고난 받는 인자에 대한 “기록” : 막 9:12와 4:21에 드러난 예수의 구약 사용 연구

박윤만(Yoon Man Park) 한국복음주의신약학회 2020 신약연구 Vol.19 No.1

본 논문은 9:12와 14:21에서 예수님이 인자의 고난이 “기록”되었다고 하셨을 때 구약성경 중 어떤 구절을 염두에 두셨는지를 연구한다. 다수의 학자들이 인정하는 것처럼 예수님의 인자 사용은 다니엘 7장을 그 배경으로 한다는 해석이 가장 설득력 있다. 하지만 다니엘의 “인자 같은 이”(13절)는 고난 받는 존재가 아니다. 논자는 9:12의 “인자에 대하여 기록하기를”과 14:21의 “인자는 기록된 대로 가거니와”를 예수께서 말씀하셨을 때 다니엘 7장의 “인자 같은 이”와 함께 이사야 53장의 고난 받는 종에 관한 구절을 심중에 두셨다고 주장할 것이다. 이같은 주장을 뒷받침하기 위해 논자는 근접, 원접 본문의 고난 받는 인자 어록의 도움을 받아 9:12와 14:21을 주해하면서 다니엘 7장과 이사야 53장의 언어와 주제가 해당 본문의 인자 어록에 어떻게 반향 되고 있는지를 논증할 것이다. 그런 후 제 2 성전 시기유대 문헌에서도 예수님처럼 다니엘의 인자의 사역과 역할을 이사야에 등장하는 여호와의 종의 사역과 역할에 비추어 이해하는 해석적 전통이 1 Enoch 36-71(『에녹의 비유』)에 역시 나타나고 있음을 보여줄 것이다. 이런 논증을 기반으로 논자는 9:12와 14:21의 ‘고난 받는 인자’와 관련한 예수님의 구약 사용은 “인자 같은 이”가 등장하는 다니엘 7장과 고난 받는 종이 언급된 이사야 53장을 융합하는 방식이었다는 주장을 할 것이다. The phrase ‘Son of Man’ recurs fourteen times in the Gospel of Mark, in which the suffering of the Son of Man is the most prominent theme. As a result, it is that the suffering Son of Man is characteristic of the Son of Man in the second Gospel. The Old Testament plays a role in strengthening the theme because Jesus in 9:12 and 14:21 states that the passion of the Son of Man is “written”. The purpose of the present study is to investigate what kind of passages in the Old Testament Jesus has in mind when he says that the suffering of the son of man is “written.” As many scholars argue, it seems convinced that Jesus’ use of the Son of Man as a self-designation is in a reference to the figure “like a son of man” in Daniel 7:13-14. But the problem is that “one like a son of man” in Daniel 7:13-14 is not a suffering figure. My argument is that Jesus has in mind that figure, his role in Daniel 7, the Suffering Servant, and his role in Isaiah 52:13-53:12 when he utters “it is written about the Son of Man”(9:12) and “the Son of Man goes as it is written of him”(14:21). In support of this argument the exegesis of 9:12 and 14:21 will be processed particularly by the help of ‘co-texts’ in which the suffering of the Son of Man has been uttered whether it be directly or indirectly. The purpose of the exegesis is to show the words and themes of Daniel 7 and Isaiah 53 echoed and alluded in 9:12 and 14:21. And then 1 Enoch 36-71 (the Similitude) will be studied as an example to show that the fusion of the “one like a son of man” in Daniel 7 and Yahweh’s Servant in Isaiah 40-53, which is similar to 9:12 and 14:21, was already made in order to define the role and function of a messianic figure in the second temple Judaism.

정상 한국인에서 연령증가에 따른 혈장 Dehydroepiandrosteronesulfate ( DHEA-S ) 농도 및 DHEA - S / cortisol 비의 변화

박성우,유형준,임성희,최문기,유재명,박민숙,이권엽,박철수,김철홍,김현규,김두만,박규용 대한내분비학회 1997 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.12 No.2

Backgroud: DHEA-S is the most abundant steroid hormone in circulation, and primarily secreted from the adrenal cortex, but its physiological role is little known. One of the characteristic features of DHEA-S is progressive decrement of plasma DHEA-S level with advancing age, in contrast, plasma levels of other adrenal hormones are not chaging or littie decreasing. To grasp the trends of plasma DHEA-S level and DHEA-S/cortisol ratio by age in healthy Korean, we measured the plasma DHEA-S levels and DHEA-S/cortisol ratios in healthy Korean. Methods: Healthy Korean(men: 99, women: 102, age range: 15-97 year old)were studied. Subjects were not taking drugs(such as glucocorticoid or androgenic medication) or cigarettes known to modify the plasma level of DHEA-S and cortisol, and had no evidence of hepatic, renal disease or hyperlipidemia as determined by serum lipid, bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, BUN, creatinine. Data were analyzed by 10-year age group for men and women: i.e, 10-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40- 49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, 80-89 and 90 year or more. Plasma DHEA-S levels were measured by using a commercially available RIA kit with 125I labeled-DHEA-SO4(Coat-A Count DHEA-SO4), and for the measurement of plasma cortisol levels, commercial Gamma Coat TM[125I] Cortisol Radioimmunassay Kit was used. Results:. 1) In both men and women, plasma DHEA-S level showed high interindividual variation within the same age group. 2) There were individual sex differences in plasma levels of DHEA-S, in all age groups, plasma DHEA-S levels were significantly higher values for men than for women. 3) Maximum plasma DHEA-S levels(men; 237+-3.35 ug/dL, women; 108+-17.5 ug/dL) were at third decade in both men and women. 4) Both men and women showed the continuous decline in plasma DHEA-S level with age. These age-related decline was more prominent in men than in women(men; y= -3.152 * +292.6, r2= 0.8459, P$lt;0.05, women; y= -1.417 * +143.3, r2 = 0.7278, P$lt; 0.05). 5) As an index of aging, there was no stastical difference between DHEA-S and DHEA- S/cortisol ratio. Conclusion: In healthy Korean, there were high interindividual variation of plasrna DHEA-S levels. In both men and women plasma DHEA-S level was peak at third decade, and from when it declined progressively with age. These results suggest that although the reliability of single plasma DHEA-S measurement are limited, the decline of DHEA-S with advancing age might be a specific marker of endocrinologic hormonal milieu(aging index). Also, concerning to individual adrenal secreting capacity, we measured DHEA-S/cortisol ratio. But we did not found that plasma DHEA-S/cortisol ratio is superior to the plasma DHEA-S level as an aging index. (J Kor Soc Endocrinol 12:245-254, 1997)

도시자연공원의 야간이용 활성화 방안 : 대전 보문산 공원을 대상으로

이재만 ․ 박군 ․ 이시영 배재대학교 자연과학연구소 2011 自然科學論文集 Vol.22 No.1

This research aims to grasp the use status and satisfaction level based on citizen consciousness in night time to improve future design. This study employs a combination literature review and field survey. In the literature review, the related materials were collected to obtain the most useful information for references, and the POE study of the Bomunsan Park was conducted. The survey instrument is a questionnaire that includes questions regarding Bomunsan Park. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences(SPSS17.0 for Windows). Through the POE analysis of the usage status and variables which significantly affect the users’ degree of satisfaction with the spaces and facilities were investigated and the following problems have been found. Bomunsan Park requires extensive modification to meet the demand of citizens. Several shortcomings are hampering the development of the Park. The rest space and the nightscape seem to be the two most problematic aspects in the Park. The nightscape design should be particularly emphasized in the overall park design in the future. Usage night and space and facilities for user satisfaction analysis, the increase of bus routes and the lighting was the biggest problem. Therefore, future access to transportation means and at night design considerations will be based on the need to plan.

한국인 폐확산능 정상예측식의 임상적 유용성과 정확성

나승원 ( Seung Won Ra ),박태선 ( Tai Sun Park ),홍윤기 ( Yoon Ki Hong ),홍상범 ( Sang Bum Hong ),심태선 ( Tae Sun Shim ),임채만 ( Chae Man Lim ),이상도 ( Sang Do Lee ),고윤석 ( Youn Suck Koh ),김우성 ( Woo Sung Kim ),김동순 ( Dong 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2008 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.64 No.2

연구배경: 폐확산능을 해석하는 데 필요한 정상예측식으로는 한국인을 대상으로 하여 박 등이 개발한 식(박 식)이 있으나 아직 외국 정상예측식을 많이 사용하고 있다. 이에 국내에서 많이 사용하는 외국 정상예측식인 Burrows 식과 박 식의 임상적 유용성과 정확성을 비교하고자 하였다. 방법: 1. 임상적 유용성 연구; 2006년 7월부터 12월까지 6개월간 폐확산능검사를 시행한 환자 중 두 식을 각각 정상예측식으로 적용하였을 때 폐확산능 해석이 다른 276명(대상군 A)을 대상으로 하였다. 대상군 A에게 두 식을 각각 적용하였을 때 폐확산능 해석과 임상적 판단과의 일치도를 비교하여 임상적 유용성을 평가하였다. 2. 간질성폐질환 진단의 정확성 비교; 2001년부터 2006년까지 폐조직검사를 시행하여 확진된 간질성폐질환군과 서울아산병원에서 모집한 정상군을 대상으로 하여 정상예측식으로 두 식을 각각 적용하였을 때 폐확산능 해석의 정확도를 비교하였고, 두 식이 차이가 나는지 맥니머의 카이스퀘어 검정을 하였다. 결과: 1. 임상적 판단과의 일치도 비교; 276명을 임상정보를 토대로 폐확산능을 예측하여 분류한 결과 정상 54명, 감소 220명, 불분명이 2명이었다. 예측식으로 박 식과 Burrows 식을 적용하였을 때 임상적 판단과 일치하는 환자는 각각 78%와 22%이었다(p<0.001). 2. 간질성폐질환 진단의 정확성 비교; 박 식은 민감도 90.1%, 특이도 100%이었고 Burrows 식은 민감도 64.2%, 특이도 100%로 민감도가 통계학적으로 유의하게 박 식이 높았다(p<0.001). 결론: 우리나라 정상예측식인 박 식이 외국 정상예측식인 Burrows 식을 정상예측식으로 적용하는 것보다 임상적 유용성이나 간질성폐질환 진단의 민감도에서 더 우월하였다. 향후 폐확산능검사의 정상예측식으로 박 식을 사용해야 할 것으로 사료된다. Background: Park et al. developed the Korean reference equation for the measurement of diffusing capacity in 1985. However, the equation has not been widely used in Korea and foreign reference equations have been popularly used. We intended to compare the clinical usefulness and the accuracy of the the Korean reference equation (Park`s equation) with that of the foreign equation (Burrows` equation) that is commonly used in Korea. Methods: 1. Evaluation of clinical usefulness; Among 1,584 patients who underwent diffusing capacity (DLCO) at the Asan Medical Center from July to December 2006, group A subjects included 276 patients who had different interpretations of DLCO in trials employing Burrows` equation and Park`s equation. Clinical assessment was decided by consensus of two respiratory physicians. In order to evaluate the clinical usefulness of Burrows` equation and Park`s equation, agreement of clinical assessment and DLCO interpretation were measured. 2. Evaluation of accuracy; Group B subjects were 81 patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) and 39 normal subjects. The 81 ILD patients were diagnosed following a surgical lung biopsy. The accuracy of diagnosing ILD as well as sensitivity and specificity were evaluated according to the use of the reference equations (Burrows` equation and Park`s equation) for DLCO. Results: Agreement between clinical assessment and interpretation of DLCO was 22% for the use of Burrows` equation and 78% for the use of Park`s equation. The sensitivity and specificity of the Burrows` equation for diagnosing ILD were 64.2% and 100%. The sensitivity and specificity of the Park`s equation for diagnosing ILD were 90.1% and 100%. The sensitivity of the Park`s equation for diagnosing ILD was significantly higher than that of Burrows` equation (p<0.001). Conclusion: The Korean reference equation (Park`s equation) was more clinically useful and had higher sensitivity for diagnosing ILD than the foreign reference equation (Burrows` equation). (Tuberc Respir Dis 2008;64:80-86)

밝은社會運動의 時代的 當爲性과 基本精神

朴淳永,申大淳,趙萬濟 慶熙大學校 1983 論文集 Vol.12 No.-

The tasks of today's human society are 1) to preserve nature, 2) to create the sound social climate, 3) to construct human rehabitation and 4) to materialize the world peace with the human family spirit. The Bright Society Movement, acting up to such historical needs, is extending worldwidely. Following are the necessities of the times; 1) the population increase, the excessive urbanization and industrialization cause pollution to break the things of nature and to further intimidate human life. For that reason, the world-wide movement is urgently needed to protect the nature and revive her functions. 2) Materials are the necessary condition for man's life; nevertheless, the tendency spreads around the world to value more seriously materials than man. Machines and tools must be utilized for only man's convenience. It is our present mission to enhance human value and construct a society which is good to live. 3) As for human relationship, humanity and familiarity among neighbors grow more sterile. Recovering humanity in our society, we'll have to lead an intimate life with out neighbors as if a family, and all human beings ought to keep good relations one another under the awareness that we are all brothers. Since the world is becoming a global community, people in this community can not help co-operating one another. 4) The gradual increase of the number of modern people who take the passive and negative attitude in life, and antagonism between individuals, groups, races, and nations which most frequently results in war; these phenomena are typical of modern society. We should make every effort to induce people to take an active, positive attitude and cast away such antagonism. 5) Individualism and egoism for common prosperity. The solution is to place great emphasis collaboration and the basis for modern society are the main factors to destroy the social collaboration and the basis for common prosperity. The solution is to place great emphasis upon human education so as to make the habit of servicespirit. The Bright Society Movement, in accordance with these historical and social demands, takes as its motto Good will, Cooperation and Service―Contribution. 1. Good Will The spirit of Good Will is not only the native love made between friendly persons but the mental basis for human life. First, filial piety is the most important in the life of Good Will. Only a man, who is dutiful to his parents, can be a leader and do his best for society. Second, Good Will is beautiful love between husband and wife. For it is next to impossible without beautiful love to become the most intimate couple from two strangers. Third, Good Will is the love between parents and children. It is true love without any condition. Forth, Good Will is spirit of keeping friendly contact with neighbors. Such spirit is to help mutually, feel grateful, and live loving neighbors as if relatives. 2. Cooperation Cooperation is an essential principle to form human society. All beings in the universe keep inter-relation through the organic cooperative system with their environments. Man can yield greater results by mean of cooperation. A family can be happy when they collaborate one another; every member of a society is able to achieve their aims through their mutual cooperation. The Bright Society Club can construct human cooperative society as well, when it is possible to create the systematic cooperative relationship between unit clubs, federations, regional centres, national centres, and international centre. 3. Service-Contribution Service is man's natural behavior to contribute himself and the development of human beings. Everything with me is what is obtained from others, not what I produce by myself. Service means to reward everyone for what I have received. The society which consists of those who are willing to service each other; only that society can provide for proper opportunity to be compensated. Fruitful life does not lie in good health and materials. Really valuable Life is with helping others. Life, filled with Good Will, Cooperation, and Service-Contribution, must grow into a habit of everyman so as to be a guiding principle in his life. Now, the basic directions of unit club for the Bright Society Movement are as follows; 1. Leading role of unit clubs; Centering around unit clubs, Bright Society Movement is expanded. 2. Systematic relations of club structure; each unit club keeps organic relationship mutually. 3. Regional and functional unit clubs; unit clubs are formed on the basis of pecularities of regions or functions. When all human beings understand the historical and social missions and participate in the Bright Society Movement positively, we'll be able to creat earlier human cooperative society which is good to live.

증산의 풍수관(風水觀) 고찰 - 『전경(典經)』을 중심으로 -

박상만,Park, Sang-man 대진대학교 대순사상학술원 2015 대순사상논총 Vol.25 No.2

Master Jeungsan understood a general view of Pungsu but actually he used the theory of Pungsu in his own religious perspective, transcending it. The theory of Pungsu is different. But the fact that it is premised on the principle of 'in and yang', the five-element principle, the Book of Changes, energy thought, and To chugi piyung, etc. is generally recognized. The three important elements of Pungsu are mountain, water, and direction or man. Pungsu has formal principles such as Gallyongbeop, Jangpungbeop, Deuksubeop, Jeonghyeolbeop, Jwahyangbeop, and Hyeongukron. etc. In the late of Joseon, Jeungsan established a new traditional thought, understanding Bibopungsu, Gukdopungsu, Minganpungsu, etc. However, he reinterpreted them to be suitable to his religious ideal and let his followers understand them as well. In particular, Jeungsan overcame the previous view on earth and expressed a new perspective to enhance earth up to the level of heaven. In the perspective of the traditional world, earth is lower than heaven, but Jeungsan made it a status equal to heaven. He mentioned that in the past, the culture and history of man was influenced by earth's energy but today, at the age of man respect, he put passive man influenced by earth-condition on the more subjective and active status. Even though he mentioned different Pungsu, Hyeongguk, and Hyeolmyeong, he expressed the shape of Pungsu within the construction of three worlds, the one of heaven and earth transcending good or ill luck or a favorable change in fortune. He practised the expedient of Pungsu from the stand of the construction of heaven and earth instead of the usage of Bibopungsu, Gukdopungsu, and Minganpungsu. He diagnosed that the division of the world is caused by the one of earth and tried to solve it. Moreover, he said that Myeongdang(a propitious site) must be the man-orientation rather than the earth-orientation. It means that Pungsu, stressing the energy of earth and turning one's luck, is changing into the world of man-orientation. In other words, Jeungsan diagnosed the world of Pungsu but he ultimately used Pungsu theory in building up his own view of religious world transcending such a theory.

병사의 현역병건강보험 이용행태와 이에 영향을 미치는 요인 분석

하범만 ( Beom-man Ha ),박지훈 ( Ji-hoon Park ) 국군의무사령부 2011 대한군진의학학술지 Vol.42 No.1

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate enlisted man's health utilization behavior of national health insurance system and it's factors influencing. Methods : Questionnaire was made through literature review, and pilot study. 1,077 enlisted men who utilized civilian medical facility responded to the survey. Data was collected by self-administered questionnaire between Aug. and Sep. 2010, and analysis by SPSS WIN 14.0. employing chi-square, multiple logistic analysis. Results: The rank which enlisted men's first visit to civilian medical facility was a private, and mean number of civilian medical facility visit was 1.73. Most common facilities they used are medical(78.8%), dental(17.5%), and oriental medicine(3.7%). 64.3% of facility they used was near his home. 40.9% of respondents said they selected facility for near the home. 37.3% of respondents said the reason utilizing civilian medical facility was civilian medical facility is superior to military medical facility. 51.4% of respondents didn't satisfy the explanation for this system. Their parents(55.3%) was most influenced on enlisted men's choice of facility. The factors influencing enlisted man's health utilization behavior of national health insurance system were non-combat branch of the service(OR=1.96), having private insurance(OR=1.90), not recognize the burden of medical cost(OR=1.21). Conclusion: In conclusion above results were helpful to develop the policy witch decreasing the costs of health insurance.

도심에 거주하는 남성 노인에 있어서 유산소 운동능력이 혈관내 염증수치와 동맥경직도에 미치는 영향

안기만(Ki man Ahn),김윤신(Yoon shin Kim),박원하(Won Hah Park) 한양대학교 고령사회연구원 2012 한양고령사회논집 Vol.3 No.1

Experimental epidemiology and clinical studies have provided strong evidence that physical exercise has beneficial effects on multiple physiological variables affecting cardiovascular health. Cardiopulmonary function has been previously associated with atherosclerotic disease and coronary events. The aim of this study was to examine the higher levels of cardiopulmonary function are associated with lower levels of hs-CRP(high sensitive C reactive protein) and baPWV(barcahial ankle pulse wave velocity) in Korean elderly men. Study participants were 115 elderly men (mean age 62.5±2.2) participated in the research. Age, body mass index(BMI), resting heart rate, blood pressure, medical history, lipid profile, high sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP), Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV), cardiopulmonary function were measured. VO2peak higher elderly man had a significantly decreased hsCRP(0.22±0.26, p<0.05) and PWV (1439.1±159.9, p<0.05). In addition, HDL-C(55.2±14.2, p<0.05) levels was significantly increased and LDL-C(1193±21.7, p<0.05) level was decreased. This study show that VO2peak levels are positively correlated with hsCRP, HDL-C and PWV. Apparently healthy subjects with increased inflammatory markers have increased systemic arterial stiffness, which might reflect early atherosclerotic changes. Higher physical conditioning status, indexed by VO2peak, was associated with reduced arterial stiffness and hsCRP and increased HDL-C. The results of our study suggest that high cardiopulmonary function reduces hsCRP levels and improves PWV, HDL-C in Korea elderly men. 심혈관질환은 현재 선진 산업 국가들에서 성인 사망 제 1원인으로 알려져 있다. 심혈관질환에 의한 사망률은 나이가 증가하면서 더 높아지는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 이러한 심혈관질환을 일으키는 위험인자로는 나이, 신체활동의 부족, C반응성 단백(CRP), 혈관경직도(baPWV) 등이 심혈관질환을 높이는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 무엇보다 인구의 고령화로 인해 심혈관질환이 증가하고 있다는 것이다. 심혈관질환을 예방하기 위해서는 생활 습관 개선이 중요하며 그 중에서도 신체활동은 매우 중요하다. 하지만 고령의 건강한 남성을 대상으로 심폐기능과 관상동맥질환의 위험인자와의 관련성을 살펴본 연구는 부족하다. 따라서 본 연구는 60세 이상의 건강한 노인 남성(62.5±2.2)을 대상으로 심폐체력의 수준에 따른 혈중 C반응성 단백(CRP), 혈관경직도(baPWV)의 변화를 알아보고자 했다. 심장병 증상이 없는 노인 남성 115명을 대상으로 하였으며, 심폐기능 측정을 위해 운동부하검사를 실시했다. 혈액검사를 통해 혈중 CRP와 동맥경직도를 평가하기위해 baPWV 검사를 실시하였다. 그 결과 혈중 CRP는 심폐기능이 높은 그룹에서 0.22±0.26로 심폐기능이 낮은 그룹의 0.49±0.49 보다 유의하게 낮은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). baPWV역시 심폐기능이 높은 그룹에서 1439.1±159.9로 심폐기능이 낮은 그룹의 1523.7±236.1보다 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 따라서 건강한 노인 남성의 경우 심페기능이 좋은 그룹에서 심혈관질환 위험인자인 CRP와 baPWV가 유의하게 낮은 것으로 나타났다.

예수의 구약 해석

박윤만(Yoon Man Park) 한국복음주의신약학회 2015 신약연구 Vol.14 No.1

Jesus incorporates and makes use of Scripture mainly by use of three characteristics which are authoritative, embodied, and subversive. The characteristics of authoritative reading is demonstrated in the Sabbath controversy. Jesus makes direct references to the story of David(I Samuel 21:1-6) in order to justify the actions of his disciples. And through the use of this reference, which consists of David authority, which was bestowed upon him via being anointed, being used to protect and shield his companies illegal actions, Jesus argues that his disciples actions can thus be justified because they were with him and their deeds were made for the benefit of Jesus. In addition, Jesus argues that the disciples' deeds which may seem heretical on the day of Sabbath can be justified based on God s original intentions for the Sabbath day which emphasize that the Sabbath is for the benefit of human beings. Jesus identifies himself with the Son of Man , and pronounces that he is able to interpret the true meaning of Sabbath by the authority of the Son of Man. The embodied way of reading the Old Testament is made clear in the conversation with the rich man(10:17-31). Jesus suggests keeping the Ten Commandments to the man who raises the question of what he should do to inherit the eternal life. But after hearing that he had kept them the commandments from his childhood, Jesus calls him to follow him after selling and giving all that he had. The soteriological implication beyond ethics is made clear in Jesus suggestion. This is because keeping of the commandments was understood as a way of securing eternal life and wealth was considered to be a sign of the blessing of God which would be given to the well-keeper of the Torah. Instead, Jesus proposes that the way to eternal life is to be a follower of his own, forsaking an attempt to keep the soteriological sense of security in terms of obtaining the wealth. It is clear that the belief that he is the eschatological revealer of God who does not only know Gods will perfectly but also acts according to it must be behind his proposition that following him is a way of obtaining eternal life. The subversive way of reading of Scripture is demonstrated in the parables of the seed growing by itself (4:26-29) and the mustard seed (4:30-32), each of which refer to texts respectively from Joel (3:12-13) and Daniel (4:11-12). The parable of the seed growing by itself is focused on the sovereignty of God and the parable of the mustard seed is mainly concerned about demonstrating the power of the kingdom of God which grows beyond human expectations. Such an emphasis on God s sovereignty is highlighted by incorporating into Jesus own discourse texts from the Old testament which are at the end of each parable. In the parable of the seed growing by itself, Jesus changes the metaphor of harvest from God s judgment of nations (Joel 3:12-13) to that of harvest for God s grace. The big tree with shelter for many birds and animals (Daniel 4:11-12), of which Jesus uses in the parable of the mustard seed, originally refers to king Nebuchadnezzar who brought the Israelites into Babylon as captives. But Jesus makes use of the parable to refer to the kingdom of God which he proclaims and under which many nations find shelter. In such a subversive reading Jesus shows that the kingdom of God progresses towards its fulfillment by itself and beyond human expectations. Finally, the present study makes an attempt to show that the source of Jesus distinctive interpretation of Scripture is his self-understanding as an eschatological revealer of God s will.

人口政策에 따른 諸課題

朴聖根(Park Seong Kun),Koh Kap Suk(토론자),Chang Man-Ki(토론자) 한국인구학회 1979 한국인구학 Vol.2 No.1

There are two main problems in formulating population policies. First, is it reasonable to formulate population policy in isolation from other social and economic policies? It is the personal belief of Mr. S. Park that a population policy should be regarded as a part of other social and economic policies. Second, there appears to be no clearly formulated long range objectives in conducting the current population redistribution policy; 1) Community development program should be based on the recognition of the special characteristics of the area. And the re-location program for industries should be strongly supported with special tax and loan consideration. 2) The policy aimed at the dispersion of population should be conducted with the program of providing an equal educational opportunity regardless of geographical location, and family planning. Discussants: Koh, Kap Suk and Chang, Man-Ki. 1. Urbanization may be considered as an inevitable result of industrialization. In order to regulate effectively the population movements into urban centers, there should be a clearly formulated population policy in co-ordination with other social and economic policies. 2. Let us assume that Korea will achieve the zero population growth rate by the year 2,000. The fact that currently there are no long range "visional" proposals to deal with the population composition and distributional problems indicates that there has been no comprehensive research about population planning. 3. The optimal population size for Korea should not be thought of in terms of a static concept but a dynamic concept which is related to manpower supply and housing problems. 4. The problem of aging should not be looked at solely as an economic issue. Instead, it should be examined from a humanistic point of view where high priority is placed on restoring human dignity for the older citizens. Response of Mr. Park: 1. There is a tendency to over-emphasize the economic side of population issues. It should be pointed out that a man not only provides labor which is an input for the production of economic goods, but also he is a consumer for whose welfare economic goods are produced in the first place. It should be remembered that economic growth has beneficial impacts on the population but it also has harmful effects. 2. In order to make the government officials aware of population issues, it has been proposed to the Population Policy Evaluation Committee that the courses in population studies be included in the study program for the re-education of government employees. 3. Issues involved in population dispersion: Urbanization is an inevitable process of economic development. Problems arising from urbanization should be solved not by forcefully preventing the migration of population from rural areas to urban centers but by reducing the rural-urban gap in the living conditions. This policy has already been implemented to some extent as indicated by the government's policy of decentralization of industries and Saemaul Movement. In summary, the basic policy of government is to slow down the rural-urban migration by providing incentives to stay in farms in the rural area rather than by the strong-handed method of preventing the internal migration.