<i>In vivo</i> genotoxicity evaluation of lung cells from Fischer 344 rats following 28 days of inhalation exposure to MWCNTs, plus 28 days and 90 days post-exposure

Kim, Jin Sik,Sung, Jae Hyuck,Choi, Byung Gil,Ryu, Hyeon Yeol,Song, Kyung Seuk,Shin, Jae Hoon,Lee, Jong Seong,Hwang, Joo Hwan,Lee, Ji Hyun,Lee, Gun Ho,Jeon, Kisoo,Ahn, Kang Ho,Yu, Il Je Informa Healthcare 2014 INHALATION TOXICOLOGY Vol. No.

<P>Despite their useful physico-chemical properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) continue to cause concern over occupational and human health due to their structural similarity to asbestos. Thus, to evaluate the toxic and genotoxic effect of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on lung cells <I>in vivo</I>, eight-week-old rats were divided into four groups (each group = 25 animals), a fresh air control (0 mg/m<SUP>3</SUP>), low (0.17 mg/m<SUP>3</SUP>), middle (0.49 mg/m<SUP>3</SUP>), and high (0.96 mg/m<SUP>3</SUP>) dose group, and exposed to MWCNTs <I>via</I> nose-only inhalation 6 h per day, 5 days per week for 28 days. The count median length and geometric standard deviation for the MWCNTs determined by TEM were 330.18 and 1.72 nm, respectively, and the MWCNT diameters ranged from 10 to 15 nm. Lung cells were isolated from five male and five female rats in each group on day 0, day 28 (only from males) and day 90 following the 28-day exposure. The total number of animals used was 15 male and 10 female rats for each concentration group. To determine the genotoxicity of the MWCNTs, a single cell gel electrophoresis assay (Comet assay) was conducted on the rat lung cells. As a result of the exposure, the olive tail moments were found to be significantly higher (<I>p</I> < 0.05) in the male and female rats from all the exposed groups when compared with the fresh air control. In addition, the high-dose exposed male and middle and high-dose exposed female rats retained DNA damage, even 90 days post-exposure (<I>p</I> < 0.05). To investigate the mode of genotoxicity, the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and inflammatory cytokine levels (TNF-α, TGF- β, IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12 and IFN-γ) were also measured. For the male rats, the H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> levels were significantly higher in the middle (0 days post-exposure) and high- (0 days and 28 days post-exposure) dose groups (<I>p</I> < 0.05). Conversely, the female rats showed no changes in the H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> levels. The inflammatory cytokine levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid did not show any statistically significant difference. Interestingly, the short-length MWCNTs deposited in the lung cells were persistent at 90 days post-exposure. Thus, exposing lung cells to MWCNTs with a short tube length may induce genotoxicity.</P>

Inhibition of ERK1/2 by silymarin in mouse mesangial cells

Cha Kyung Youn,Sung Il Cho,Min Young Lee,Young Jin Jeon,Seog Ki Lee 대한생리학회-대한약리학회 2017 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.21 No.1

The present study aimed to show that pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, and interleukin (IL)-1β] synergistically induce the production of nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse mesangial cells, which play an important role in inflammatory glomerular injury. We also found that co-treatment with cytokines at low doses (TNF-α; 5 ng/ml, IFN-γ; 5 ng/ml, and IL-1β; 1.25 U/ml) synergistically induced NO production, whereas treatment with each cytokine alone did not increase NO production at doses up to 100 ng/ml or 50 U/ml. Silymarin, a polyphenolic flavonoid isolated from milk thistle (<i>Silybum marianum</i>), attenuates cytokine mixture (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β)-induced NO production. Western blot and RT-PCR analyses showed that silymarin inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in a dose-dependent manner. Silymarin also inhibited extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-1 and -2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation. Collectively, we have demonstrated that silymarin inhibits NO production in mouse mesangial cells, and may act as a useful anti-inflammatory agent.

Inhibition of ERK1/2 by silymarin in mouse mesangial cells

Youn, Cha Kyung,Cho, Sung Il,Lee, Min Young,Jeon, Young Jin,Lee, Seog Ki The Korean Society of Pharmacology 2017 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.21 No.1

The present study aimed to show that pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$, and interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$] synergistically induce the production of nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse mesangial cells, which play an important role in inflammatory glomerular injury. We also found that co-treatment with cytokines at low doses (TNF-${\alpha}$; 5 ng/ml, IFN-${\gamma}$; 5 ng/ml, and IL-$1{\beta}$; 1.25 U/ml) synergistically induced NO production, whereas treatment with each cytokine alone did not increase NO production at doses up to 100 ng/ml or 50 U/ml. Silymarin, a polyphenolic flavonoid isolated from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), attenuates cytokine mixture (TNF-${\alpha}$, IFN-${\gamma}$, and IL-$1{\beta}$)-induced NO production. Western blot and RT-PCR analyses showed that silymarin inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in a dose-dependent manner. Silymarin also inhibited extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-1 and -2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation. Collectively, we have demonstrated that silymarin inhibits NO production in mouse mesangial cells, and may act as a useful anti-inflammatory agent.

The Lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis Induces Vascular Permeability

Su-Ryun Kim,Seong-Kyoon Jeong,Woo-Sik Kim,Hwa-Jin Jeon,Hyun-Joo Park,Mi-Kyoung Kim,Hye-Ock Jang,Il Yun,Soo-Kyung Bae,Moon-Kyoung Bae KOREAN ACADAMY OF ORAL BIOLOGY 2011 International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.36 No.1

Porphyromonas gingivalis, one of the major periodontal pathogens, is implicated in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease. The initial stages of periodontal inflammation are accompanied by vascular hyperpermeability. In our present study, we report that the P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increases the mRNA expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8), a major inducer of vascular permeability, in vascular endothelial cells. P. gingivalis LPS also stimulated the induction of IL-8 secretion in endothelial cells. The P. gingivalis LPS-induced expression of IL-8 was primarily modulated by nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). P. gingivalis LPS significantly enhanced the vascular permeability both in vitro and in vivo, and a blockade of the IL-8 receptor decreased the P. gingivalis LPS-induced vascular permeability. Taken together, these results suggest that P. gingivalis LPS increases vascular permeability through the NF-κBdependent production of IL-8 in vascular endothelial cells.

저강도 초음파 및 레이저를 이용한 장관골 불유합의 치료

전인호,오창욱,김성중,경희수,박일형,박병철,인주철,여준영 대한골절학회 2003 대한골절학회지 Vol.16 No.2

목 적: 저강도 초음파는 인체 및 동물 실험에서 골조직에 낮은 미세한 물리적 압력을 가하여 골절의 치유에 유리한 영향을 주고, 레이저 (LASER)는 심부 조직에 혈류를 증가시키고, 세포 내 잠재된 에너지를 증가시키는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이에 저자들은 임상적으로 확진된 장관골 붕류합의 치료에 있어 펄스형 저강도 초음파와 레이저를 적용하고 그 효용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 초음파/레이저의 치료 효과를 비교하기 위하여 장관골 불유합으로 확진된 16예 중 8예는 연구군으로 골이식술 후 저강도 초음파와 레이저 치료를 추가하였고 대조군 8예에 대해선 일반적인 골이식술만 시행하여 조사하였다. 남자가 11예, 여자가 5예, 평균 연령은 41.7세 (19~62세)였고, 불유합 부위는 대퇴골이 10예, 경골이 6예였다. 첫 수상으로 인한 골절 후 초음파/레이저 치료까지 시간(골절 연력)은 평균 502일이었다. 결 과: 8예의 연구군에서는 완전 골유합이 6예에서 이루어졌으며 유합까지의 시간은 평균 141일 (101~202일)로 나타난 반면, 8례ㅢ 대조군에서는 5예에서 골유합이 이루어졌고, 유합까지의 시간은 평균 240일 (183~283일)이었다. 결 론: 저강도 초음파/레이져 골절 치료기가 반복된 수술로 인한 난치성 장관골 불유합의 치료에 있어 골이식술과 함께 사용될 경우 긍정적인 효과가 있었고, 특히 최초 가골 형성에 있어 대조군에 비해 그 시간을 줄일 수 있었따. Purpose: Low-intensity, pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has demonstrated a stimulation and acceleration of the normal fracture-repair process in cellular bases as well in animal and human models. In this study, the adjunctive effect of LIPUS and LASER was investigated in established nonunion of the long bones. Materials and Methods: Study group consisted of eight patients to whom conventional bone graft and adjunctive LIPUS and LASER was applied. On the other hands, eight patients in the control group underwent bone graft only. Eleven men and five women were included in this study and the average age of the patients was 41.7 years (range, 19~62 years). Six of the tibias and ten of the femurs met the criteria for established nonunion. The average fracture age, the post-fracture period before the start of LIPUS/LASER treatment, was 502 days. Results: Seven of the ten nonunions who were treated by LIPUS and LASER healed completely in an average treatment time of 141 days (range, 101~202 days) and otherwise, in control group, five of the eight nonunions healed completely, in 240 days (range 183~283 days). Conclusion: This clinical study showed a positive effect of LIPUS and LASER on the rate of osseous repair, especially accelerated time to initial callus cortical bridging compared to that of conventional treatment.

정신분열병 환자의 재발에 관한 연구 : 정신교육을 중심으로

전경수,이종일 大韓神經精神醫學會 1999 신경정신의학 Vol.38 No.6

연구목적: 정신교육은 만성 정신질환자를 치료하고 그 가족을 도울 수 있는 좋은 방법으로 치료에 대한 순응도를 높여 재발을 방지하고, 사회기능과 삶의 질의 향상을 가져올 수 있는 것으로 치료에 중요한 요소로 생각된다. 이 연구는 정신분열병 환자의 정신교육이 재발에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 실시되었다. 방 법: 총 33문항으로 구성된 설문지를 이용하여 국립서울정신병원에서 입원 및 외래통원치료중인 정신분열병 환자 97명을 대상으로 조사를 실시하였다. 대상군의 구분은 병원에 최소 3회 이상 반복적인 입원치료를 받고 있으며 6개월 이상 안정된 외래통원치료를 받지 못하고 있는 환자군(이하 실험군) 47명과 퇴원 후 최소한 3년 이상 안정된 외래통원치료를 받고 있는 환자군(이하 대조군) 50명을 대상으로 하였다. 결 과: 정신교육 측면에서 실험군은 대조군에 비해 질병 교육에서 재발의 부정과 같은 재발원인과 병식, 약물교육에서 약물부작용의 지각과 약물복용여부에서 유의한 차이를 보이고 있었으며, 치료진에 대한 부정적인 견해가 실험군에서 유의하게 높았다. 그리고 양군 모두에서 많은 대상자들이 충분한 정신교육을 받지 않은 것으로 보고하였고 실험군 46.8%, 대조군 46.0%가 교육의 필요성을 느끼지 못하고 있었다. 결 론: 이 연구는 정신교육과 재발과의 관계에서 정신교육의 필요성을 보여주고 있다. 그러나 정신교육과 순응도에 관한 전반적인 조사가 이루어지지 않은 점을 고려하면, 향후 개선된 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. Objectives: Psychoeducation is an important factor in the treatment of chronic mental illness that increases drug compliance, then prevents relapse of illness, and brings the patient a progress of social function and quality of life. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of psychoeducation on relapse of schizophrenic patients. Methods: Checklist including 33 items was applied to 97 schizophrenic patients that had been treated at Seoul National Mental Hospital. The subject was divided into two groups. The experimental group consisted of 47 cases that were not treated consistently more than 6 months in outpatient department and required at least 3 time hospital treatment. The control group consisted of 50 cases that were treated consistently in outpatient department at least 3 consecutive years. Results: The experimental group had significant differences in terms of deficiency of insight such as denial of disease or relapse, subjective experience of drug side effect, whether or not taking drug and they had higher negative attitude to therapist. Many schizophrenic patients reported that they had not been educated thoroughly about disease, drug, and prognosis. 46.8% in experimental group and 46.0% in control group did not recognized necessity of psychoeducation. Conclusion: This study suggested that we need the necessity of psychoeducation in terms of the relationship between the relapse of illness and psychoeducation. However, considering that we did not have an extensive study about psychoeducation and compliance, we need more improved study.

에어젯트 노즐의 설계 제량에 대한 연구

정성일,정석윤,김경훈,전흥신 경희대학교 산학협력기술연구원 1996 산학협력기술연구논문집 Vol.2 No.-

Air-jet looms represent a major step in the development of shuttleless weaving because of their ability to weave a wide range of yarns at high speeds. Air-jet weaving involves inserting a pre-measured length of yarn through the wrap shed by means of compressed air. The analysis of air flow characteristic of the main nozzle and acceleration tube is necessary to loom performance. We examined the effect of the main nozzle with different acceleration tube as well as diameter. And also, we compared to the performance of straight type tube and laval type tube.

상표자산과 구매의도와의 관계에 관한 국제비교연구 : 아시아와 유럽의 의류시장을 중심으로

김경훈,고은주,Graham Hooley,Nick Lee,이동해,정홍섭,전병주,문학일 가야대학교 2009 가야대학교 논문집 Vol.18 No.-

본 연구는 상표자산의 구성요소에 대한 선행요인을 분석하고 이를 토대로 하여 상표자산 구성요소와 상표자산 영향요인간의 관계 그리고 상표자산 구성요소와 구매의도간의 관계를 규명하고 한국과 영국을 중심으로 비교하여 상표자산관리 방안을 도출해보고자 하였다 연구결과, 정보탐색은 제품지식에 정(+)의 영향을 미치며, 상표태도와 상표지식은 상표 충성도와 상표 가치에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다 그리고 상표충성도와 상표가치는 구매의도에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 정보원천의 경우, 한국에서는 제품지식에 정(+)의 영향을 미치고 있는 반면, 영국에서는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. Brand equity is one of the most important concepts in business practice as well as in academic research. Successful brands can allow marketers to gain competitive advantage (Lassar et al.,1995), including the opportunity for successful extensions, resilience against competitors' promotional pressures, and the ability to create barriers to competitive entry (Farquhar, 1989). Branding plays a special role in service firms because strong brands increase trust in intangible products (Berry, 2000), enabling customers to better visualize and understand them. They reduce customers' perceived monetary, social, and safety risks in buying services, which are obstacles to evaluating a service correctly before purchase. Also, a high level of brand equity increases consumer satisfaction, repurchasing intent, and degree of loyalty. Brand equity can be considered as a mixture that includes both financial assets and relationships. Actually, brand equity can be viewed as the value added to the product (Keller, 1993), or the perceived value of the product in consumers' minds. Mahajan et al. (1990) claim that customer-based brand equity can be measured by the level of consumers’ perceptions. Several researchers discuss brand equity based on two dimensions: consumer perception and consumer behavior. Aaker (1991) suggests measuring brand equity through price premium, loyalty, perceived quality, and brand associations. Viewing brand equity as the consumer’s behavior toward a brand, Keller (1993) proposes similar dimensions: brand awareness and brand knowledge. Thus, past studies tend to identify brand equity as a multidimensional construct consisted of brand loyalty, brand awareness, brand knowledge, customer satisfaction, perceived equity, brand associations, and other proprietary assets (Aaker, 1991, 1996; Blackston, 1995; Cobb-Walgren et al., 1995; Na, 1995). Other studies tend to regard brand equity and other brand assets, such as brand knowledge, brand awareness, brand image, brand loyalty, perceived quality, and so on, as independent but related constructs (Keller, 1993; Kirmani and Zeithaml, 1993). Walters(1978) defined information search as, "A psychological or physical action a consumer takes in order to acquire information about a product or store." But, each consumer has different methods for informationsearch. There are two methods of information search, internal and external search. Internal search is, "Search of information already saved in the memory of the individual consumer"(Engel, Blackwell, 1982) which is, "memory of a previous purchase experience or information from a previous search."(Beales, Mazis, Salop, and Staelin, 1981). External search is "A completely voluntary decision made in order to obtain new information"(Engel & Blackwell, 1982) which is, "Actions of a consumer to acquire necessary information by such methods as intentionally exposing oneself to advertisements, taking to friends or family or visiting a store."(Beales, Mazis, Salop, and Staelin, 1981). There are many sources for consumers’ information search including advertisement sources such as the internet, radio, television, newspapers and magazines, information supplied by businesses such as sales people, packaging and in-store information, consumer sources such as family, friends and colleagues, and mass media sources such as consumer protection agencies, government agencies and mass media sources. Understanding consumers’ purchasing behavior is a key factor of a firm to attract and retain customers and improving the firm’s prospects for survival and growth, and enhancing shareholder’s value. Therefore, marketers should understand consumer as individual and market segment. One theory of consumer behavior supports the belief that individuals are rational. Individuals think and move through stages when making a purchase decision. This means that rational thinkers have led to the identification of a consumer buying decision process. This decision process with its different levels of involvement and influencing factors has been widely accepted and is fundamental to the understanding purchase intention represent to what consumers think they will buy. Brand equity is not only companies but also very important asset more than product itself. This paper studies brand equity model and influencing factors including information process such as information searching and information resources in the fashion market in Asia and Europe. Information searching and information resources are influencing brand knowledge that influences consumers purchase decision. Nine research hypotheses are drawn to test the relationships among antecedents of brand equity and purchase intention and relationships among brand knowledge, brand value, brand attitude, and brand loyalty. H1. Information searching influences brand knowledge positively. H2. Information sources influence brand knowledge positively. H3. Brand knowledge influences brand attitude. H4. Brand knowledge influences brand value. H5. Brand attitude influences brand loyalty. H6. Brand attitude influences brand value. H7. Brand loyalty influences purchase intention. H8. Brand value influence purchase intention. H9. There will be the same research model in Asia and Europe. We performed structural equation model analysis in order to test hypotheses suggested in this study. The model fitting index of the research model in Asia was X2=195.19(p=0.0), NFI=0.90, NNFI=0.87, CFI=0.90, GFI=0.90, RMR=0.083, AGFI=0.85, which means the model fitting of the model is good enough. In Europe, it was X2=133.25(p=0.0), NFI=0.81, NNFI=0.85, CFI=0.89, GFI=0.90, RMR=0.073, AGFI=0.85, which means the model fitting of the model is good enough. From the test results, hypotheses were accepted. All of these hypotheses except one are supported. In Europe, information search is not an antecedent of brand knowledge. This means that sales of global fashion brands like jeans in Europe are not expan

회맹장 및 대장을 침범한 장 결핵에 있어서 바륨을 이용한 방사선 이중조영촬영 소견에 대한 연구

진용현,전혜정,이용근,강철호,조성범,김윤환,박철민,차상훈,김일영,이혜경 건국대학교 의과학연구소 2002 건국의과학학술지 Vol.12 No.-

To determine the characteristic double contrast barium enema findings of ileo-cecal and colonic tuberculosis and to make differential diagnosis from other bowel inflammatory disease. Sixty-seven patients confirmed as ileo-cecal and/or colonic-tuberculosis in six hospitals were evaluated retrospectively. The diagnosis was proven by endoscopic biopsy, surgery, and clinical follow up. Nine of 67 patients were excluded because radiologic findings were normal though endocopic biopsy examinations resulted in tuberculosis. Histopathological diagnosis were madein 58 cases as follows: endoscopic biopsy(n=29), operation(n=12), follow up examination(n=14), tissue culture(n=1), laparoscopic biopsy(n=2). There were 30 men and 28 females. The mean age were 36 yrs(range:16-67), 34 patients were in the second and third decade. The distribution of lesions, morphological characteristics, mucosal changes, ulcer shape and depth, associated with other tuberculous lesion, multiplicity were retrospectively analyzed in the findngs of double contrast barim enema. The commonest clinical symptoms were abdominal pain(n=35, 60%) and diarrhea(n=18, 31%). The chest radiography revealed association of pulmonary tuberculosis in 39 cases. Tuberculous lesions of other organs except chest were present in five cases. Double contrast barium enema findings showed a thickening and irregularity of intestinal mucosal fold(n=29, 50%), bowel contraction and/or shortening(n=26, 45%). There were small, nodular, superficial ulcers in the case of ulcer depth less than 2 mm in the depth. As many as 39 cases(67%) in this series had two or more lesions in the intestinal tuberculosis. The involved segment revealed symmetrical feature(n=21, 36%). Inflammatory pseudopolypoid lesions were noted in 30 cases(52%). The ileo-cecal region was involved in 38 cases(66%). The ascending colon(n=25, 43%) was the second commonest site with or without contiguous cecal involvement. Lesions in terminal ileum, ileo-cecal valve, transverse colon, descending colon and appendix were seen in 19, 18, 18, 12 and seven cases, respectively. Among 18 cases of ileo-cecal valve lesions, there were incompetency in nine cases(16%) and wide gapping in four cases(7%). In 14 cases, tuberculous enterocolitis was diagnosed by clinical follow-up and double contrast barium enema study. 12 out of 14 cases, the findings of double contrast barium enema of tuberculous enterocolitis were normalized after anti-tuberculous medication. However, two cases showed more aggravated state than before due to inappropriate treatment. Double contrast barium enema plays an important role in the diagnosis of tuberculous enterocolitis, determines the type, site and extent of the involvement and helps in treatment guide by using sequential studies.

응급실에 내원한 환자에서 어지럼증의 원인과 임상양상의 분석

문원식,정경운,위준선,문정미,전병조,김용권,소정일,류진호,허탁,민용일 대한응급의학회 2001 대한응급의학회지 Vol.12 No.3

Background: Recently, The number of patients who have been complaining of the vertigo or dizziness has been increasing due to rapid growth of elderly population and senile disease. The differentiation of dizzy patients is not familiar to most emergency physicians. This study was designed to differentiate true vertigo and to investigate the clinical difference among central vertigo, peripheral vertigo, and other causes of dizziness. Methods: The authors analyzed the cases of 237 dizzy patients who visited the emergency department of Chonnam University Hospital during the recent 2 years. For the base of dizziness, associated past illnesses, severity, nystagmus type, and the causes of central and peripheral vertigo. Results: Female patients were 142(59.9%) and male patients were 95(40.1%). The most common age group was the 6th decade. The origin of dizziness was classified as peripheral cause(25.3%), central cause(32.9%), and others(41.8%). As to nature of the dizziness, the rotatory sense was dominant in peripheral vertigo and the floating sense and blurred vision in central vertigo. Peripheral vertigo was triggered by position change of head and body, and central vertigo by the eye movement. Audiograms I showed that most patients with central vertigo had normal hearing, but 46.7% of thoswith peripheral vertigo had an abnormal hearing disturbance. Nystagmus was more prevalent in peripheral vertigo Conclusion: History taking and physical examination played an important role in the diagnosis of dizzy patients. An important part of the diagnosis of a dizzy patient could be to evaluate the peripheral origin, the central origin and others causes. Because central vertigo may be associated with a significant neurological pathology, spectral radiological studies, including MRI and CT, are mandatory to rule out a devastating brain lesion.