高麗 後期 觀音信仰

鄭炳三 龍仁大學校 傳統文化硏究所 1996 丹豪文化硏究 Vol.- No.1

The belief of Avalokitesvara is religion that salvage the disasters I real world. It came into Korea in Three Kingdoms Period. It had been one of the most popular belief with the belief of Amitabha, the Pure Land. In Koryo dynasty, many people took interested in the belief of Avalokitesvara. As records about the belief of Avalokitesvara remains since later Koryo, we can study the belief of Avlogkitesvara in later Koryo. The most fmiliar form fo the belief of Avalokitesvara was the salvation form various disasters in real world which is based on Samanta-mukha-paarivarta of Saddarma Pundarika Sutra. Second form of the felief of Avalokitesvara which is based on Gandavyuha of Avatamsaka Sutra and led to the training of Bodhisattva, made potalaka to the eastern seaside of Korea on which Avalokitesvara always lives. Third form of the belief of Avalokitesvara helped Amitabha who led people to the Pure Land. In the reigns of soldiers in later Koryo, the rulers made the statues of Avalokitesvara and opened Avalokitesvara rituals which wished the protection of state. It showed the power of the belief of Avalokitesvara salvaging from disasters. The invasion of Mongoloids made Koryo people raising Buddhist faith to resist them. So such cases were left some records about beliefs. Monk Iryon, who wrote Samgukyusa, picked up so many kinds of beliefs. Of those beliefs, the most important one was the belief of Avalokitesvara. It means that people in that times, in the reign of Yuan, were much interested in the belief of Avalokitesvara. Avalokitesvara-residence of Naksan(Korea Potalaka) with two transcendent jewels which was connected with the belief of sarira, was the most popular belief. In that times, monk Hyeyong wrote Paekuihae which explained the white Avalokitesvara leading to the Pure Land. It realized the power of salvation of Avalokitesvara who clears all disasters. After that time Chewon explained Praying for Potalaka-white Avalokitesvara residence-which was succeeded from Uisang. He spread out the practice of the belief of Avalokitesvara. To add this, Chewon published Chosen Avalokitesvara Avatamska Sutra. he then emphasysed the practice of principle. With these backgrounds, many people went on pilgrimages to Naksan, the Avalokitesvara-residence. And other Avalokitesvara-residence was opened at Chonmasan near Kaekyong and Changdan. These Avalokitesvara-residences left many stories abut the belief of Avalokitesvara which gave people salvation from disasters. One of the most important subject of Buddhist paintings in later Koryo was Avalokitesvara. The painting of Avalokitesvara contains seadise rocks of Potalaka and youngster Sonjae which is based on Gandavyuha of Avatamsaka Sutra. Koryo literary men thought Suwol Avalokitesvara and White Avalokitesvara equal to main Avalokitesvara. The paintings of Suwol Avalokitesvara got the majority of Avalokitesvara paintings. This complex bases of Avalokitesvara paintings matching with Naksan Avalokitesvara-residence led the prevalence of Avalokitesvara in later Koryo.

矩形斷面水路의 亂流構造解析

朴成天,李三魯,文炳錫,李英錫 여수대학교 1989 論文集 Vol.3 No.-

The study, in a rectangular open channel, has carried out highly sccurate measurements of secondary currents of straight flows by making use of Hot-wire Anemometer system. The effect of primary and secondary velocity distribution, turbulence intensity, Reynolds-stress distribution, friction velocity by free-surface were investigated. As the results, (1) The maximum-velocity appears at Y??/H=0.6 under surface, the contour lines of velocity show the projecting form in the direction of the side-wall. (2) The limited friction velocity satisfactorily estmated logarithemic method around the side-wall, a friction velocity is distributed the reflection of secondary current. (3) The turbulence degree of strength(u') increases as one goes on along the direction of free-surface, but v' decreases. (4) Reynolds-stress appears a negative field near the free-surface.

성취목표지향성과 심리적 기술이 사관생도들의 군사훈련 성적에 미치는 영향

정병삼 ( Byong Sam Jung ) 국방대학교 안보문제연구소 2014 국방연구 Vol.57 No.2

본 연구는 성취목표지향성과 심리적 기술이 사관생도들의 군사훈련 성적에 미치는 영 향을 분석하고, 또한 그 영향이 전투기술학, 전술학, 특수전학 등 세 가지 영역에서 차이 가 있는지를 규명하기 위한 목적으로 실시되었다. 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 육군 K사 관학교생도 379명을 대상으로 2013년 7월 군사훈련 실시 전에 성취목표지향성 검사와 심리적 기술검사를 실시했다. 이어 이들의 군사훈련 성적을 종속변수, 성취목표지향성과 심리적 기술을 독립변수, 일반학 성적을 통제변수로 투입하여 구조방정식모형분석을 실시했다. 또한 독립변수들의 영향력이 군사훈련의 각 영역별로 차이가 있는지 여부를 확 인하기 위해 각 영역별 점수를 독립변수로 투입하여 경로분석을 실시했다. 분석 결과 성취목표지향성은 심리적 기술을 통한 간접효과가 있었고, 특히 숙달접근이 가장 큰 효 과가 있었다. 이어서 심리적 기술이 군사훈련의 하위영역에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과 기초기술은 전투기술학, 인지적 기술은 전술학, 그리고 임상적 기술은 특수전학에 가장 큰 정적인 영향이 있었다. The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of military cadets` achievement goal orientation and the psychological skills on their achievement in military drills. To best accomplish the purpose, Ottawa Mental Skill Assessment Tool-3 and Achievement Goal Orientation Inventor were administered to 379 cadets of K Military Academy. At the first stage, structural equation modeling analyses were conducted to identify the best fitted relationships among the three latent variables: achievement goal orientation, psychological skill and the scores in military drills. The results showed that the military cadets` achievement goal orientation, especially mastery-approach and performance-approach types have significantly positive effects on their psychological skills. At the second stage, four path analyses were conducted to find whether the effects of sub-types of the psychological skill on the three areas of military drills(combat skill, tactics, and special operation) are different. The results of the analyses were like these: first, the basic psychological skill has the strongest positive effect on the basic combat skill, and second, the perceptual-cognitive skill on the tactics, and the clinical skill on the special operation.

사관생도들의 군사학 과정 루브릭에 대한 인식, 활용, 학습전략, 학업성취의 구조관계 분석

정병삼(Byong sam Jung) 한국교육평가학회 2015 교육평가연구 Vol.28 No.2

본 연구는 사관생도들의 군사학과정 루브릭에 대한 인식, 활용, 학습전략, 학업성취 등 변수간의 구조관계를 규명하는데 있다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 육군K사관학교 4학년 생도 498명을 대상으로 2015년 1월 4일부터 27일까지 설문조사를 실시했다. 연구도구는 루브릭 인식 질문지, 루브릭 활용 질문지, 자기조절학습전략척도를 사용했고, 종속변수는 생도들의 4학년 2학기 군사학과정 성적을 투입했다. 선행연구를 바탕으로 세개의 연구가설을 설정했고, 구조방정식모형 분석결과 루브식 인식은 루브릭 활용에 통계적으로 유의미한 정적인 영향을 미쳤고, 루브릭 활용 변량의 12%를 설명했다. 둘째, 루브릭 인식과 활용은 자기조절학습전략에 통계적으로 유의미한 정적인 영향을 미쳤고, 변량의 39.2%를 설명했다. 셋째, 루브릭 활용과 자기조절학습전략은 학업성취에 통계적으로 유의미한 정적인 영향을 미쳤고, 공변량이 학업성취 변량을 설명하는 비율에 추가하여 35.6%를 설명했다. 이러한 분석결과 세 가지 연구가설들은 통계적으로 지지되었다. The purpose of this study is to identify the structural relationships among the military cadets' perception and use of rubrics, learning strategies, and achievement in their military courses. Four hundred ninety eight military cadets participated in this study and three questionnaires were administered to them. Latent exogenous variables were military cadets' perception, use of rubrics, and learning strategies and latent endogenous variable was their achievement in military courses. The results of structural equation modeling analyses were like these: First, the military cadets' perception of the rubrics of military courses had a significant positive effect on their use of the rubrics and accounted for 12% of the variance. Second, the perception and use of the rubrics had significant positive effects on the learning strategies and accounted for 39.2% of the variance. Third, military cadets ' perception and use of rubrics, and their learning strategies had significant positive effects on their achievement in the military courses and accounted for 35.6% of the variance.

과학기술 기반 미래연구사업 Ⅺ - 제1권 총괄보고서 -

최병삼(Byong-Sam Choi),정일영(Ilyoung Jung),이광호(KwangHo Lee),배용호(Yong-Ho Bae),이제영(Jei Young Lee),홍성민(Seong-Min Hong),김단비(Danbi Kim),이예원(Ye Won Lee),김가은(Gaeun Kim),추수진(Soo Jin Choo),진설아(Seol A Jin),황은혜(Eunhy 과학기술정책연구원 2019 조사연구 Vol.- No.-

The Effect of MILITARY Academy’s Writing Course for Military Cadets’ Writing Proficiency

Jung Byong-sam,Choi Jae-ho,Jun Young-gon J-INSTITUTE 2017 International Journal of Military Affairs Vol.2 No.1

This study examined the effects of a military academy’s writing education program on the cadets’ development of short- and long-term writing performance with topics of military document. It intends to prove whether intensive writing course participants demonstrate higher grades at the end of a semester compared to non-participants. As academic writing is one of the most important objectives of college education, many universities and colleges offer short- and long-term writing courses for their students. Some of the courses are required, not optional, then the students need to participate in the intensive or developmental course to fulfill the writing assignments. Military officers have to write a daily report, drill & training plan, personnel management report, and many other military documents in their daily routine. They, for their duties, need more than intermediate level of writing proficiency for their long-term career development. Most of the military academies, therefore, offer writing courses in their regular curriculum to satisfy the cadets educational need. Korea Army Academy at Yeong-choen (KAAY) educates and trains cadets as commissioned officers for Republic Korea Army (ROKA) who are fully equipped with competencies as commanding officers and staffs. Military cadets of KAAY, however, are not provided with writing courses in their regular curriculum although they need more than intermediate-level writing proficiency. For the purpose of this study, 23 participants of the writing program were employed as treatment group and another 23 non-participants were employed as control group. Two research questions guided the study: First, do the military cadets who participate in a military academy’s intensive writing course differ from non-participants in regard to writing test score? Second, is there a difference between cumulative grade point average for participants of the intensive writing course and non-participants? The independent variable of the study was defined as participation in the extra-curricular writing course. Participants were those cadets who fully completed the writing course for two months. Non-participants were those cadets who tested into the pretest writing assignment of military resume of less than 3 pages while participants and the non-participants were assigned posttest of writing a document of inauguration remark as a platoon leader. The first dependent variable was the grade of the diagnostic test on both treatment and control groups and the second dependent variable was the grade of the posttest. A t test was conducted to compare the mean pretest writing scores of both treatment and control groups. No significant difference was found between treatment group (M = 61.31, SD = 10.53) and control group (M =62.07, SD = 9.86), t(df=62) = - 1.03, p = .46. The results of the t test proved the equivalence of the both groups in the regard of writing proficiency. A covariance test of posttest score of writing was conducted to investigate whether a significant difference existed between the mean writing grades of posttest showed a significant difference. The treatment group (M = 73.85, SD = 12.08) demonstrated a higher mean writing grade on posttest(inauguration remark) than the control group (M = 65.29, SD = 11.04), F(1, 54) = 2.23, p = .03 with the covariate of pretest score.

글로벌 주도권 확보를 위한 사물인터넷 플랫폼 전략(1차년도)

최병삼(Byong-Sam Choi),이제영(Jei Young Lee),이성원(Sung-Won Lee) 과학기술정책연구원 2016 정책연구 Vol.- No.-

The IoT (Internet of Things) is expected to be the Next Big Thing. The IoT connects humans and spaces with each other using ICT such as hardware, network, software, and Internet and creates added values by generating, sharing, and utilizing relevant data. The technologies necessary for implementation of IoT are products, communications network, and platforms. The technological characteristics of IoT are first, the IoT goods are not the products of completely new category but they are upgraded versions that added the value of existing products. Second, the principal means to upgrade the values of existing products is data. Third, the IoT goods are system goods that integrate various elements such as hardware, software, and network. Finally, the enterprises, which have all of hardware, software, and network necessary for provision of IoT solution, are hard to find. These elements are separately owned by manufacturers, communications service providers, and IT enterprises. The selection of high-tech products by consumers would be different from that of other products. For example, consumers use non-compensatory method where they first compare the evaluation criteria that should satisfy the minimum level (qualifiers) and then select the alternative after comparing the evaluation criteria where the satisfaction increases more at higher standard (order winners). By considering the technological and business characteristics of IoT, we might draw several implications. For example, the IoT goods are in competition with existing general goods and the consumers are highly likely to locked in existing product groups considering their replacement cycle. We evaluated the competitiveness of IoT ecosystems and draw several implications. For example, none of the IT enterprises, manufacturers, and communications service providers has complete set of essential elements necessary for IoT ecosystem configuration. However, IT enterprises such as Google have abundant experiences in creating and operating smart ecosystem through search engines and smart phones and they have higher competitiveness than manufacturers and communications service providers in terms of relationship with partners and developers, cooperation and competition with other ecosystems, and adaptation to external environments and evolution, etc. We can forecast the future of IoT markets (B2C) in 4 aspects such as market scale, market structure, leading enterprises, and core competences. First, the market growth in full scale will be delayed for considerable amount of time, and competition for dominant design will take place. Second, in expanded market space, the ecosystems led by multiple enterprises will compete in each detailed field of IoT. Third, due to the characteristics of IoT business that organizes integrated system and resolves the worries of customers, the global enterprises are in more advantageous position. Fourth, as for core competence, the enterprises, which can achieve the virtuous circle earlier than other enterprises in data analysis and artificial intelligence, will increase their leverages in various areas through such functions as voice recognition and self-driving, etc. Corporate strategies including “Reinforcement of ecosystem-creation type R&D”, “Making existing core competence a platform”, “Expansion of partner/developer network”, “Securing big data and artificial intelligence competences”, and government policies such as “‘Softening’ of public R&D”, “Use of public demand”, “Acceleration of cooperation between the nations and businesses”, “Reform of public resources system” are suggested.

과학기술기반 미래연구사업 Ⅹ

최병삼(Byong-Sam Choi),홍성민(Seong Min Hong),양희태(Hee Tae Yang),이제영(Jei Young Lee),장필성(Pil Seong Jang),정일영(Il Young Jung),장훈(Hoon Jang),백서인(Seo In Baek),서지영(Ji Young Suh),우청원(Chung Won Woo),박병원(Byeong Won P 과학기술정책연구원 2018 조사연구 Vol.- No.-

글로벌 주도권 확보를 위한 사물인터넷 플랫폼 전략(2차년도)

최병삼(Byong-Sam Choi),양희태(Hee Tae Yang),이제영(Jei Young Lee),최해옥(Hae Ok Choi),이성원(Sung-Won Lee),임수연(Su Yeon Lim) 과학기술정책연구원 2017 정책연구 Vol.- No.-

With the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies and innovative business models, interest in the fourth industrial revolution is rising at home and abroad. The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the key elements in the fourth industrial revolution. There are various components that are needed to implement IoT, but the platform is the most important. The aim of this study is to address the following nine research questions about IoT from a platform perspective. First, what is a noticeable phenomenon in recent years on IoT, especially from the platform point of view? In each field of IoT, platforms are actively deployed and used, and new types of platforms are emerging that combines cloud (hardware), big data (data), and AI (software). Second, what are the technical and business characteristics of IoT that will determine the competitive landscape in the future? As explained in the first year of this study, IoT is an upgraded version of existing products and system products that combine hardware, software, and networks, and data determines value added. IoT is ‘data-based real-cyber system’. Companies who can obtain valuable data and build competitive system using hardware, software, and network capabilities will lead IoT markets in the future. Third, What factors determine the purchase of users in the corporate (B2B) and government (B2G) sectors? To analyze B2B users, we should consider the size and capacity of the companies, the nature of the industry, existing systems and transaction relationships. As for B2G users, we should take into account welfare and national competitiveness. Fourth, what is the competitiveness of Korean IoT ecosystems? In terms of technologies, they are or can be excellent in the near future, but in terms of managerial and institutional aspects they are far from competitive compared to the global top level. Fifth, how is the market going in smart factories and smart cities? In both areas, platforms are actively being deployed and utilized, and competition and cooperation (coopetition) is also going on as ICT businesses expand their participation in IoT ecosystems. However, there is a difference between the two areas as to who lead the industry, existing businesses or ICT businesses. Sixth, what is the possible scenario of IoT markets in the future? It is expected that they will be fragmented where several companies coexist by sector and region. As existing businesses maintain their influence, the cooperation with ICT businesses will proceed actively. Seventh, how will the competition between the platforms of platforms be deployed in the future? Competition for hegemony among global ICT firms and established businesses with successful digital transformation will intensify, and the market will be oligopolistic for the time being. Eighth, what platform strategies should Korean businesses pursue to gain leadership in the global IoT markets? Our suggestion is to build platforms and business models that obtain, analyze and utilize key industry-specific data from customers, and secure comprehensive capabilities including hardware, network, and software on its own or via collaboration with ICT firms. Ninth, what is the government’s role in helping Korean businesses improve their platform competitiveness? The government should push for establishing long-term national goals, revitalizing data economy, supporting the spread of platforms and big data, nurturing domestic businesses using public projects, and reorganizing business regulation.

한국 대학생들의 학교애착척도 개발 및 타당화

정병삼 ( Byong Sam Jung ),최규린 ( Kyu Rin Choi ) 대경교육학회(구 우리교육학회) 2011 교육학논총 Vol.32 No.1

이 연구는 한국대학생들의 학교애착척도를 개발하고 타당화하려는 목적으로 수행되었다. 연구목적을 달성하기위해 선행연구를 바탕으로 30문항을 개발하였고, 경북지방에 위치한 K 대학교 학생 510명을 표집하여 질문지를 시행했고, 총 486부의 유효한 응답자료가 분석에 사용되었다. 자료분석은 탐색적 요인분석과 확인적 요인분석을 실시했고, 예측타당도 분석을 위해 회귀분석을 실시했다. 탐색적 요인분석결과 유지, 참여, 사회화 등 세 가지 요인이 추출되었고, 요인들은 총 변량의 41.28%를 설명했다. 확인적 요인분석결과 세 요인들은 표본 공변량행렬구조를 설명하기에 적합하고 안정적인 것으로 나타났다. 세 요인들은 대학생들의 학업성취변량을 유의미하게 예측했고, 평점평균 변량의 32.7%를 설명했다. 또한 세 요인들 은 지능, 수능점수 등 인지적 요인을 통제했을 때도 유의미하게 학업성취를 예측했고, 15.4%의 변량을 추가적으로 설명했다. This study is intended to develop and validate a questionnaire to assess Korean college students` institutional attachment. To accomplish this objective, 30 items were developed based on literature reviews. Five hundred and ten college students at K University were sampled for the pretest and the developed questionnaires were administered to the subjects. About 486 effective questionnaires were collected and the data were analyzed in SPSS 12.0 for exploratory factor analyses and in LISREL 8.8 for confirmatory factor analyses. The result of the exploratory factor analyses revealed three latent factors among the 30 items: Retention, Involvement, and Socialization. Three latent factors accounted for 41.28% of variance in 30 items. The result of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the three latent factors are stable and appropriate to explain the sample covariance matrix structure. The three latent factors significantly predict students` GPA and about 12.7% of variance in the college students` GPA was accounted for by the three factors. The three latent factors were still significant predictors of college students` academic achievement over and above IQ and SAT score.