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Modeling and Applications of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) for Lithium-ion Batteries
Choi, Woosung,Shin, Heon-Cheol,Kim, Ji Man,Choi, Jae-Young,Yoon, Won-Sub The Korean Electrochemical Society 2020 Journal of electrochemical science and technology Vol.11 No.1
As research on secondary batteries becomes important, interest in analytical methods to examine the condition of secondary batteries is also increasing. Among these methods, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method is one of the most attractive diagnostic techniques due to its convenience, quickness, accuracy, and low cost. However, since the obtained spectra are complicated signals representing several impedance elements, it is necessary to understand the whole electrochemical environment for a meaningful analysis. Based on the understanding of the whole system, the circuit elements constituting the cell can be obtained through construction of a physically sound circuit model. Therefore, this mini-review will explain how to construct a physically sound circuit model according to the characteristics of the battery cell system and then introduce the relationship between the obtained resistances of the bulk (R<sub>b</sub>), charge transfer reaction (R<sub>ct</sub>), interface layer (R<sub>SEI</sub>), diffusion process (W) and battery characteristics, such as the state of charge (SOC), temperature, and state of health (SOH).
신장 ; 80세 이상의 노인에서 발생한 급성 신손상의 임상적 고찰
김정섭 ( Jung Sub Kim ),손정민 ( Jung Min Son ),성은영 ( Eun Young Seong ),송상헌 ( Sang Heon Song ),이동원 ( Dong Won Lee ),이수봉 ( Soo Bong Lee ),곽임수 ( Ihm Soo Kwak ) 대한내과학회 2010 대한내과학회지 Vol.79 No.2
목적: 평균 수명의 증가에 따른 인구의 노령화 및 노화에 따른 신장의 변화로 인해 노인에서 급성 신손상의 유병률이 증가하고 있으나 국내에서는 80세 이상의 노인에서 발생한 급성 신손상에 대한 연구가 없었다. 방법: 2004년 1월 1일부터 2005년 12월 31일까지 내과에 입원하였던 80세 이상의 환자 487명 중 급성 신손상으로 진단된 62명을 대상으로 의무기록을 후향적으로 분석하였다. 결과: 총 62명 중 남자가 33명(53.2%), 여자가 29명(46.8%)이었고, 평균연령은 82.6±2.2세였다. 기저 질환은 감염성 질환이 22명(35.5%)로 가장 많았으며 순환기계 질환 15명(24.2%), 종양성 질환 11명(17.7%), 소화기계 질환 7명(11.3%), 간담도 질환 2명(3.2%)이었고, 호흡기계 질환, 신경계 질환, 혈관성 질환이 각각 1명이었다. 급성 신손상의 원인으로는 탈수가 23명(37.1%)으로 가장 많았으며 감염 21명(33.9%), 출혈 5명(8.1%), 조영제 3명(4.8%), 약물 2명(3.2%), 요로 폐쇄 2명(3.2%), 심인성 쇼크 2명 (3.2%)이었고, 신경색, 횡문근 융해증, 간신증후군이 각각 1명이었다. 62명 중 18명(29.0%)이 사망하였으며 생존군과 사망군의 비교 분석에서 BUN, 혈청 크레아티닌의 최고값이 사망군에서 의미있게 높았으며 사구체 여과율의 최저값, 입원시 혈청 나트륨 및 혈청 알부민은 사망군에서 의미있게 낮았다. 그 외 다발성 장기 부전의 수, 인공호흡기 치료, 승압제 사용, 중환자실 입원, 패혈증, 감염의 빈도는 사망군에서 생존군에 비해 의미있게 높았다. 결론: 일반 인구를 대상으로 한 급성 신손상의 임상적 특징에 대한 많은 연구가 있었으나 특히 예후인자와 관련하여 아직 논란의 여지가 많다. 특히 연령 자체가 생존 여부를 결정할 수 없으며 치료 방침을 결정하는 기준이 되어서는 안된다. 고령에서 급성 신손상의 유병률이 높은 점을 감안할 때 보다 적극적인 치료전략이 요구되며 이와 관련한 대한 대규모 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각한다. Background/Aims: The number of elderly individuals continues to increase, as does the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI). There are few data concerning the clinical features and prognosis in AKI in the elderly in Korea. Methods: Patients over 80 years old admitted to our hospital with a diagnosis of AKI between January 2004 and December 2005 were evaluated. Etiology, clinical, and prognostic variables were analyzed. Results: The mean age was 82.6±2.2 years. The cause of AKI was dehydration (37.1%), infection (33.9%), bleeding (8.1%), contrast material (4.8%), drugs (4.8%), obstruction (3.2%), cardiogenic shock (3.2%), renal infarction (1.6%), rhabdomyolysis (1.6%), and hepatorenal syndrome (1.6%). The mortality rate was 29.0% and the major cause of death was pneumonia (50.0%). Based on the univariate analyses, albumin, serum sodium, number of failing organs, ventilatory support, need for a vasopressor, ICU care, sepsis, and infection were all significant factors discriminating between survivors and non-survivors (p<0.05). Conclusions: AKI in the elderly is not a different entity from that encountered in other age groups and age alone should never be a drawback to appropriate therapy. (Korean J Med 79:140-147, 2010)
복막투석 환자에서 간농양에 동반된 Klebsiella pneuoniae 복막염 1예
안승재 ( Seoung Jae An ),김정섭 ( Jung Sub Kim ),손정민 ( Jung Min Son ),성은영 ( Eun Young Seong ),송상헌 ( Sang Heon Song ),이동원 ( Dong Won Lee ),이수봉 ( Soo Bong Lee ),곽임수 ( Ihm Soo Kwak ) 대한신장학회 2010 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.29 No.1
A 42-year-old male was hospitalized with abdominal pain, dyspnea, and turbid peritoneal fluid. He was diagnosed with hypertension, diabetes and started continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) 11 months ago. He was treated with intraperitoneal cefazolin and ceftazidime, and then white blood cell counts of dialysate decreased. Incidentally, liver abscess was found in chest CT performed for the evaluation of dyspnea, and patient was febrile persistently. So percutaneous abscess drainage was done by pigtail catheter. We changed the antibiotics to ceftriaxone and metronidazole, and hemodialysis was started. Klebsiella pneumoniae was cultured from peritoneal fluid and blood simultaneously. We concluded that liver abscess is a primary cause of CAPD peritonitis.
최정숙(Jeong Sug Choi),류수현(Su Heon Ryu),오정열(Jeong Yeol Oh),이충원(Choong Won Lee),김영묵(Young Mook Kim),임종섭(Jong Sub Lim),제영성(Young Sung Jae),유방현(Band Hyun Liu) 대한소화기학회 1996 대한소화기학회지 Vol.28 No.3
Skull metastases of primary hepatocellular carcinoma are very rare, even in the Orient and the Africa where this carcinoma is one of the common rnalignancies. However, although these skull tnetastases are rare, this diagnosis must be considered when an skull tutnor has a metastatic appearance, especially in cirrhotic patients or heavy alcoholics. This lesion is extremely hypervas- cular, and precautions for hemorrhage must be taken before any procedure, even a biopsy is done. The prognosis remains lethal and average survival time after the time of diagnosis is under 6 months, but appropriate local surgical resection to the skull region and systemic control with chemotheraphy and radiotheraphy can result in improved survival. The patient reported here may be valuable in presenting an unusual occurance of primary hepatocellular carcinoma with metastases to the skull. (Korean J Gastroenterol 1996; 28:415 - 420)