignant vocal folds who recorded at least three Korean vowels at a sound-proofed booth in Busan National University Hospital. Results indicated that the average coefficients of the abnormal subjects were much lower than those of the normal subjects while the average difference sums of the patients were much higher than those of the normal ones. Also, we found that the degree of the malignancy of the vocal folds was related to the coefficients and sums. However, some subjects at the initial stages of cancerous vocal folds yielded almost comparable coefficients and difference sums to those of the normal speakers. Further studies on larger databases will be desirable to set certain criteria or threshold levels for screening people with vocal fold diseases.

Phoneme distribution and syllable structure of entry words in the CMU English Pronouncing Dictionary

양병곤 한국음성학회 2016 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.8 No.2

This study explores the phoneme distribution and syllable structure of entry words in the CMU English Pronouncing Dictionary to provide phoneticians and linguists with fundamental phonetic data on English word components. Entry words in the dictionary file were syllabified using an R script and examined to obtain the following results: First, English words preferred consonants to vowels in their word components. In addition, monophthongs occurred much more frequently than diphthongs. When all consonants were categorized by manner and place, the distribution indicated the frequency order of stops, fricatives, and nasals according to manner and that of alveolars, bilabials and velars according to place. These results were comparable to the results obtained from the Buckeye Corpus (Yang, 2012). Second, from the analysis of syllable structure, two-syllable words were most favored, followed by three- and one-syllable words. Of the words in the dictionary, 92.7% consisted of one, two or three syllables. This result may be related to human memory or decoding time. Third, the English words tended to exhibit discord between onset and coda consonants and between adjacent vowels. Dissimilarity between the last onset and the first coda was found in 93.3% of the syllables, while 91.6% of the adjacent vowels were different. From the results above, the author concludes that an analysis of the phonetic symbols in a dictionary may lead to a deeper understanding of English word structures and components.

합성한 한국어 단모음의 지각실험 연구

양병곤 한국언어학회 1995 언어 Vol.20 No.3

성도 변형에 따른 모음 포먼트의 변화 고찰

양병곤 한국음성과학회 1998 음성과학 Vol.3 No.-

Vowels are classified by vocal tract shapes. These shapes form constriction points along the tract, which have an influence on such vocal tract resonance as F_1, F_2, F_3, and so on. This study reviews the perturbation theory of the tract and determines the corresponding formant frequencies from modified vocal tracts using vocal tract area function. Then, formant variation is observed from the theory. Finally, each set of F_1, F_2, and F_3 frequency is input to a speech synthesis software to make a vowel sound. Auditory impression of each sound without any modification of its vocal tract shape is almost the same as the corresponding phonetic symbol. formant frequencies of F_1, F_2, F_3 vary according to the perturbation theory. Generally, constriction along the node causes formant values to decrease while constriction along the anti-node cause it to increase. Vocal tracts modified by more than 3 ㎠ change vowel qualities of /a/ and /i/ into those of /??/ and /ε/, respectively. This study will be helpful in simulating sounds from modified vocal tracts before any operation. Further studies are desirable to compare vocal tract shapes of various languages and their sounds together. Keywords: vowel formant, vocal tract, perturbation theory, area function

Praat과 R로 분석한 한국인 대화 음성 말뭉치의 fundamental frequency(f0)값 분포

양병곤 한국음성학회 2023 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.15 No.3

This study examines the fundamental frequency(f0) distribution of 2,740 Korean speakers in a dialogue speech corpus. Praat and R were used for the collection and analysis of acoustical f0 data after removing extreme values considering the interquartile f0 range of the intonational phrases produced by each individual speaker. Results showed that the average f0 value of all speakers was 185 Hz and the median value was 187 Hz. The f0 data showed a positively skewed distribution of 0.11, and the kurtosis was –0.09, which is close to the normal distribution. The pitch values of daily conversations varied in the range of 238 Hz. Further examination of the male and female groups showed distinct median f0 values: 114 Hz for males and 199 Hz for females. A t-test between the two groups yielded a significant difference. The skewness representing the distribution shape was 1.24 for the male group and 0.58 for the female group. The kurtosis was 5.21 and 3.88 for the male and female groups, and the male group values appeared leptokurtic. A regression analysis between the median f0 and age yielded a slope of 0.15 for the male group and –0.586 for the female group, which indicated a divergent relationship. In conclusion, a normative f0 distribution of different Korean age and sex groups can be examined in the conversational speech corpus recorded by a massive number of participants. However, more rigorous data might be required to define a relation between age and f0 values.

라링고그라프에 의한 한국인의 성문파형 분석 및 합성모음의 청각실험

양병곤 한국언어학회 1996 언어 Vol.21 No.4

대학생들이 따라한 영어 문장의 화자별 운율 특성 분석

양병곤 팬코리아영어교육학회(구 영남영어교육학회) 2004 영어교육연구 Vol.16 No.2

For a natural conversation with English speaking people. listening and speaking skills seem very important. In Korea. many students attempt to improve the skills by repeating English sentences loudly. However, they could not achieve those skills easily because their repetition lacks attention. The purpose of this study is to examine the prosodic features of English sentences repeated by eight students divided into high and low groups by their TOEIC scores. Four sentences of various number of words were presented to the students. and they immediately repeated them. Fundamental frequency values of each recorded sentence every five milliseconds were carefully determined to compare them along with those of the native speaker. Results showed that the prosodic features of the students came out almost similar in the short sentences but the gap between the two groups and the native speaker widened as the sentence became longer. Secondly. as the number of words in each sentence became greater. the low group made more errors than the high group. Specifically, many students made errors in the function words which did not have sentence stress. It is desirable to devise some visible guides to diagnose wrong prosodic features of the students on an individual basis.