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李鍾日 龍仁大學校 傳統文化硏究所 1997 丹豪文化硏究 Vol.- No.2
(1) The Yo˘ng-Cho˘ng(英正) period(the reigns of King Yo˘ngjo(英祖) and King Cho˘ngjo(正祖) in the 18th century) is usually called as a renaissance of the late Choso˘n. In that period, administrators endeavored: to surmount political, cultural, social and economic contradictions by enforcing the T′angp′yo˘ngch′aek(蕩平策:the policy of equal opportunity); to decrease the governmental expenditure by setting themselves as an example of practicing economy and forbidding the government offices to be extravagant; and to develop the national wealth and the people's prosperity by resolutely putting in practice such new regulations of the 17th and 18th centuries as Taedong Act(大同法) and Kyunyo˘k Act(均役法) to burden the people equal tax payment and governmental obligation. (2) They also strived to reform the former strict social ranking system and to take widely well-qualified people into government service through the policy to loosen the discrimination of the illegitimate form the legitimate and to secure the number of the common people. As a result, in that period, the traditional thought of matricentric society changed into the Chinese thought of patrilineal rules society, which caused important transition in recording the family trees and inheriting the family wealth. Specifically, while the patrilineal and the matrilineal children had equally been recorded in the family tree before the 17th century, only the former could be entered the tree after that period. And, while the family wealth had equally been inherited to the family wealth had equally been inherited to sons and daughters without any discrimination until the end of the 17th century, only the sons, especially the eldest one, could be given the family wealth after that period. To adopt a son became a convention for family ancestral rites. It also gained a wide popularity for the people in the same family line to establish a village by residing together. Later, those became one element of obstructing social development. (3) In that period, many common people performed notable activities through the elevation of their social ranking and the self-awakening of themselves, some of whom were official supervisors of the Kyujanggak(奎章閣:the royal library and Research Institute) and there they not only published lots of books but also gathered ten thousands of books and inherited them to us as cultural treasures of today. Additionally, they were a center of reflecting about the Chujahak(朱子學:a school of the Confucianism) which had become vacant in those days and of establishing the Shilhak(實學: a practical school of the Confucianism) which emphasized the enlightenment and welfare of the people under the influence of the western technologies. On the basis of such a philosophical thought, they insisted on reforming various social systems and importing the western technologies and at the same time published vast amount of books. (4) Such transition tendency of thought and culture as above mentioned was realized in legal systems. In specific, the Soktaejo˘n(續大典:the Second Addition of the Choso˘n Laws) in the reign of King Yo˘ngjo and the Taejo˘nt′ongp′yo˘n(大典通編:the First synthesis of the Choso˘n Laws) in the reign of King Cho˘ngjo show us that the moral Norm stands in higher rank and the legal system stands in lower rank and declaimed the principle of Chojongso˘ngho˘njonsu(祖宗成憲遵守) in the introducition. In the following chapter of Bureaucracy, it sublated the Hanrimhoich′o˘nbo˘p(翰林回薦法:the rule of re-recommendation of Hanrim), put in practice the Kwo˘njo˘mje(圈點制) and Soshibo˘p(召試法) and limited the power of personnel recommendation of Cho˘nrangs(銓郞) dispute in factions. In the chapter of Finance, it regulated that the governmental expenditure should be used in reference to the Taedongsamok(大同事目) and the Takjijo˘nrye(度支定例:the standard example of expense scope), that official supervisors should be dispatched by the Myo˘n(面) every three years when the census registration was made, This chapter also included the penalty rules for any person who missed is the registration or violated the defined rules and the rules related with various kinds of salaries, the list of equaled governmental obligations, the tax payment rules and the details of Taedong Act. the next chapter of Culture and Education consisted of the rules of various kinds of the Kwago˘(科擧:the government service examination) such as Shiknyo˘n(式年), Chu˘nggwang(增廣), Pyo˘lshi(別試), Cho˘ngshi(庭試), Also˘ngshi(謁聖試) and Ch′undangdaeshi(春塘臺試), and of the rules for the adoption, the Changgu˘n(장권), the prohibition from the extravagancy in wedding ceremonies and the Hyehyul(惠恤). The chapter of Military affairs included the rules of several national military camps, provincial officers, examinations and appointments of military functinaries and other important affairs for national defence. In the chapter of Justice, it regulated to abolish many inhumane punishments, to strictly prohibit the people form carrying ginseng and silver out of the country and to forbid the Myo˘nshinrye(免新禮) and the Ho˘ch′amrye(許參禮). It also included an article to limit the usage of the Shinmu˘ngo(申聞鼓) and several articles related with the Hyulhyo˘ng(恤形).
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龍仁地域의 陰宅風水에 관한 고찰 : Consideration on the tomb-geomancy in the Yongin region
崔元碩 龍仁大學校 傳統文化硏究所 2001 丹豪文化硏究 Vol.- No.6
This study considered the tomb relics in Chosun dynasty and the documents as well as the recognitions and attitudes of the Tomb-geomancy(陰宅風水) of the people in Yongin region in view of geomancy. As a detailed subjects of the study, the reasons of th e aphorism, 'Buried in Yongin', distribution and locational characteristics of the tomb in Chosun times, the facts of Geomancy-bibo (風水裨補), the recognition of tomb-geomancy of the people considered from the legend, the famous site of Yongin from old book about geomancy. The abstract of the consideration are as followings. As a background of tomb-geomancy in Yongin, it can be pointed out that Yongin was the region to which the Hannam-mountain range(漢南正脈) passed, which had a vigorous mountain power, which had a good geographical features for wind storing(藏風), which had the mountains and the rivers displayed harmoniously, and which was apt to be used as a tomb land. There were tomb relics of Chosun times throughout 10∼20 ri(里) of a circle of Yongin eub(邑) and in the high land of sea level 100∼150m. Historically, the tomb sites were made in Yongin region from 15C to 17C. And Political and social background, especially the conflicts of political power in Joseon dynasty connected to select it as a tomb land. As for the aspect of Geomancy-bibo(風水裨補) of yongin region, the functions and the meanings of the pond were described with a case of Bibo-pond which is pointed out in the tomb site of the second name of Haeju Oh(海州吳) and the tomb of Lee Seok Hyeong(李石亨) The conceptions of tomb-geomancy of the people in Yongin were known by the legend. There were the many moral aspects of geomancy in the legend. In addition to it, there were the most legends about good land to select the tomb, and there were many legends about the geomancer who select the good land to as the tomb, and taboos about geomancy. In the old handwritten manual of geomancy in Korea, it's book name is Pungsurok(風水錄), 16 good places to be selected in Yongin region as the tomb and were described about the geographical positions, shapes, conditions of the mountains and revers, and the contents of lucks and personal conditions in order; this study introduced all of the sentences and analyzed the their contents.
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